医学微生物学和免疫学教学大纲（Teaching outline of medical microbiology and Immunology）

1、医学微生物学和免疫学教学大纲（Teaching outline of medical microbiology and Immunology）Teaching outline of medical microbiology and Immunology(for clinical medicine, nursing, oral and other specialist use)Department of Microbiology and immunology, School of medicine, Shantou UniversityTwo, 00, two, MayTeaching outl

2、ine of medical microbiology and ImmunologyThis syllabus is revised according to the fourth edition of medical microbiology and immunology, edited by Zhang Zhuoran, a national medical college textbook, edited from the original syllabus. For clinical medicine, nursing, dental students (three year) lea

3、rning reference.The contents of each chapter in the outline are mastered, understood and understood in three levels. In order to grasp the content, the line is marked as a mark under the text; if the content is required to be familiar, the dotted line is marked as the mark under the text; the report

4、er is not familiar with the content.IntroductionThe concept and development of medical immunology and medical microbiology.The concept and species of microorganisms and the relationship between microorganisms and human beings.Current status of immunology and microbiology in china.The first Medical I

5、mmunology FoundationOverview: the concept of immunity and its three functions (immune defense, immune stability and immune surveillance).The acquisition of immune function: nonspecific immunity and specific immunity.Composition and characteristics of the immune system.Chapter 1 antigenThe concept of

6、 antigen and its two properties (immunogenicity and immunoreactivity).Classification of antigens: the concept of complete antigen and incomplete antigen (hapten). Thymus dependent antigen (TdAg) and non thymus dependent antigen (TiAg). Endogenous antigen (autoantigen) and exogenous antigen (heterolo

7、gous antigen, ISO antigen), allogeneic antigen. Allergen and tolerance.The conditions of immunogenicity: foreign body, macromolecular substance, chemical composition and molecular structure.Specificity and cross reactivity of antigens: concepts of specificity, antigenic determinants, antigen binding

8、 valence and cross reactivity.Medically important antigen: pathogenic microorganisms, bacterial toxin and toxoid, animal serum (duality of body), heterophile antigen, allogenic antigen (red cell antigens, human major histocompatibility antigen), and allergic self antigens, tumor. The concept and fun

9、ction of adjuvant.Chapter second antibodyConcepts of antibodies and immunoglobulins.Basic structure, functional region, hydrolytic fragment and significance of immunoglobulin.The structure, main biological characteristics and immune function of various immunoglobulins.Antibody diversity and immunogl

10、obulin serotypes (isotype, heterotypic, idiotype). The types of polyclonal antibodies (polyclonal antibody and monoclonal antibody, genetic engineering antibody).Immunoglobulin abnormality and its significance.The third chapter complement systemConcept, composition, nomenclature and physicochemical

11、properties of complement.Activation and regulation of complement system: comparison between classical activation pathway and alternative activation pathway and two activation pathways. Biological function of complement system. Regulation of complement system activation.Detection and abnormality of s

12、erum complement.The fourth chapter immune systemThe concept and classification of immune cells.Immune organs: central immune organs, thymus, bone marrow, bursa of Fabricius, peripheral immune organs; spleen and mucosa associated lymphoid tissue of lymph nodes.The common features of immune cells: the

13、 concept of differentiation antigens and differentiation groups, membrane receptors, cytokines (interleukin, tumor necrosis factor, interferon, etc.) and their common characteristics.Lymphocytes: the differentiation, subsets and functions of T cells, the main receptors of T cells (TCR, IL2R, IgFc-R,

14、 mitotic receptor and SRBC receptor). Differentiation of B cells, receptors (antigen receptors, FcrR, C3R) and functions. Mononuclear phagocyte surface markers, functions, third groups of lymphocytes: NK cells, LAK cells characteristics and immune function. The concept of ADCC.The important role of

