2021年中考英语人教版专题复习第三部分·题型二·阅读理解

1、目录,选择型阅读理解 类型1 细节理解题 类型2 推理判断题 类型3 主旨大意题 类型4 词义猜测题,任务型阅读理解 类型1 细节理解题 类型2 主旨大意题,类型1 细节理解题,选择型阅读理解,细节理解题在阅读理解中占的比例相当大。该题型主要针对原文中的具体信息发问,考查考生对阅读材料中的某一特定细节、某个事实或个别词句的理解。细节理解题命题形式多样,考查内容涉及多个角度,方法一直接搜寻答案 这类试题的答案几乎可以在原文中直接找到,不需要考生对事实作出解释或者判断,只需要从阅读材料中直接获取信息即可(有时需要跨段落查找细节信息)。这类题比较简单,通常是原文再现:(1)题干中的关键信息点在文章中

2、有直接具体的再现;(2)选项中的关键信息点在文中有直接具体的再现,类型1 细节理解题,选择型阅读理解,典例1】2020安徽阅读A篇节选 What Will You Do with a Dollar? . I will buy a cup of coffee for the most successful person in New York and ask for his/her secret of success. Patrick Martine,选择型阅读理解,类型1,56.What will Patrick Martine do with a dollar? A. To create a

3、 tourist map. B. To go on a magic trip. C. To ask for the secret of success. D. To give an open-air concert,思路指导】根据题干中的Patrick Martine可定位到文中相对应人物的观点I will buy a cup of coffee for the most successful person in New York and ask for his/her secret of success可知选项C符合题意,选择型阅读理解,类型1 细节理解题,选择型阅读理解,类型1 细节理解题

4、,选择型阅读理解,典例2】2020安徽阅读E篇节选 . A good whistler can be heard and understood five miles away. His whistling can be heard even farther away when it is windless. It is said that the record is about nine miles. Anyone who has heard a top whistler will agree that this record is quite possible.,选择型阅读理解,类型1 细节

5、理解题,选择型阅读理解,71.What helps a whistle travel farther? A.A windless day. B.A long distance. C.A useful message. D.A clear pronunciation,思路指导】根据题干中的关键词farther定位到文中的关键词所在句His whistling can be heard even farther away when it is windless可知,在没有风的时候,口哨可以在更远的地方被听到。故选A,选择型阅读理解,类型1,方法二间接搜寻答案 为了更好地考查考生的综合思维能力,命题

6、人往往会对具体信息进行处理,增加细节理解题的难度,这就需要考生综合多处信息进行理解。解答这类间接细节理解试题时,虽然各细节信息在文章中都能找到,但需要考生具备一定的概括能力。一个细节理解题涉及一段或者几段内容,考生需要进行概括后才能作答,选择型阅读理解,类型1 细节理解题,选择型阅读理解,类型1,典例3】 2020河南阅读B篇节选 Are you listening, Simon? Simons teacher asked.It was a pretty usual question. Simon shook his head, smiling.He hardly listened or tr

7、ied hard in class.Talking was so much fun.He wanted to be heard rather than listen. Listen, and youll learn something. Mrs.Jacobs tried every day, but Simon never paid attention.,选择型阅读理解,类型1 细节理解题,选择型阅读理解,类型1 细节理解题,选择型阅读理解,26.What did Mrs.Jacobs want Simon to do in class? A. To talk.B. To listen. C.

8、 To sit up.D. To stay awake,思路指导】题干问的是雅各布斯夫人希望西蒙上课时做什么,根据文中的Are you listening, Simon? Simons teacher asked.It was a pretty usual question以及Listen, and youll learn something.Mrs.Jacobs tried every day可知,雅各布斯夫人希望西蒙上课时能认真听讲,故选B,选择型阅读理解,类型2 推理判断题,选择型阅读理解,推理判断题在近几年阅读理解中的考查频率仅次于细节理解题,考查方向以推断细节隐含意义为主。在阅读测试

9、中属于深层次理解题,它要求考生在理解全文的基础上,从文章本身所提供的信息出发, 运用逻辑思维,并借助一定的常识进行分析、推理和判断。其答案一般不会在原文中直接呈现,要把文章提供的信息进行分析、提炼和归纳之后才能得出。 推理判断题涉及的范围很广,主要包括:推断细节隐含意义;推断文章来源或者读者对象;推断作者的写作意图;对文章内容进行预测;推断作者对某个人或事物的态度或评价等,选择型阅读理解,类型2 推理判断题,选择型阅读理解,方法一细节推断题的做题方法 细节推断题要求考生根据短文内容推断具体细节,如时间、地点、人物关系、人物身份、事件等。考生可遵循以下解题方法:(1)先跳读,找到相关信息点;(2

