计算机拆卸与组装计算机硬件体系结构（Computer disassembly and assembly computer hardware architecture）

1、计算机拆卸与组装计算机硬件体系结构（Computer disassembly and assembly computer hardware architecture）Computer disassembly and assembly computer hardware architectureComputer hardware is a general term for all physical devices in a computer system. From the hardware architecture, the basic structure of a typical micro

2、 computer hardware includes a central processor CPU, memory and input / output subsystem composed of three parts, three are connected by a bus system, constitute an organic whole.2) the hardware configuration of the computerThe basic hardware configuration of personal computer includes mainframe, di

3、splay, keyboard, mouse four parts, and the host also includes the main board, chassis, power supply, sound card, video card and other physical equipment. Other external devices may be added on the basis of actual requirements, as shown in figure 1.1.(1) CPUCPU Central Processing Unit (central proces

4、sing unit), the frequency doubling x = fsb. The interface types used in CPU are pin type, card type, pin type, touch type, etc., corresponding to the type of socket on the motherboard. The current CPU uses contact interfaces. The common types of sockets are the Socket 775 structure supported by Inte

5、l company and the Socket AM2 structure supported by AMD company. There are other structures such as Socket 478, Socket 939, Socket 754 and so on, but they have been eliminated.(2) memoryThe main memory devices in microcomputers are SDRAM (Synchronous, Dynamic, RAM), DDR, SDRAM (Double, Data, Rate, S

6、DRAM), DDR, II, SDRAM, and RDRAM (Rambus, DRAM). Among them, DDR II SDRAM is a new type of high performance memory that is widely used in the market.The memory interface type is divided according to the number of conductive contacts on the memory finger, and the number of conductive contacts is also

7、 called the number of pins (Pin). Desktop systems currently have three main memory slots, SIMM, DIMM and RIMM. SIMM (Single Inline Memory Modules), a single inline memory module, memory interface is often used in PC 5X86 and earlier, has gradually been the common DIMM (Dual Inline Memory Modules) du

8、al in-line memory module replaced. RIMM (Rambus Inline Memory Modules) is a special interface type produced by Rambus company for RDRAM memory. SDRAM, DDR II, SDRAM, and DDR II SDRAM also use DIMM memory sockets, but their interface design is different and therefore incompatible with each other.(3)

9、external memoryIn order to meet the needs of large data storage and portability, various types of external memory come into being, such as hard disk, optical disk, floppy disk and some new mobile storage devices.The hard disk is the current mainstream storage device, the hard disk and hard disk driv

10、e are integrated together, sealed in a box like device inside, used to collectively referred to as the hard disk. The hard disk can be divided into IDE interface, hard disk, SATA interface, hard disk, SCSI interface hard disk and Fibre Channel fiber channel interface hard disk according to different

11、 interface types. Its performance is mainly determined by speed, cache capacity, interface type, average seek time, single disk capacity and storage capacity. These parameters are usually marked on the hard disk surface nameplate. In addition, the hard disk jumper settings, capacity size, manufactur

12、ers, models, origin and so on will be reflected on the nameplate.Hard disk capacity = cylinder number (Cylinders) * head number (Heads) * sector number (Sectors) * 512 bytesWith Seagate drive as an example, the model identification numbering principle generally follows the brand + size + + + disk st

13、orage capacity cache capacity number + + interface type algebra update, 4 disc SATA interface hard disk hard disk as shown in Figure 1.2 Seagate 3.5 inch 500GB 16MB cache capacity, product the higher the more the new hard disk algebra.CD-ROM drive, referred to as CD-ROM, is a combination of optics,

14、machinery and electronic technology products. In the field of Optics and electronics, the laser source comes from a laser diode, which is more focused and precisely controlled after being processed,The beam is first hit on the disk, then reflected back by the disc and captured by the light detector.

15、 The information is just the arrangement of the dots on the disc. There are special components in the drive to convert it and check it, and then get the actual data. The optical disk rotates at high speed in the optical drive, and the laser head moves back and forth under the control of the servo mo

16、tor to read data. Depending on the disk used, you can divide it into CD-ROM drives, CDRW-ROM drives, DVD-ROM drives, and DVD recorders.Floppy disk drive, the disc is round and encased in a hard plastic shell. 3.5 inch floppy disk has many disadvantages, such as small capacity, low access speed, shor

17、t data storage time and easy to damage disk. As other large capacity portable memory appears, it is being phased out.The current commonly used specifications for the 3.5 inch floppy disk drive, the mechanical structure and control circuit composed of two parts, the floppy disk into the floppy disk d

18、rive, the drive through the rotating head, can complete the data read or write.? common mobile devices of mobile storage devices flash and mobile hard disk in two, their common feature is the large capacity, high reliability, small size, can be repeated to access the data, without the need of additi

19、onal equipment; generally use the USB interface, support hot plug, in common plug and play operation in the system.(4) main board;The motherboard installed in the chassis is one of the most basic and important components of the computer, as shown in figure 1.3. All the equipment in the computer syst

20、em is connected directly or indirectly to the main board to form a complete system. And the performance of the motherboard and its support for all hardware equipment, mainly by the South Bridge chip and Beiqiao chip decision. The Beiqiao chip is responsible for interfacing with the CPU to control th