15、mononuclear phagocyte system in nonspecific and specific immunity.The fifth chapter is the major histocompatibility complexThe concept of histocompatibility, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and major histocompatibility complex (MHC).Distribution, structure and function of human major histocompatibilit

16、y antigens (MHC-I, MHC- class II antigens).Genetic characteristics of HLA: cell type inheritance, high polymorphism, linkage disequilibrium.HLA and disease: HLA associated with disease; abnormal expression of MHC- class II antigen associated with disease.Identification of HLA.The sixth chapter is im

17、mune responseThe concept, type and effect of immune response.The process of immune response: induction stage, activation, proliferation and differentiation stage; effect phase. Cell activation in immune response (double signals).B cell mediated immune response, humoral immunity: concept, basic proce

18、ss (antigen presenting cell antigen, Th activation, activation and differentiation of B cells, antibody production and its effect). The general law of antibody production (first and second response) and its significance in medicine.T cell-mediated immune response, that is, cellular immunity: concept

19、, basic process (antigen-presenting antigen, activation and differentiation of T cells, and the way Td and Tc cells play immune effects). The concept of lymphokine and the function of major lymphoid factors. The practical significance of cellular immunity.The regulation of immune response: antigen a

20、ntibody feedback regulation (regulation, regulation and idiotype anti idiotype network), regulating immune cells and cytokines. The regulation of nervous system, endocrine system and immune system.Immune tolerance: concept, cause of formation (antigen and body condition), elimination of tolerance st

21、ate.The difference between immune tolerance and immunosuppression and immunodeficiency.The seventh chapter hypersensitivity reactionConcepts of hypersensitivity and allergen. Typing of hypersensitivity.Type I hypersensitivity (immediate hypersensitivity): in reaction to a substance (allergen, antibo

22、dy, cell and medium and its effect); the pathogenesis, clinical features and common diseases (allergic shock, skin allergies, digestive tract allergy, respiratory tract allergic reaction).Type II hypersensitivity (cell lysis or cytotoxic type): pathogenesis, clinical features and common diseases (tr

23、ansfusion reaction, neonatal hemolytic disease, autoimmune hemolytic anemia, drug allergy hypocytosis). Stimulus hypersensitivity.III hypersensitivity (immune complex type): pathogenesis, clinical features and common diseases (serum sickness, postinfectious glomerulonephritis, systemic lupus erythem

24、atosus, rheumatoid arthritis, allergic shock reaction, Arthuss phenomenon etc.).Type IV hypersensitivity (delayed type hypersensitivity): pathogenesis, characteristics and clinical common diseases (infectious allergy, contact dermatitis, transplant rejection).Immunological diagnosis and prevention p

25、rinciple of hypersensitivity: ask allergy history, skin test, find and avoid contact allergen. Desensitization injection and desensitization therapy. Anti allergy treatment and emergency treatment and other symptomatic treatment.The eighth chapter is immunodeficiency disease and autoimmune diseaseTh

26、e concept and general characteristics of immunodeficiency disease.Primary immunodeficiency disease: B deficiency, T deficiency, B.T combined defects, phagocytic deficiency disease, complement deficiency disease, secondary immunodeficiency disease, AIDS, secondary immunodeficiency disease in other di

27、seases.Autoimmune diseases: basic features, pathogenesis.Common autoimmune diseases, treatment principles.The ninth chapter is the clinical application of ImmunologyImmunological diagnosis: characteristics, application principles and common types of antigen antibody reactions. The principle and appl

28、ication of agglutination reaction (direct agglutination, indirect agglutination and indirect agglutination inhibition test), precipitation reaction (agar diffusion test) and complement fixation reaction. Immunofluorescence technique, immunofluorescence technique, enzyme immunoassay, ELISA and radioi

29、mmunoassay were used.Detection of cellular immune function: Determination of total number of T cells (E rosette test, T cell specific antigen detection); Determination of T lymphocyte subsets; principle and application of T lymphocyte transformation test.In vivo immunoassay: skin test of antigen ant