10、)接着细读,理解相关信息点的字面意思;(3)再分析推理,在理解字面意义的基础上进行符合逻辑的推断,理解作者的言外之意,切勿把文章中非关键的细节内容作为推理的依据;(4)最后结合选项,找到与文章信息点所表达的意思相近的选项。 考生只有正确把握文章的内在联系,理解文章的真正含义,才能作出准确的推断,选择型阅读理解,类型2 推理判断题,选择型阅读理解,典例4】 2019安徽阅读C篇节选 . Doyne felt that the street childrens greatest need was a home. She found a piece of land for sale and boug

11、ht it with $5,000 she saved from years of babysitting(当临时保姆). In 2008 the Kopila Valley Childrens Home was set up. With the help from the community, another goal was reached in 2010 the Kopila Valley School. Over 350 children now attend the school and over 50 live in the home.,选择型阅读理解,类型2 推理判断题,选择型阅

12、读理解,81.What can we learn from Paragraph 3? A. The street children once worked as babysitters. B. Doyne got some support from the community. C. Doyne borrowed much money from the government. D. Over 5,000 children attend the Kopila Valley School,思路指导】题干问的是我们能从第三段中了解到什么?,通读本段内容并浏览四个选项后可推知,B选项的描述与原文中Wi

13、th the help from the community一致,故B项符合题意,选择型阅读理解,类型2 推理判断题,选择型阅读理解,方法二文章来源或读者对象推断题的做题方法 文章来源或读者对象推断题要求考生具备一定的常识。因此考生本身要对报纸、杂志、网络、科普知识、小说、广告、说明书、旅行指南等有基本的了解,这样才能在做题时根据文章的特点选出答案。推断文章出处是英语阅读中一个比较常见的考点,常用的技巧有: 1.根据文章的主要内容进行判断,如:介绍某产品性能的文章可能来自广告;介绍科学知识的文章可能选自科学杂志;介绍新型交通工具的文章可能来自报纸上有关科技的版块;介绍某处名胜或景点的文章可能出

14、自旅游杂志等,选择型阅读理解,类型2 推理判断题,选择型阅读理解,2.根据文章的关键信息进行判断,如:含有网址的文章可能出自网站;含有experiment, research等词的文章可能来自科学报告;含有admission, cost, opening hours等词或短语的文章可能来自旅行指南;含有food, health等词的文章可能来自杂志或报纸的健康版块,选择型阅读理解,类型2 推理判断题,选择型阅读理解,典例5】2020安徽阅读A篇节选 . A single dollar gets me almost nothing, so I will get my friends togeth

15、er and ask each of them to give a dollar. We will give an open-air concert in our town. I hope the show can brighten the day of the town. David Andrew,选择型阅读理解,类型2 推理判断题,选择型阅读理解,In my travels, I find people need clean drinking water most. I once saw in Africa 40 to 50 people travel 25 miles for water

16、. So I will use the dollar to provide free drinking water for people in need. Ben Harrison Follow us on https:/ of living for more,选择型阅读理解,类型2 推理判断题,选择型阅读理解,58.Where does the text probably come from? A. A film magazine. B. A science report. C. A website. D. A travel guide,思路指导】由文章最后一句Follow us on ht

17、tps:/ of living for more可推知,本文是网页内容,故选C,类型2 推理判断题,选择型阅读理解,方法三态度倾向推断题和评述性推断题的做题方法 态度倾向推断题旨在考查考生是否了解作者或文中人物对某人/事物所持的观点或态度,它要求考生具备在正确理解文意的基础上,对观点或态度倾向进行分析、判断的能力,选择型阅读理解,类型2 推理判断题,选择型阅读理解,评述性推断题要求考生对文章所交代的人或事物进行评价,此时要注意作者对相关人或事物的细节描写。这些观点态度或评价通常隐藏在对人物的描写中,或者隐藏在作者对文中事物进行描述时所用的特殊词汇或句子中。解此类题目时应注意: 1.要区分开作者

18、的态度和作者阐述的他人的态度; 2.切勿用自己的观点代替作者的观点或文中人物的观点; 3.要特别留意那些描写环境、气氛的语言以及表达感情、态度或观点 的词语,选择型阅读理解,类型2 推理判断题,选择型阅读理解,典例6】2017安徽阅读B篇节选 Still remember the following poems? Memories return every time I read or hear them,选择型阅读理解,类型2 推理判断题,选择型阅读理解,选择型阅读理解,类型2 推理判断题,选择型阅读理解,77. What do you think of I in the third poe

19、m? A. Helpful. B. Lucky. C. Crazy. D. Shy,选择型阅读理解,思路指导】题干问的是第三首诗中你认为我是一个什么样的人。通读第三首诗的内容可知,我能做很多家务活,如:摆餐具、扫地、洗碗等,由此可推知,我是一个能给予帮助的人。故选A,类型3 主旨大意题,选择型阅读理解,主旨大意题旨在考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力,以及加工与概括信息的能力。题干中往往出现下列词语:topic,title,main idea,mainly tell us,mainly about等。 主旨大意题的考查方向: 1.概括整篇文章的中心思想(mainly about); 2.