21、e transmission and conversion of data from the Cache, memory, and AGP interfaces. The South Bridge is responsible for the I/O interface and the control of the IDE equipment. At present, there are three types of common expansion slots on the main board: PCI, AGP and PCI-E, among which PCI-E is the la

22、test bus and interface standard. With its high data rate, PCI-Express will replace the current PCI and AGP standards, and eventually achieve the unity of bus standards.Figure 1.3 motherboardThe peripheral interface of the main board is mainly responsible for extending part of the function of the mai

23、nboard to the outside of the cabinet, and the interface names are shown in figure 1.4.Figure 1.4 peripheral interface(5) expansion cardVideo card: also known as display adapter, mainly divided into extended card independent display card and motherboard, integrated display card two. The chip and the

24、quality and the existing size will be directly related to the final performance of graphics processing graphics, when the display chip processing after the data and data will be delivered to the memory, and then RAMDAC from memory read data and converts a digital signal to an analog signal, and the

25、signal output to the screen. The output of the new video card has three interfaces: RCA composite video signal output, DVI digital signal output and VGA analog signal output. The RCA interface is a circular frame, a single needle, usually used to connect TV; DVI interface is a rectangular frame, a t

26、wo row jack type arrangement, usually used to connect the LCD digital signal output display; VGA interface frame is a trapezoid, with three rows of jacks arranged, usually used to connect CRT analog signal output display.Sound card: sound card is a kind of hardware to realize the conversion between

27、sound wave and digital signal. At present, the common sound card can be divided into three types: card board type, integrated type and external type. The board type is connected with the system through an expansion slot on the mainboard; the integrated type is directly integrated on the mainboard an

28、d does not occupy an expansion slot; the external type is connected with the microcomputer system through the USB interface, and the mobility is stronger. In response, the sound performance of the frequency by the signal-to-noise ratio, total harmonic distortion, sampling frequency and other physica

29、l properties parameters, these parameters reflect the characteristics of the whole sound card, directly affects the ultimate effect of the play.NIC: also called network adapter, the English full name is Network Interface Card, referred to as NIC,Network card is one of the most basic components in th

30、e network. It is the hardware device that connects the computer and the network. Whether twisted pair connection, coaxial cable connection or optical fiber connection, it is necessary to use the network card to realize data communication. Ethernet cards are used for daily use. According to the speed

31、 of transmission, it can be divided into 10M card, 10 / 100M adaptive network card and 1000M card.(6) input and output devicesInput devices are mainly used to input commands, data, text, sound, images and video to the computer. They are essential components of a computer system. Commonly used input

32、devices are: mouse, keyboard, stylus, microphone, camera, scanner and so on.The output device transmits the information and response processed by the computer, and transmits it to the user through acoustic, optical and electrical signals to achieve the goal of human-computer interaction. Commonly us

33、ed input devices are: monitors, projectors, printers, speakers and so on.(7) chassisGenerally, the case is composed of shell, bracket, cooling fan and switch, indicator light and external interface on panel, as shown in figure 1.5. The box structure can be divided into two types: vertical and horizo

34、ntal, according to the industrial standards, which can be divided into AT, ATX, BTX and many variants according to the industrial standards.Figure 1.5 vertical ATX chassis standard structure(8) power supplyPower supply is the power source of computer mainframe. According to the different industrial

35、standards of chassis, power supply can be divided into AT, ATX, BTX and many variants. At present, ATX power supply is widely used.The ATX power supply has a multi group plug, and the four core D power plug is the most widely used. All CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, CD-RW, hard drives and even some fans use it, a

36、s shown in figure 1.6.Figure 1.6 power interface3) tool preparation(1) magnetic cross screwdriver: a tool for removing and installing screws. Since the screws on the computer are all cross shaped, you can only prepare a cross screwdriver. The magnetic screwdriver can absorb the screws, easy disassem

37、bly, so assemble computer best to adopt a magnetic screwdriver.(2): nose pliers can be used to remove the chassis tailgate, with cross screwdriver to tighten the chassis is fixed on the bottom board of the motherboard and a line clamp product packing box, packing tape, card etc.(3): long tweezers ca

38、n be used to assemble and disassemble, clamping the jumper cap screws and some other small things.(4) the word screwdriver: because some computer chassis and frame combined tightly, the palm can not rely on friction to separate chassis and frame, the need for slotted screwdriver, joint is inserted i

39、nto the chassis and frame, uniform force, slightly outside the lever to the chassis chassis, separation and machine frame.4) matters needing attention(1) to prevent static damage: it is easy to generate static electricity due to the friction between the clothes, especially in winter, when the enviro

40、nment is dry, the static electricity can even break into the integrated circuit and cause damage to the equipment. Therefore, it is better to touch the grounding conductor or wash your hands before releasing the computer so as to release the static charge.(2) clean assembly environment: in assemble

41、computer, should keep the environment clean, avoid a lot of dust particles, liquid, foreign body into the internal equipment, these factors are likely to cause short circuit components contact and equipment and even the damage to the device, so the dismounting machine before, to seriously clean up operation environment to avoid outside events.(3) pay attention to power safety: all parts of the computer must cut off all the power before the hardware is assembled and disassembled,