更适宜病人的物理环境（ more suitable for the patient's physical environment）

1、1 更适宜病人的物理环境（1 more suitable for the patients physical environment）A more suitable physical environment for the patient1) space, in order to ensure that the patient has proper activity space, and convenient treatment and nursing, the distance between the hospital bed is less than 1 meter 2. 2) tempe

2、rature, different seasons temperature difference, should take different nursing according to different seasons. 3) humidity, and temperature ward with 50 to 60 advisable. 4) ventilation, ventilation and ventilation in the sick room daily, the purpose of replacing indoor air can be achieved by ventil

3、ation for 30 minutes. 5) light. 6) acoustics, try to be four light, talk light, walk light, operate light, close the door gently. 7) decoration2. What are the nursing care after the patient entering the ward?1 inform the doctor, the paramedic should inform the doctor immediately to be ready for resc

4、ue. Prepare first aid equipment and medicine. 3. 4. Cooperate with rescue. 5. The patient who cannot correctly narrate the condition and needs of the patient and the patient who is not aware of the medical history will need to stay with the nursing staff to inquire about the medical history.3. Which

5、 patients are available for primary care?The patient is in critical need of absolute bed rest, various major hand surgery, shock and coma, paralysis, high fever, severe hemorrhage, liver and kidney failure and premature infant4 how to carry out cervical injury or suspected cervical spine injury?Push

6、 the car to the bedside of the patient, remove the chair from the bedside table, loosen the cover, parallel the car to the bed, and the big wheel close to the head of the bed to stop the brake. 3 the porter a and b are standing at the end of the bed, and the porter is standing on the side of the hos

7、pital bed. Place the canvas pocket or the middle one in the waist and bottom of the buttocks. 5 bearer a lift patients with head and neck and shoulder, bearer b lift patients foot, bearer BingDing grab the corners of the canvas pocket or in a respectively, four people at the same time raise patients

8、 move toward flat car, put to the car in the middle of the patients with cover cover. Arrange the bed unit and make the bed. Release the car brake brake and push the patient to the destination.The basic requirements of comfortable berth1 bed position, should try to meet the requirements of the human

9、 body mechanics weight evenly distributed in all parts of the body, maintain normal joints, the body organs within the body cavity has the largest space. 2 position transformation should change position frequently, at least every two hours. Physical activity, in the case of no taboos, the body parts

10、 should be active every day, and the whole range of joint activities should be practiced when changing the position. 4 compression site should strengthen skin care to prevent the occurrence of pressure sore. 5 protection of privacy, care personnel should pay attention to protect the patients privacy

11、 when performing various operations, according to the need to properly cover the patients body, promote the patients physical and mental comfort.What should you pay attention to when turning over?1. When assisting the patient to replace the sleeping position, he should pay attention to the principle

12、 of pitch force and 2 assist the patient in turning over the body. He should pay attention to the patients body to lift the body slightly, and avoid dragging and pushing, so as not to graze the skin. 3. Assist the patient to observe the condition of the position and the position of the pressure area

13、 and determine the time interval of the replacement, and make the transition time. In the case of a patient with special circumstances, attention should be paid to (1) for all kinds of catheters or infusion devices, the catheter should be properly placed before being rolled over and then checked car

14、efully to keep the catheter free. (2) or skull traction of cervical vertebra, turn not relax when traction, and keep the head and neck and trunk in the same horizontal plane turn, turn over after notice traction direction, location, and the traction is correct. (3) when the craniocerebral operation

15、is performed, it should be noted that the head should not be disturbed during the turning of the lateral position, so as to avoid causing the cerebral hernia and the pressure of the brain stem, resulting in sudden death of the patient. (4) gypsum fixers should pay attention to the location of the af

16、fected areas and the blood transport of local limbs to prevent compression. (5) in general, the surgeon should check whether the dressing is dry, or whether it has been lost, such as the secretion of wet dressing, and has been fixed properly. After turning over, the wound should not be stressed.7 ev

17、aluate the painIn addition to the general situation of the patient, it is important to evaluate the characteristics of the time site of the pain and the way the patient controls the pain.The tolerance of pain, the expression of pain when it occurs, causes or aggravates the various factors of pain an

18、d various methods of alleviating pain.What are the factors that are unsafe for patients in hospital environment?1 physical damage and protection, (1) the common mechanical damage and fall bumps, etc. (2) temperature damage common have hot water bag scald caused by hot water bottle, ice refrigeration

19、 bag and so on caused by frostbite, roast lamp and so on caused by burn, inflammable and explosive goods and so on caused by burns. (3) stress injury is usually caused by pressure sores due to high pressure oxygen. (4) radiation injury. Chemical injury, usually caused by improper use or misuse of dr

20、ugs. 3 biological damage, including microorganism and insect damage to human body. 4 psychological damage, the patients understanding and attitude to the disease and the patients behavior and attitude can affect the patients psychology and even cause the psychological damage of the patient. 5 hospit

