高二语法虚拟语气

1、学习好资料 欢迎下载 英语语法 虚拟语气（Subjunctive ood） 一语气的定义和种类1 语气(mood)语气是动词的一种形式，表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。2 语气的种类 a. 陈述语气：表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如： There are two sides to every question. 每个问题都有两个方面。 Were you busy all day yesterday? 昨天一整天你都很忙吗？ How good a teacher she is! 她是多好的一位老师啊！ b. 祈使语气：表示说话人对对方的请求或

2、命令。如： Never be late again! 再也不要迟到了。 Dont forget to turn off the light. 别忘了关灯。 c.虚拟语气：表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如： If I were a bird, I could fly in the air.如果我是一只小鸟，我就能在空中飞行。 I wish I could pass the examination.我希望我能通过考试。 May you succeed! 祝您成功！ 虚拟语气表示一种不能实现的假设。该语法主要用于if条件状语从句。也可用于主语从句、表语从句、宾

3、语从句和同位语从句等。 二虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法条件从句有两类，一是真实条件句，另一是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况可能发生，是真实条件句，这种情况下谓语用陈述语气。如： If time permits, well go fishing together.如果时间允许，我们就一起去钓鱼。如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如： If you had come yesterday, you would have met that famous professor. 如果你昨天来，你就会见到那位著名的教授了。（隐含的事实是：你昨天没来，也没见到那位著名教授）。 在含有虚拟条件

4、句的复合句中，主从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气, 通常有三种情况： 1)与过去事实相反，在从句中用过去完成时形式表示。 2)与现在事实相反，在从句中用一般过去时形式表示。、 3)与将来事实可能相反，在从句中用过去将来时形式表示。 ?虚拟语气在非真实条件句中的应用，现将其形式列表如下： 意 义 从 句 主 句 与现在事实相反 were/did would/could/should/might+V原 与过去事实相反had done would/could/should/might+have done 与将来事实相反 were/did were to do should do 如： 如： 如： -纸会烧着

5、。would/could/should/might+V原 如果她有时间，她就会帮我了。（事实上她没有时间） 假如天下雨，庄稼可能就收获了。? -It would burn. 1表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果 If I were you, I should(would ,could, might)tell him the truth. 要是我是你，我就会告诉他真相了。（事实上我不是你） If she had time, she would(could, might)help me.If I were you, I would go to hospital. 2. 表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果

6、If I had known your telephone number yesterday, I should(would, could, might)have telephoned you. 如果昨天我知道了你的电话号码，我就会给你打电话了。（事实上我昨天不知道你的电话号码。） If you had taken my advice, you wouldnt(couldnt) have failed in the exam.如果你听了我的建议，你就不会考试不及格。（事实上你根本没听我的。）3. 表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果 If it should rain, the crops wo

7、uld(could, might)be saved. -What would happen if I put the paper on the fire? /What if -我若把只放在火上会怎么样？ What would happen if the earthshould stop turning? 欢迎下载 学习好资料 If you were to go /should go/went/ to Beijing, you would (could, might) have a chance to visit Tian An Men Square. If it were to rain to

8、morrow, they would not go out. 4.条件从句中省去if的情况 在if引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中，常可以省略if，并使用倒装结构。将had, were或should提至句首。如： Had I seen the film, I would have discussed it with them last night. 假如我看了那部电影，昨晚我就可以和他们一起讨论了。 Were I a bird, I could fly freely. 假如我是一只小鸟，我就能自由翱翔。 Should it rain next week, the farmers would ha

9、ve a good harvest. 要是下周能下雨的话，农民们就能有个好收成了。 Were they to get married, they would be happy. 5.错综时间条件句或混合条件句 有时条件从句中的动作和结果与主句中的动作发生的时间不一致，这时动作的形式应根据它所表示的时间加以调整。如： If you had followed my advice, you would be able to finish the work now.如果你当时听了我的话，现在就能完成这份工作了。（从句说明过去，主句说明现在。） If I were you, I would have g

10、one to her birthday party.如果我是你，我就去参加她的生日晚会了。（从句说明现在，主句说明过去。） If you hadnt lent me some money, I couldnt have bought the new house and most likely I would be still living in the dangerous house now.假若你不借钱给我，我不可能买下这幢新房，很可能现在还住在危房里。（从句说明过去，主句说明过去和现在。） If the doctor hadnt tried their best to save you,

11、you wouldnt be standing here now. If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student now. 6. 含蓄条件句 有时句子中的虚拟的条件不是用if引导的条件状语从句表示,而是用but for ,without等短语或暗含在上下文中，这种句子叫做含蓄条件句。常有： without, but for, but that,（常用来表示与事实相反的状况或愿望，从而间接传达肯定的意义）with, or(else), otherwise, but, even if, if only, in case

