2021年11 8号托福阅读真题答案解析

1、11 8号托福阅读真题答案解析 本文关于xx年11月18日阅读真题回忆，有利于考生备考。让我们回忆一下最近考试的内容：环境类，类，词汇题等，请考生们要认真的阅读哦，来 _ 会给你不一样的精彩内容， _会在考试后第一时间更新。 阅读部分考试回忆如下： 1. Preventing Overgrowth among Tree Branches shedding剪枝的意义。一个是因为有些树枝消耗掉的碳物质比生产的多，另一个原因是有时候气候很干，剪枝减少水的消耗。 词汇题补充： exposed = unprotected with no warning = without any indication

2、beforehand congestion = overcrowding 2. Crown of Thorns Starfish and Coral Reefs 冠状棘海星，话题重复xx.01.08 珊瑚的消失和一种海星的数量猛增有关系，主要说的是导致猛增的原因(环境+人) 词汇题补充： outbreak = sudden increase aompany = our along with converge = e together severity = seriousness 原题重现： The crown of thorns starfish, Acanthaster Tlanci, is

3、 large, twenty-five to thirty-five _ntimeters in diameter, and has seven to twenty-one arms that are covered in spines. It feeds pri _rily on coral and is found from the Indian O _an to the west coast of Central America, usually at quite low population densities. Sin _ the mid-1950s, population outb

4、reaks at densities four to six times greater than nor _l have ourred at the same time in pla _s such as Hawaii, Tahiti, Pana _, and the Great Barrier Reef. The result has often been the loss of a fifty per _nt to nearly one hundred per _nt of the coral cover over large areas. A single Acanthaster ca

5、n consume five to six square meters of coral polyps per year, and dense populations can destroy up to six square kilometers per year and move on rapidly. Acanthasters show a preferen _ for branching corals, especially Acroporids. After an outbreak in a particular area, it is mon to find that Acropor

6、ids have been selectively removed, leaving a mosaic of living and dead corals. In pla _s where Acroporids previously dominated the munity devastation can be almost plete, and local areas of reefs have collapsed. Areas of dead coral are usually colonized rapidly by algae and often are later colonized

7、 by sponges and soft corals. Increases in abundan _ of plant-eating fish and decreases in abundan _ of coral-feeding fish aompany these changes. Coral larvae settle among the algae and eventually establish flourishing coral colonies. In ten to fifteen years the reefs often return to about the same p

8、er _ntage of coral cover as before. Development of a four-species diversity takes about twenty years. Two schools of thought exist con _rning the cause of these outbreaks. One group holds that they are natural phenomena that have ourred _ny times in the past, citing old mens recollections of earlier

9、 outbreaks and eviden _ from traditional cultures. The other group _intains that re _nt hu _n activities ranging from physical coral destruction through pollution to predator removal have triggered these events. One theory, the _ aggregation hypothesis, _intains that most species is more abundant th

10、an we realize when a storm destroys coral and causes a food shortage. The _ Acanthasters converge on re _ining portions of healthy coral and feed hungrily. Certainly there have been outbreaks of Acanthaster following large storms, but there is little eviden _ that the storms have caused the enough r

11、eef da _ge to create a food shortage for these starfish. Two other hypotheses attempt to explain the increased abundan _ of Acanthaster after episodes of high terrestrial runoff following storms. The first hypothesis is that low salinity and high temperatures favor the survival of the starfish larva

12、e. The second hypothesis emphasizes the food web aspect, suggesting that strong fresh water runoff brings additional nutrients to the coastal waters, stimulating phytoplankton production and promoting more rapid development and better survival of the starfish larvae. Those favoring anthropogenic (hu

13、 _n influen _d) causes have pointed to the large proportion of outbreaks that have been near _nters of hu _n populations. It has been suggested that coral polyps are the _in predators of the starfish larvae. Destruction of coral by blasting and other bad land use practi _s would redu _ predation on

14、the starfish larvae and cause a feedback in which increases in Acanthaster populations cause still further coral destruction. Unfortunately, there are too few documented instan _s of physical destruction of coral being followed by outbreaks of Acanthaster for these hypotheses to be fully supported.