21、al line injury, which refers to the psychological or physical injury caused by medical staffs speech or behavior.The evaluation of patient activity was mainly included1. General information of patients. 2 cardiopulmonary function. 3. Skeletal muscle state. 4 joint functional state. 5. Ability of bod

22、y activity. The present condition of the patient. Social psychology.10. Precautions for use of constraintsThe restraints are under the belt cushion, the fastening is suitable, and the timing is loosened. Notice the peripheral circulation of the restricted parts, and find the abnormal and timely trea

23、tment. If necessary, local massage will be carried out to promote blood circulation.Coma patients should pay attention to the cavitation treatmentIn the nursing of the cavity, the coma patient is forbidden to rinse the mouth, so as to avoid causing the false aspiration. 2. When observing cavity, pat

24、ients with long-term application of antibiotics should pay attention to observe whether there is a fungal infection in the oral cavity. During the cleaning process, you should pay attention to the use of the cotton ball should not be wet, prevent because of excessive moisture, caused by mistake aspi

25、ration. Be careful not to leave the cotton ball in the cavity.The significance of cleanliness, to keep clean and hygienic, the nurse should do or instruct the patient to doGood hygiene is one of the basic physiological needs of human beings, which is the basis for ensuring the comfort of patients an

26、d is of great significance to prevent disease and promote patient recovery. It is necessary for nursing staff to carry out appropriate cleaning and hygiene care according to the patients condition to meet the needs of the body and mind and promote comfort and rehabilitation.What are the 15 night car

27、eBrushing, mouthwash, to assist the patients the heavier patients give oral care, wash her hands and face back rub and hips, with hot bubble foot, female patients give perineal flushing, check the compression of the skin, giving massage according to the situation to change clothes and sheets, tidy u

28、p the sheets, help defecation. 2 keep ward, quiet night nurse movements should be gentle when perform various operations, wards, open close to light, keep quiet ward air circulation, adjust brightness and room temperature, add and subtract cover according to the circumstance, to create a good enviro

29、nment of sleep. 3. Strengthen the inspection and understand the sleep situation of the patients, and the patients with poor sleep should be given corresponding nursing care according to insomnia.Fever patients take care measures1. Cooling can be done by physical cooling or drug cooling. 2 rest, can

30、reduce the energy consumption, is conducive to the bodys recovery. 3. Give high calorie, high protein, high vitamin, easy to digest liquid or semi-liquid food, encourage the patient to drink more water, 2500-3000ml daily. Keep clean and comfortable; 1) strengthen oral care. 2) strengthen skin care.

31、5. Safety nursing. Heart care. Strengthen the observation of the disease, test the body temperature, and take the temperature four times a day. 8 health educationMeasures to promote effective cough of patientsPatient to sitting or lying position, bend your knees, reach forward, both hands holding th

32、e knee or place a pillow between the chest and knee with the underside, deep inspiratory breathless after 3 s, then patients abdominal muscle strength, hands grasping the support material, makes a blow-up cough, phlegm cough up.How should a patient with urinary catheter prevent urinary tract infecti

33、on1 keep the urethra clean. 2 daily regularly change the urinal bag, timely emptying the urine bag, and record the urine volume.3. Replace the catheter once a week, and the silicone catheter may extend the replacement time as appropriate. Encourage the patient to drink more water to increase the amo

34、unt of urine, to achieve the purpose of natural flushing urethra.What is the stomach and intestines nutrition? How to prevent complications of gastrointestinal tract nutrition1 is according to the needs of the patients, patients with central venous input through peripheral vein or all the energy and

35、 nutrients, including amino acids, fat all kinds of vitamin and trace elements of electrolyte a nutrition support method. 2 complications; 1) mechanical complications, pneumothorax, subcutaneous emphysema, hematoma, even nerve damage, blood chest and fluid chest. If a large amount of gas enters the

36、input process, air embolism can occur and even death. 2) infectious complications, puncture site infection, catheter sepsis, and long-term enteral nutrition can also occur in the intestinal infection. 3) metabolic complications, glucose metabolism disorder, liver function damage, long-term enteral n

37、utrition can also cause intestinal mucosal atrophy, cholestasis and so on.The principle of drug delivery should be followedAdminister the medicine accurately according to the doctors advice. Strict enforcement of the system, three check seven pairs, five accurate. 3 safe and correct medicine. Observ

38、e the drug reaction.Precautions for collecting blood samplesIf you need to extract fasting blood, you should inform the patient in advance to fast. Samples of blood samples should be used with dry syringe, needle and dry tube. When collecting all blood samples, the anticoagulant should be added. Aft

39、er the blood is injected into the container, the blood and the anticoagulant should be gently rotated to avoid the clotting of the blood. When collecting blood samples, they should prevent pollution. If different kinds of blood samples are to be taken at the same time, blood culture bottle should be