12、 , what if, given，for fear that ,suppose, supposing等。 1) But for your help, we couldnt have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助，我们的实验是不会成功。 (暗含条件是but for your help) Were it not for/But for/ But that I hadnt had/ Without (If I hadnt had /) your help, we couldnt have succeeded. Without electricity,

13、life would be quite different today. 2) If only 引导的感叹句中( 时态与wish相同） If only I were a flying bird. (表现在的愿望) She did it completely on her own way and failed in the end. If only she had asked someones advice. If only I hadnt lost my money! （过去） If only the rain would stop ! （将来） 3)Given more time, we w

14、ould do it better. 4).Suppose you were to be a journalist for China Daily, do you know what kinds of jobs they have? 5). Supposing /Suppose/Provided/Providing the weather _ bad, where would they go? 6). I was very busy yesterday, otherwise I would have come to the meeting. 7). Even if he were here,

15、he could not solve the problem. 8). Hes working hard for fear that he (should) fall behind. 三虚拟语气的其它用法 1. 虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法。在主语从句中，这种从句通常用that引导，虚拟语气用“should+动词原形”，表示某事是“重要”，“奇怪”，“惋惜”“自然”，“必要”等意义。如：常用在以下两个句型中间：(如果不表示惊奇等情感也可用陈述与语气.) 1).It is/was + adj + that It is /was vital/ridiculous/appropriate/import

16、ant/necessary/essential /impossible/natural/strange/surprising that.should do. It is important that every Beijinger (should) be able to speak English. 重要的是每个北京人能说英语。 It is necessary that he (should) be sent to hospital at once. 有必要马上把他送医院。 2). It is/was +n. + that that you should. It is/was +a pity/

17、a shame/an honour/no wonder 欢迎下载 学习好资料 ( 比较: It is a pity that you cant swim. 这种从句表示的是事实.) 3).表示“坚持、要求、命令、建议”等动词 It is/was +done + that It is/was suggested/requested/required/ordered/proposed/decided that. It is required that Miss Li should give a performance at the party. It was arranged that they

18、should leave the following week. It is suggested that he (should) go there at once. 比较 It is said/reported/expected/announced/known that MoYan is a world-famous contemporary writer. 2. 虚拟语气在宾语从句中的用法 （1）在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。wish后面宾语从句中的虚拟语气，按“后退一步法”处理从句的谓语动词。注意：与哪个事实相反，

19、不以主句的时态为判断依据，而是依据从句的意义判断。 a.表示对现在情况的虚拟：从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be的过去式用were )表示。如： I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。（可惜不知道。） I wish it were spring in my hometown all the year around. 但愿我的家乡四季如春。（只是愿望，实际根本不可能实现。） b.表示对过去情况的虚拟：从句动词用 had+过去分词。如： I wish (that) I hadnt wasted so much time. 我后

20、悔不该浪费这么多时间。（实际上已经浪费掉了。） He wishes (wished) he hadnt lost the chance. 他真希望没有失去机会。（事实上机会已经失去了，他感到惋惜。） c.表示对将来的主观愿望：谓语动词形式为 “would/could/might+动词原形”，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿。 I wish it would stop raining.但愿雨能停止。 I wish you would be quiet.我希望你安静一些。（2）在表示“坚持、要求、命令、建议”等动词后面：suggest advise/propose

21、/（建议）, recommend /require/demand/ request (要求), order/ command/ (命令), insist（坚持要做）, , (要求), desire(希望)等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用 “(should)+动词原形”。如： He demanded that John (should) go there at once. He ordered that the murderer (should) be sentenced to death. I suggest that we (should) start the meeting at once

22、.我建议马上开会。 The undergraduate insisted that he should go to work in the south. 这位即将毕业的学生坚持要到南方去工作。 注：当suggest表示暗示，主语为something；insist表示坚持观点时，后接的宾语从句当用真实语气。 1) His silence suggested that he agreed with my decision.他的沉默暗示着他赞成我的决定。 He suggested that I (should) stick to my decision.他建议我坚持自己的决定。 2)He insis

23、ts that doing morning exercises does good to peoples health. 他坚持认为做早操对健康有益。 He insists that he (should) do morning exercises every day.他坚持他每天都要早操。 Tom insisted Mike (should) apologize to his teacher, but Mike insisted that was not wrong at all. Ex. All the doctors in the hospital insisted that he ba

24、dly wounded and that he at once. A. should be; be operated on B. were; must be operated on C. be; was operated on D. was; be operated on 3. 虚拟语气在表语从句中的用法。在与表示决定、主张、要求、建议、命令的动词相对应的名词如advice, demand, order, insistence, desire, requirement, request, proposal, suggestion, command, decision等构成的表语从句的结构中，也