30、ibody reaction and skin test of cellular immune function.Immunological prevention: concepts and types of artificial immunity. The concept of artificial immunity and the application of commonly used biological products (vaccines or vaccines, toxoid) and the development of new vaccines.Immunotherapy:

31、the concept of artificial passive immunity and the application of commonly used biological products (antitoxin, antibacterial and antiviral serum, gamma globulin, specific human serum immunoglobulin). Commonly used preparations and applications of adoptive immunotherapy. Immune enhancers and immunos

32、uppressive agents.Second bacteriological basesThe tenth chapter is the morphology and structure of bacteriaThe size and unit of measurement of bacteria.The basic forms of bacteria are spherical, rod-shaped and spiral.The basic structure of bacteria: chemical composition, structure and function of ce

33、ll wall; differences between gram positive and gram negative bacteria cells and their significance. Structure and function of cell membrane and mediator. Ultrastructure of cytoplasm and cytoplasm (plasmids, nuclear bodies and granules). Nuclear cytoplasmic function.The special structure of bacteria:

34、 spores, capsules, flagella, fimbriae (common fimbriae, sexual pili); the practical significance of various special structures in medicine.Bacterial morphology examination: non staining specimen examination (hanging drop or tabletting method); dyeing specimen inspection method (cell dyeing basic pri

35、nciple, single staining, differential staining and special staining). The method, principle and practical significance of gram staining. Acid fast staining.The eleventh chapter is the growth, reproduction and metabolism of bacteriaChemical composition of bacteriaThe growth and reproduction condition

36、s of bacteria: nutrients, pH, temperature and gas. Different requirements of oxygen for obligate anaerobic bacteria, obligate aerobic bacteria, facultative anaerobic bacteria and micro aerobic bacteria. The reason why anaerobic bacteria are not long in aerobic environment. The way, speed and growth

37、curve of bacterial reproduction (individual and colony).Artificial culture of bacteria: methods and significance. Types and uses of common culture media. The growth of bacteria in culture medium (the concept of colonies).The decomposition products of bacteria The new supersedes the old. metabolites

38、and biochemical reactions (sugar fermentation test, indole test and hydrogen sulfide test) in bacterium identification significance; synthesis of metabolites (toxins andinvasive enzymes, pyrogen, antibiotics, bacteriocins, pigment, vitamin) in the medical practice significance.Classification and nom

39、enclature principle of bacteria: concept of genus, species, type and strain of bacteria. Latin nomenclature of bacteria.The twelfth chapter disinfection sterilizationDistribution of bacteria in nature: distribution and significance of bacteria in air, water and soil.Distribution of bacteria in norma

40、l human body: common bacteria in different parts of normal human body. The concept and significance of normal flora and the concept of pathogenic bacteria and their pathogenic conditions. The concept of bacterial flora disorder (double infection) and its significance in medical practice.The concept

41、of disinfection, sterilization, antisepsis and aseptic operation.Physical disinfection and sterilization: common types of thermal sterilization. Application and comparison of dry heat sterilization (burning, dry baking), damp heat sterilization (boiling method, flowing steam method, intermittent ste

42、rilization, pasteurization, autoclaving). Sterilization of electromagnetic rays (disinfection of ultraviolet rays, ionizing radiation). Filtration sterilization method.Chemical disinfection: the concept of disinfectants and preservatives; types, concentrations and uses of commonly used disinfectants

43、; factors affecting the efficacy of disinfectants.The thirteenth chapter: heredity and variation of bacteriaThe concept of heredity and variationBacterial character variation: morphological structure variation (L type variation and special structural variation), colony variation, Virulence Variation

44、 and drug resistance variation.The material basis of bacterial variation: chromosomes and plasmids of bacteria.The concept and character of bacteriophages, the relationship between bacteriophages and bacteria (toxic phages, temperate phages and bacteriophages), and the role of bacteriophages in the