40、 injected first, then the anticoagulation tube will be injected, and finally the drying tube will be injected. The movement should be accurate and accurate. It is strictly forbidden to draw blood samples from the infusion blood transfusion.The obstruction of the pylorus should be notedCan be carried

41、 out after meal 4-6 hours or empty abdomen, record the internal retention volume of the stomach, the volume of internal retention = wash output - injection amount26 oxygen atomization inhaler basic principle, oxygen flow, precautions1 is to use oxygen to tell the air flow, destroy the surface tensio

42、n of the liquid, and make the liquid form a fog drop, as the inhale enters the respiratory tract. 2 generally 6-8l | min. 3 (1) strict implementation of the inspection system and observance of the principle of disinfection and quarantine. (2) check whether the components of the atomizer are in good

43、condition before use, and there are abnormal conditions such as loose and falling off. (3) do not release water in the humidification bottle before oxygen, pay attention to safety in the process of oxygen, and prohibit contact with fireworks and inflammable goods.27. Precautions for intravenous infu

44、sion and health education1 (1) strict implementation of the system and the principles of sterile operation. (2) the selection of the perforated vein should be coarse, flexible and relatively fixed, avoiding joint and intravenous fluids to protect the blood vessels. (3) beware of drug compatibility.

45、(4) ensure that the needle can be imported into the blood vessel. (5) adjust the infusion speed according to the nature of the drug, the condition and age. (6) strengthen inspection during infusion process. (7) continuously input 24 hours daily needs to replace the infusion and infusion bottle. (8)

46、in the front of the infusion tube and the air inside the needle, the infusion should be replaced in time to prevent air embolism. (9) guarantee safe infusion. (10) the brooch can be used for three to five days, not more than seven days, to protect the body with a needle.2 (1) explain to the patient

47、and family the role of the drug, the possible reflection, the treatment method and the contents of self-monitoring. (2) patients and family members of education are instructed to follow the doctors advice to order the patients and their families not to adjust the drop rate in the process of infusion

48、, so as to ensure the infusion effect and avoid the occurrence of transfusion reaction.28 cross-blood test and its significance1 cross-blood test is the reaction of other secondary antigens to the corresponding antibody. 2 to ensure the safety of blood transfusion.How to deal with the common blood t

49、ransfusion1 heat reflection (1) light person to slow down the rate or suspension of blood transfusion, symptoms can alleviate by oneself, the person that weigh shall promptly notify the doctor stop transfusion, symptomatic treatment, give warm chills, high fever to cooling,The vital signs are closel

50、y observed. (2) according to the doctors advice, give anti-allergic drugs, antipyretic analgesics or adrenal cortical hormone. (3) keep the blood and blood transfusion equipment for examination and find out the reason. 2. The allergic reaction (1) will slow down the droplet and observe closely. The

51、heavy person immediately stops the blood transfusion, notifies the doctor to follow the doctors advice, and keeps the blood and blood transfusion equipment for the examination to find out the reason. (2) closely observe the condition, the breathing victims give oxygen inhalation, the laryngeal edema

52、 is assisted by the tracheal intubation or tracheotomy, when the allergic shock is treated with anti-shock. 3 hemolysis (1) the symptoms should stop blood transfusion immediately, keep the vein passageway and notify the doctor to deal with it urgently. (2) oxygen inhalation. (3) follow the doctors a

53、dvice. (4) observe the patients vital signs and urine volume changes closely, and make records. (5) blood transfusion therapy is necessary. Response to a large number of transfusions, pulmonary edema, bleeding tendency, citric acid sodium reaction. Other reactions, air embolism, spread disease.The m

54、ethod of observation of illnessIn nursing, nurses can inspect, palpation and auscultation, sound, smell, and so on all aspects and different angles to understand the patients information, also can through the communication with other health care workers and patients and their families, reading cases

55、, including reports, inspection reports, consultation reports, and other relevant information such as patient information, also can use instrument to understand the patients information.The content of the observation of the condition, the observation of special examination and drug treatment1 (1) ob

56、servation of general conditions, development and body shape, diet and nutrition status, face and expression, posture, posture and gait, skin and mucous membrane. (2) observation of vital signs. (3) observation of state of consciousness. (4) pupil observation. (5) observation of mental states. (6) ob

57、servation of special examinations or medications. 1) the nurse should focus on the precautions before and after the inspection, observe the vital signs and listen to the patients complaints, and prevent the occurrence of complications. 2) the nurses should pay attention to observe the curative effec

58、t, side effect and toxicity effects such as taking blood pressure medication should be paid attention to the change of blood pressure, patients should be paid attention to application of painkillers pain if the laws and properties of the analgesic effect of the medicine should be paid attention to drug addiction easily using interval, some effective should not only observe the whole body reaction and pay attention to local reactions. (7) other observations should be made to observe the patients sleep