25、用should+动词原形，should可以省略。 My suggestion is that we (should) get started soon enough. My advice is that you should practise speaking English as often as possible. 我的建议是你尽可能经常地练习说英语。 The order from the commander was that the troops should set off for the front immediately 司令官的命令是部队立即开拔去前线。 4虚拟语气在同位语从句中

26、的用法 在名词advice, suggestion, order, proposal等后接的同位语从句中，谓语动词用虚拟语气，起形式为 “(should)+动词原形”，说明“建议”，“劝告”，“命令”等的具体内容。如： The order came that the work should be finished two days ahead of time提前两天完成工作的命令传来了。 on. should be operated Reluctantly she accepted their proposal that she 学习好资料 欢迎下载 她勉强接受了他们要她去接受手术的建议。 W

27、e made a suggestion that you (should)stay here until the party was over. 比较 This is the suggestion that/which he at the meeting. A. should make B. make C. made D. would make 5特殊的虚拟语气结构 1) 由as if / though, even if /though引导的状语从句或表语从句，从句中的谓语动词也用虚拟语气。(1) 如果从句比表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去式（were/did）： The teacher

28、 treats the student as if he were her own child.这位老师带这位学生就象她的亲生孩子一样。He talks as if/though he knew all about it. (2) 从句表示与过去事实相反，谓语动词用“had+done” He speaks as if he had been to the United States.他说得好象他真的到过美国似的。 (3) 从句表示与将来事实相反，谓语动词用would/could/might+动词原形 He opened his mouth as if he would say somethin

29、g. 比较：Look at the heavy clouds. It looks as if it is going to rain. 2）在It is high/about time that;句型中从句的谓语动词常用动词的过去式(did)表示虚拟语气或should+动词原形，should不省略，意思是“该干某事了，时间已经有些晚了” It is time that we did /should do something to stop pollution.该我们做些什么制止污染的时候了。 It is time that Father picked up/ should pick Lily

30、from the kindergarten.该父亲去幼儿园接莉莉的时候了。Its high time that we should go now.Its high time that we went now. 3) Would rather 后的虚拟语气Id rather (that)“我宁愿/希望”。 I would rather he visited us today/tomorrow. (与现在/将来相反, were/did) I would rather he had visited us yesterday. (与过去相反， had done) Id rather you told

31、me the truth.我真希望你告诉我真相。 Id rather I didnt see you again.我宁愿不再见着你。* would rather do than do/would do rather than do 以上形式列表如下 句型 意义 从句的谓语形式 wish+宾语从句 宾语从句 if only+引导as if/though的方式状语或表语从句 表示现在未能实现的愿 望 did/were had+done/(could+have done) would/could/might+V原 表示过去未能实现的愿 望 表示将来的愿望宾语would rather+从句 表示现在或

32、将来的情况 表示过去的情况 did had+done 动词demand,suggest, order,insist等+宾语从句 is 在It time high/about that 表示愿望建议命令请求等 时间已经有该干某事了，些晚了” (sould) +V原 did/should do (should不省略) 6表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌、或委婉的语气，常用于日常会话中 1) Would/could/might+动词原形如： Would you be kind enough to show me the way to the post office?请你告诉我去邮局的路好吗？ It w

33、ould be better for you not to stay up too late.你最好别熬夜到很晚。 2)在一些习惯表达中。如： Youd better set off now.你最好现在就出发。 Id rather not tell you the secret.我情愿不告诉你这个秘密。 3) Would you mind opening the window ? the door?if I openedWould you mind 动词过去式Would you mind if + 欢迎下载 学习好资料 7.用于表示祝愿的句子,用于一切人称和数,谓语用动词原形 1) .Long

34、 live+主语 ! 2).May you+动词原形! 3). God bless you ! 用 “may+动词原形”表示祝愿，但愿，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如： May you be happy!祝你快乐！ May you do even better!祝你取得更大成就！ May you stay young! May our friendship last forever! Long live the people! 人民万岁！ “God bless you,” said the priest.牧师说：“愿上帝保佑你！ 8. 1).某些动词的过去完成式后跟不定式表虚拟,

35、 如hope, wish, expect, intend, mean,plan, think had hoped to do= hoped to have done/would rather have done/I had thought that/He thought is/am/are supposed to have done=was/were supposed to do 2).would/should +love/like to have done 表 “原想要做某事但实际上未做”. 3).-Why didnt you come to the party yesterday? -I

36、was going to, but an unexpected visitor came to see me. 虚拟语气练习 （Practice makes perfect.） I. 四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。DC、A、B、从1. Have you ever been to Beijing? No, but I wish I _. A. have B. will C. do D. had 2. If there were no water in the world, everything _. A. will die B. would die C. would have die

37、d D. have died 3. I wish that I _ with you last night. A. could have gone B. could go C. have gone D. went 4. If I _ you, I _ more attention to English idioms and phrases. A. was; shall pay B. am; will pay C. would be; would pay D. were; would pay 5. I wish that you _such a bad headache because Im s

38、ure that you would have enjoyed the concert. A. wouldnt have B. didnt haveC. hadnt had D. havent had 6. If it were not for the fact that she sing, I would invite her to the party. A. couldnt B. shouldnt C. cant D. might not 7. If it should snow this afternoon, we a snowman. A. could make B. made C.