20、选择最佳标题(best title); 3.分析归纳文章某部分的段落大意,选择型阅读理解,类型3 主旨大意题,选择型阅读理解,方法一精确归纳标题的方法 1.要想正确解题,首先要了解标题的基本特点:浓缩性强,多为一个短语;涵盖面广,一般要求能覆盖全文;精确度高,不能随意改变文章的内容及要点信息。 2.选定标题的基本原则 (1)要在阅读原文的基础上,仔细考虑所给选项与文章主题是否有密切 的联系。 (2)看它对文章的概括是否准确,覆盖面是否够广。 注意避免出现概括 不够、过度概括、以具体细节代替主旨大意等错误,选择型阅读理解,类型3 主旨大意题,选择型阅读理解,3.选定标题的四大标准 精概括文章中心

21、思想的语言要精练。 准注意文章的内涵和外延,作者的观点表达得要准确。 统标题要能统领文章的细节信息。 新标题要新颖,对读者有吸引力,能激发读者的阅读兴趣,选择型阅读理解,类型3 主旨大意题,选择型阅读理解,典例7】2020安徽阅读D篇节选 Xiao Lvying is an old man living in a village near the Yangtze River. He used to be a fisherman. But now he is head of a voluntary(志愿的) team that cleans waste from the Yangtze Rive

22、r. To protect finless porpoises(江豚) and the Yangtze River, the government has stopped people from fishing on the river. In 2019, Xiao Lvying formed the voluntary team with 12 other fishermen. Today the team has more than 50 members. All of them are over 60 years old. We want to protect the river whi

23、le we can, said Xiao,选择型阅读理解,类型3 主旨大意题,选择型阅读理解,Every week, the team go along the river to collect waste and make sure no one is fishing on the river. Some of the waste they collect is sent to the disposal station, while some that can be reused is sold. So far, they have cleaned over 50 tons of waste

24、. Thanks to their hard work, the Yangtze River is getting clearer,选择型阅读理解,类型3 主旨大意题,选择型阅读理解,68.What is the best title(标题) for the text? A. Fishing on the Yangtze River B. Tons of Waste in the Yangtze River C. Reasons for Protecting the Yangtze River D. A Voluntary Team Protecting the Yangtze River,选

25、择型阅读理解,思路指导】通读文章可知,本文主要讲述了肖吕应和其他渔民组成了一支志愿者队伍,致力于保护长江和河豚的事迹。故D项一支保护长江的志愿队适合作文章的标题,类型3 主旨大意题,选择型阅读理解,方法二概括文章大意的方法 每篇文章都有一个中心思想,获取文章中心思想的有效方法就是辨认主题句。主题句具有简洁、概括性强等特点,起着统领全文的作用,文中的所有事实、细节都是为主题句服务的。主题句常出现在文章的首段或尾段。因此,我们要特别注意文章的首段和尾段。有的文章没有主题句,中心思想隐含在文章中,比如故事类题材的文章,这需要我们对文章的事实细节进行分析、归纳和总结,从而得到文章大意,选择型阅读理解,

26、类型3 主旨大意题,选择型阅读理解,典例8】2020安徽阅读C篇节选 . Keeping a diary helps a lot. Studies have shown that people who keep a diary sleep and feel better. It helps people remember what once happened such as dreams, friendships and happiness. Writing about bad feelings can also help brains get over them and move on. P

27、ersonally, I learn better about myself and my relationships with others by keeping a diary.,选择型阅读理解,类型3 主旨大意题,选择型阅读理解,65.What is the second paragraph(段落) mainly about? A. Reasons for fighting with Dad. B. Rules of comparing oneself with others. C. Ways of having clear skin. D. Advantages of keeping

28、a diary,选择型阅读理解,思路指导】本段的首句是主题句。本段主要讲述了记日记的好处。故选D,类型4 词义猜测题,选择型阅读理解,词义猜测题是考查考生英语语言能力和思维品质的一个重要形式,考查的单词或短语一般都超出了课标词汇表的范围,考生需要重点掌握根据上下文猜测生词或短语意思的技巧,从而准确理解文章。一般常见的有以下几种解题方法: 方法一通过上下文猜测词义 任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的,都跟句子所在的段落及篇章有联系,考生可利用上下文提供的线索合理地分析,猜测词义,选择型阅读理解,类型4 词义猜测题,选择型阅读理解,典例9】2019安徽阅读D篇节选 . While 75%