45、transfer of genetic materials.The mechanism of genetic variation: gene mutation, the concept and distinction of gene transfer and recombination (transformation, transduction, conjugation, and lytic transformation). Relationship between plasmid and bacterial resistance variation.The practical signifi

46、cance of bacterial variation in diagnosis, treatment, prevention and genetic engineering.The fourteenth chapter is bacterial infection and immunityThe concept of infection or infection, pathogenic bacteria, and non pathogenic bacteria.The concept of pathogenicity and virulence of bacteria, the mater

47、ial basis of pathogenic bacteria (invasiveness and toxins).The concept of invasiveness, cell invasion process. Fimbriae, capsule and cell surface structure, invasive enzymes (plasma coagulase, hyaluronidase, streptokinase, collagenase, SIgA enzyme, etc.) in pathogenic significance.Toxins: the nature

48、, pathogenicity, and major differences between toxins. The molecular structure and mechanism of the exotoxin (with diphtheria toxin, tetanus toxin, cholera toxin as the representative).Pathogenicity of bacteria and its relationship with virulence, quantity and invasion of portal.Sources of infection

49、 (exogenous infection, endogenous infection) and the route of infection.Types of infection: latent infection, dominant infection (local infection and systemic infection, attention to bacteremia, septicemia, sepsis, toxemia), carrier state and carrier.Antimicrobial immunity in organism: concepts and

50、characteristics of nonspecific immunity and specific immunity.Nonspecific immune barrier structure (skin and mucous membrane, blood brain barrier and placental barrier), phagocytic cells (type, phagocytosis and bactericidal process, phagocytosis results), anti microbial substances of normal fluids a

51、nd tissues (complement, lysozyme, lysin, interferon).Specific immunity: the immunity of extracellular bacteria infection, the immunity of intracellular bacteria infection, and the immunity of external toxin.Third bacteriologyFifteenth chapter coccusThe types of pyogenic cocci.Staphylococcus aureusMo

52、rphological staining, culture, classification and classification. Resistance. Properties and applications of SPA. Major pathogenic substances (coagulase, Staphylococcus hemolysin, exfoliative toxin, interleukin and enterotoxin) and diseases (invasive diseases and toxin diseases). The importance of d

53、rug resistance in medical practice (staphylococcal enteritis, nosocomial infection and cross infection). Immunity. Microbiological examination (the basis for the identification of pathogenic staphylococci). Principles of prevention and treatment (Application of toxoid and autogenous vaccine).Two. St

54、reptococcusMorphological staining and culture, hemolytic, antigenic structure and classification of bacteria. The main pathogenic substances (hyaluronidase, streptokinase, streptodornase, streptolysin, scarlet fever toxin and M (protein) and diseases caused by suppurative inflammation, fever and inf

55、ection of allergic diseases) conditions and diseases caused by pathogenic streptococcus. Pathogenicity of group D and group B streptococci. The principle and significance of anti O test. Prevention principle.Three, pneumococcusMorphological staining, culture and typing. Pathogenic substances (the re

56、lationship between capsule and pathogenicity) and diseases caused by it.Four. Genus of NocardiaMeningococcal: morphological staining, culture requirements and resistance. The main pathogenic substances (endotoxin, capsule and pili) and induced disease (ECM). Matters needing attention in specimen col

57、lection and submission and rapid diagnosis. Prevention principle.Neisseria gonorrhoeae: morphological staining. The mode of infection and the disease caused by it (gonorrhea). Direct smear microscopic examination and rapid diagnosis of secretion. Prevention principle.The sixteenth chapter: intestina

58、l bacilliMain types and commonalities: morphological staining, culture characteristics and biochemical reaction, resistance, antigen structure.Escherichia coli (E. coli)Characteristics of biochemical reactions (fermentation capacity of sugars).Yersinia pestis: typical morphology and polymorphism. The pathogenic role of endotoxin, capsular invasion and exotoxin, and clinical types of