39、had made D. could have made 8. My suggestion is that the sick boy to hospital as soon as possible. A. is taken B. must be taken C. be take D. has to be taken 9. Obviously, it is high time that we some effective measures to solve the problem. A. will take B. have take C. had taken D. took 10. I throu

40、gh that bitter period without your generous help. A. didnt go B. wouldnt go C. couldnt have gone D. hadnt gone 11. He suggested that the meeting _ put off. A. not be B. should not C. wouldnt D. be not 12. What would have happened if you _ her child? A. hadnt helped B. couldnt help C. wouldnt help D.

41、 didnt help 13 .It is strange that he _ so. A. thinks B. think C. thought D. will think 14. If I _ with her last summer, I _ with her now. A. worked.am getting on very well B. had worked.would get on very well C. had worked. would have got on very well D. had worked.will get on very well 15 . I wish

42、 I _ my uncle yesterday. A. met B. have met C. would meet D. had met 16. The old professor gave orders that the experiment _ before 6. A. was finished B. will finish C. be finished D. shall be finished 17.Its high time he _ home. A. goes B. went C. will go D. is going to go 18 . _ you succeed and _

43、you be healthy. A. May.may B. Wish.wish C. Hope.hope D. Should.may 19 .Galileo insisted that the earth _ round the sun. A. should move B. move C. moves D.A or B 20. I was very busy yesterday, otherwise I _ to the meeting. A. came B. would come C. had come D. would have come the weather _ bad, where

44、would they go? Supposing 21.学习好资料 欢迎下载 A. will be B. is C. were D. be 22. _ your letter, I would have started off two days ago. A. If I received B. Should I receive C. If I could have received D. Had I received 23 .Look at the trouble I am in! If only I _ to my parents advice! A. followng B. follow

45、C. am following D. had followed 24. If it _ rain next week, the farmers could still have a good harvest. A. should B. could C. would D. might 25. -Why didnt you come to the party yesterday? -I _, but an unexpected visitor came to see me. A. did B. would C. had D. was going to 26.Id rather you _ me t

46、he news. A. not tell B. not to tell C. didnt tell D. hadnt told 27. I _ to stay there for one more week, but I changed my mind. A. would have hoped B. was hoping C. had hoped D. hoped 28. His silence at the meeting suggested that he _ to your plan. A. shouldnt agree B. wouldnt agree C. hadnt agreed

47、D. didnt agree 29 He _ the job well, but he _ so careless. A. hadnt done, had been B. could have done, was C. could do, was D. had done, had been 30 Li Ling acted that way as though he _ a foreigner. A. were B. had been C. should be D. was 31What would have happened , as far as the river bank ? A. B

48、ob had walked farther B. if Bob should walk farther C. had Bob walked farther D. if Bob walked farther 32. Had they known what was coming next, they second thoughts. A. may have B. could have C. must have had D. might have had 33. If we adequate preparations, the conference wouldnt have been so succ

49、essful. A. havent made B. wouldnt make C. didnt make D. hadnt made 34. We Johns name on the race list yesterday but for his recent injury. A. will put B. will have put C. would put D. would have put 35. -Why were you so late again? Im sorry, but I got caught in traffic again; or sooner. A. I would b

50、e late B. I have been here C. I had been here D. I would have been here II测试 1. I enjoyed the movie very much. I wish I _ the book from which it was made. A. have read B. had readC. should have read D. are reading 2. You are late. If you _ a few minutes earlier, you _ him. A. come; would meet B. had

51、 come; would have met C. come; will meet D. had come; would meet 3. The two students talked as if they _ friends for years. A. should be B. would beC. have been D. had been 4. It is important that I _ with Mr. Williams immediately. A. speak B. spokeC. will speak D. to speak 5. He looked as if he _ i

52、ll for a long time. A. was B. wereC. has been D. had been 6. If the doctor had come earlier, the poor child would not _. A. have laid there for two hours B. have been lied there for two hours C. have lied there for two hours D. have lain there for two hours 7. I wish that I _ with you last night. A. went B. could goC. have gone D. could have gone 8. Lets say you could go there again, how _ feel? A. will you B. should you C. would you D. do you 9. I cant stand him. He always talks as though he _ everything. A. knew B. knowsC. has known D