29、 of our planet is covered with water, only about 2% is fresh water that comes from rivers, lakes, ice and snow. The rest, 98% of the water, is in seas and oceans. It is too salty to drink. Then desalination businesses come in. More than 19,000 factories have been built around the world, mostly in co

30、astal countries. They process (加工) more than 92 million tons of water every day. But the technology they use requires a lot of energy.,选择型阅读理解,类型4 词义猜测题,选择型阅读理解,85.What does the underlined word desalination in Paragraph 3 mean? A. 远洋运输B. 潮汐发电 C. 食盐销售D. 海水淡化,选择型阅读理解,思路指导】画线词前提到海水太咸了不能喝,画线词后提到全世界,特别是沿

31、海国家建立工厂来加工水,由此可推知,画线词所在句是说海水淡化行业出现了。故选D,类型4 词义猜测题,选择型阅读理解,方法二通过构词法猜测词义 阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生、转化或合成而来的新词,考生可以根据构词法方面的知识来猜测词义,选择型阅读理解,类型4 词义猜测题,选择型阅读理解,典例10】2020株洲节选 . If you come to an Americans home, youd better let the hosts know ahead of time unless youre very close friends, especially when you want

32、to stay for a few days. Heres a good rule for guests: short stays are best. Even relatives, for example, their aunts, uncles or cousins, dont usually stay for several weeks every time. While youre staying with an American family, try to keep your living area clean and tidy. Your host family will tha

33、nk you for your consideration. And they may even invite you back!,选择型阅读理解,类型4 词义猜测题,选择型阅读理解,54.The underlined word consideration in the fourth paragraph means in Chinese. A. 体贴 B. 大方C. 聪明,选择型阅读理解,思路指导】consider有仔细考虑;体谅之意,此处consideration为名词,根据画线词前的当你和一个美国家庭待在一起时,尽量保持你居住的区域干净整洁可推知,他们会感谢你的体贴,故答案为A,类型4 词

34、义猜测题,选择型阅读理解,方法三通过同义词、反义词猜测词义 在所给的上下文中,有时会出现与生词同义或反义的词语,这时可根据熟悉的词语的含义推知生词的含义,选择型阅读理解,类型4 词义猜测题,选择型阅读理解,典例11】2016安徽阅读D篇节选 . He has raised $400,000 for his Little Red Wagon Foundation since then. It gives money to projects which help homeless children. In 2007, Zach began walking to support a children

35、s charity(慈善组织)in Tampa, Florida. He finished his journey 23 days later, 280 miles away in Tallahassee.Then in the summer of 2009, he trekked about 670 miles from Atlanta to Washington, D.C., in just two months.,选择型阅读理解,类型4 词义猜测题,选择型阅读理解,86.The underlined word trekkedin Paragraph 3 probably means .

36、A. 延伸B. 挖掘 C. 跋涉D. 飞行,选择型阅读理解,思路指导】结合画线词前的关键信息walking,journey以及miles可知Zach通过走路的方式给需要帮助的人筹款。故trek的同义词应是walk。结合四个选项可知C项符合题意,类型4 词义猜测题,选择型阅读理解,方法四通过定义、解释或举例猜测词义 生词后往往有:that is to say, that means, stand for, in other words等短语。有时such as, like, for example等后面的内容也可帮助考生猜测生词的意思,选择型阅读理解,类型4 词义猜测题,选择型阅读理解,典例12

37、】2018安徽阅读A篇节选 . Flying kites Kites have quite a long history.The earliest kites were made of wood,instead of paper.The three most famous kites are the Beijing kite,Tianjin kite and Weifang kite.Each has its own feature.For example,the bird-shaped kite with long wings is a special kind of the Beijing

38、 kite.,选择型阅读理解,类型4 词义猜测题,选择型阅读理解,73.What does the underlined word feature mean in the text? A. 特征B. 地貌C. 五官D. 影片,选择型阅读理解,思路指导】根据画线词后的For example,the bird-shaped kite with long wings is a special kind of the Beijing kite可推知画线词意为特征,类型1,安徽中考英语的任务型阅读理解,共设三道小题。考查方式以细节理解题为主,同时可能涉及推理判断题、主旨大意题。主要考查特殊疑问句的问答,且答案词数有要求。解题时,首先要清楚一些疑问词的含义,常考的有:What (什么),How (怎样),Why (为什么),Where (在哪里), Which (哪一个),When (什么时候)等。然后根据题干中的关键信息,在文中相应的位置找到该信息并迅速确定答案,任务型阅读理解,类型1,不同的特殊疑问句有不同的回答技巧,几类常见的特殊疑问句的回答可参考以下方法: 特殊疑问词是What时,回答的是