15、Another group of hypothesis focuses on removal of Acanthasters predators. Some have suggested that the predators might have been killed off by pollution whereas others have suggested that the harvesting of vertebrate and invertebrate predators of Acanthaster could have redu _d mortality and caused i

16、ncreased abundan _ of _s. The problem with this group of hypothesis is that it is difficult to understand how redu _d predation would lead to sudden increases in Acanthaster numbers in several pla _s at the same time in specific years. It seems probable that there is no single explanation but that t

17、here are elements of the truth in several of the hypotheses. That is there are natural pro _sses that have led to outbreaks in the past, but hu _n impact has increased the frequency and severity of the outbreaks. 3.Dorset Culture 格林兰岛Dorset Culture _，首先是由于气候变冷， _迁走了，另一部分留下来的人创立了文明。这些人发明了工具来面对寒冷气候，后来

18、气候变暖了，另一部落的人迁移过来消灭了这个文明。 词汇题补充： allowed for = _de possible harsh = severe duration of sea i _ = length of time the i _ lasts annihilated = destroyed 4.Changes in the Amount of Forest on the Great Plains 旧题重复：xx年9月25日文章 本篇属于比较规律的一篇生物文章，从森林变化这种现象着手，进而分析背后的原因; 建议大家多多了解相关的背景知识，比如 TPO 09：The Arrival of P

19、lant Life in Hawaii; TPO 25：The Evolutionary Origin of Plants，从这些文章中我们可以知道的产生和进化原理，并且之后背后的原因。每物的生长和进化套路相似，所以大家可以仔细分析一下这两篇文章的结构，总结类似的文章结构规律和出题特征。 文章内容：最初被常绿林覆盖的森林，由于气候变得温暖干燥，变成了落叶林，最后成了草地。在一些山脊之类的地方树木比较占优势，一方面山顶气候凉爽并且接收到更多的降水(precipitation)，另一方面，山脊是天然的防火地带(natural firebreak)，但草原被烧毁后依旧能够拥有“野火烧不尽”的势头 。

20、然而在大平原地区，森林减少后，接下来又经历了逆袭，数量开始增多，具体的原因主要在于人类的活动，随着农牧业的发展，草原数量逐渐减少，火灾频率也随之降低，所以，森林又得以回归 。 词汇题补充： dense = thick eased into = slowly entered retain = keep inevitable = _rtain 5.How Plants and Ani _ls Arrived in the Hawaiian Islands 旧题重复：xx年12月27日文章 6. Early Modern Industrialization 旧题重复：xx年3月11日文章 词汇题补充

21、： determinants = causes hastened = rushed diffusion = dispersal perfected = pleted 7. Birds and Food Shortage 旧题重复：xx年12月20日文章 文章内容： 这篇是讲鸟类储存能量的。鸟类通过储存食物或者脂肪来度过食物不充足的时期，但是这个只能缓解食物短缺，不能 _解决这个问题。越小的鸟就越需要更多的能量来生长，储存能量难度也更大，特别举了一个例子是蜂鸟需要不停的进食：大的鸟储存能量多，并且不需要消耗太多能量去生长，所以储存的能量可以撑很长时间，但是大鸟有时候需要储存能量来迁徙或者繁殖。还

22、说了有一些鸟会通过降低新陈代谢速率来减少能量消耗，类似于一种哺乳冬眠的状态，蜂鸟可能每天晚上都会这样。 词汇题补充： duration of = length of enables = allows in some degree = to a _rtain extent 8. 古埃及金字塔那些法老，对各个法老的记录来研究埃及 9. 恐龙的讨论 10. 北极圈的居民 11. 农业变迁 12. 植物的自我保护机制 13. 昆虫的一种群居行为 14. 密西根和埃及的乡村建设，一个分布均匀，一个分布紧密 _类Gover _ent 监督 n. scrutiny 监督 v. scrutinize/ mon

23、itor 为拨款 allocate money to sth./ be a patron of/ invest in/ fund/ dedicate money to sth. 预算 n. budget _开支 the gover _ent spending/ expenditure on sth. 削减 v. curtail 增加 v. augment 废除(、制度等) vt. abolish 实施 vt. implement 使合法化 vt. legalize 首要任务 n. priority 建立 vt. establish 减轻、缓解 vt. alleviate =ease =reli

24、eve 当局 the authorities 禁止 vt. forbid/ prohibit 立法 n. legislation tax revenue _的 adj. democratic 高效率的 adj. efficient 优化资源分配 optimize the distribution of res-our _s 稳定 n. stability 解决 vt. Combat = tackle = resolve = address = grapple with 严厉的，严格的 adj. stringent 短视的 adj. short-sighted 支出，花费 n. expendit

25、ure 社会 social security 老百姓 n. citizens/ the citizenry 规范，管理 v. regulate/ monitor/ oversee 严禁 strictly prohibit/ ban altogether 严格的法律 stringent laws/ legislation 强制性的，按照法律或者规定必须做的 adj. _ndatory/ pulsory 当务之急 n. priority 失业 n. unemployment/ joblessness 基础设施 n. infrastructure 公共交通系统 public transportation/ transit system 电网 power grid 石油天然气管线 pipelines 给排水系统 water supply and drainage system _与开明的 _ a democratic and progressive gover _ent 临时的应急 a stopgap measure 把当作当务之急 give priority to