高三英语独立主格结构

1、.独立主格结构教案项城二高 英语组教学目标：了解并掌握独立主格结构教学难点：独立主格结构的运用一、独立主格结构的概念及基本构成形式 独立主格结构（the absolute structure）是由名词或代词加上分词或分词短语构成的一种独立结构，用于修饰整个句子，而不是一个词或词组。独立主格结构中的名词或代词与其后的分词或分词短语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。这种结构与主句不发生句法上的联系，独立主格结构的位置相当灵活，可置于主句前、主句末或主句中，常由逗号将其与主句分开。需特别注意的是，独立主格结构与主句之间不能使用任何连接词。例如：1）Winter coming ,it gets colder an

2、d colder. 冬天来了,天气越来越冷了. 2）He lay at full length upon his stomach，his head resting upon his left forearm（他的脊背朝天，四肢伸展，头枕着左臂，直挺挺地趴伏着。）3)More time given ,we would have done it much better( 如果给我们更多的时间,我们会做得更好) 独立主格结构多用于书面语，尤其是描述性语言中，在口语和非正式文体中，一般用从句或两个句子来代替。例如，上述例句可变为：1After winter comes , it becomes col

3、der and colder 2）He lay at full length upon his stomachHis head rested upon his left forearm 3)If we had been given more time ,we would have done it much better .二、独立主格结构的特殊构成形式独立主格结构除上述基本构成形式，即名词代词分词（短语）外，还有如下特殊构成形式。1名词介词短语1）Our English teacher came into the classroom ,a book in his hand. 我们的英语老师走进

4、了教室,手里拿着试卷。 2)There is a river in the valley, fresh flowers on the banks. 山谷中有一条河,河两岸长满了鲜花。 3)Last night I follow him here and climbed in ,sword in hand . (在名词/代词+介词短语的独立结构中,his ,her ,my ,their ,a ,an ,the 等词分别形式修饰前后两个名词或名词本身为复数,有也用with 引导,这是一种习惯用法但若名词/代词和介词后面的名词没有任何冠词或所有格修饰,也不用with 引导) 以上1),2)两例可以这

5、样改变: Our English teacher came into the classroom ,with a book in his hand . There is a river in the valley ,with flowers on the the banks .独立主格结构的特殊构成形式2. 名词形容词（短语） 1）He stood silent in the moonlight ,his door open . (月光下, 门开着,他默默地站立在那里)。 2)I heard that she got injured in the accident , my heart ful

6、l of worry .(我听说她在这场事故中受了伤,内心充满了忧伤)3名词副词 1) The meeting over, our headmaster soon left the meeting-room. 散会了,校长很快就离开了会议室。 2) The lights off, we could not go on with the work. 灯熄了,我们不能继续工作了独立主格结构也可以由:with + 名词/代词+分词/l 不定式/形容词/副词/介词短语构成with +名词（或代词）+现在分词1.He fell asleep with the lamp burning.2.You can

7、t leave here with the machine running.3.With him taking charge of the task, I have nol doubt of its success. with +名词（或代词）+过去分词4.With winter coming on, its time to buy warm clothes.5.The old man was listening to the radio, with his eyes half closed.6.All the afternoon he worked with the door locked.

8、7.With the trees grown tall, we can get more shade.8.With the work finished, all of us went out for a walk. 9.He stood for an instant with his hand still raised. l with +名词（或代词）+动词不定式11.I cant go out with all these dishes to wash.12.With so many books to read, I couldnt go out with you.13.With only

9、two minutes to go, they hurried to with +名词（或代词）+介词短语the station.14.With all this work to do, I dont know if Il15.He walked along with his hat on the back of his head.16.He simply stared at her with that peculiar expression on his face.17.He was asleep with his head on his arms.18.She saw a brook wi

10、th red flowers andgreen grass on both sides.have time to go out.with +名词（或代词）+形容词19.The man was sleeping with the window open.20.The mother doesnt allow her child to talk with his mouth full.with +名词（或代词）+副词21.With John away, weve got more room.22.The Emperor walked in the middle of the procession w

11、ith nothing on.23.The student listened to his teacher with his head down.24.With the teacher there, he cant write.三、独立主格结构的用法独立主格结构在句中一般作状语，表示时间、条件、原因、伴随状况等。1作时间状语1）Her work done ,she sat down for a cup of tea.=After her work was done ,she sat down for a cup of tea .(她的工作完成之后,坐下来喝杯茶.)2）The governor

12、considering the matter， more strikers gathered across his pathWhile the governor was considering the matter，more strikers gathered across his path（总督思考这个问题时，更多的罢工工人聚集在他要通过的路上。）2作条件状语1）Weather permitting，they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrowIf weather permits，they will go on an outing to th

13、e beach tomorrow（如果天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。）2）Such being the case，you have no reason for dismissing himIf such is the case，you have no reason for dismissing him（如果情况如此的话，你没有理由解聘他。） 3作原因状语1）The storm drawing near，the navy decided to call it a day Since the storm was drawing near，the navy decided to cal

14、l it a day（由于暴风雨即将来临，那个挖土小工决定收工。） 2）There being no taxis ,we had to walk home. =As there was no taxis ,we had to walk home. (因为没有出租车,我们只好步行回家.)4作伴随状语1）I took my ticket，and marched proudly up the platform，with my cheeses，the people falling back respectfully on either side I took my ticket，and marched

15、 proudly up the plat- form，with my cheeses，and the people fell back respectfully on either side（我拿着车票还有我的奶酪，雄赳赳气昂昂地跨步走向月台。人们似乎很尊敬我，纷纷向两边退去。）四、独立主格结构常见出题形式及解题策略 独立主格结构是一常考项目，在高考中多以语法结构填空形式出现。例如：1）All flights ，we decided to take a greyhoundAwere canceled Bhad been canceled Chaving canceled Dhaving bee

16、n canceled 2）The production steadily，the factory needs an ever-increasing supply of raw materialAhas gone up Bis going up Chaving gone up Dbeing gone up 此类题型的解题策略可以概括为“结构分析法”，即首先分析句子结构，判断句子缺少的成分，同时注意主句与其他部分之间有无连接词，是否用逗号隔开。若有逗号而无连接词，则可对选项部分作如下初步判断： 1）选项部分可能会构成状语从句或非限制性定语从句（但二者必须由从属连词或关系代词、关系副词引导）；2）选

17、项部分可能会构成起状语作用的非谓语动词短语（但非谓语动词作状语时其逻辑主语通常为主句的主语）；3）选项部分可能会构成起状语作用的独立主格结构（独立主格结构有自己的主语，并可扩展为状语从句或独立句子）。初步判断后，即可联系句子，对照选项，作出选择。 上述例题1）中的选项A和B与All flights构成了句子，但该句没有任何从属连词、关系代词或关系副词引导，与主句之间也无连接词，因而是错误的，应排除。选项C和D与All flights都可构成独立主格结构，作原因状语，但根据题意，应选D，因为“班机”是“被取消”的。同样，例题2）中的选项A和B与名词 the production构成了句子，但该句

18、无连接词连接两个句子，因而应排除。选项C和D与 the production都可构成独立主格结构，作原因状语，但根据题意，“产量在稳步增长”，在逻辑上是主谓关系，应用主动语态，所以应选C。此外，独立主格结构也时常见于其他诸如Cloze Test等题型中，并能广泛运用于写作和翻译之中。可见，掌握了独立主格结构对于学生提高综合应试能力是大有裨益的。1Ford tried dividing the labor，each worker a separate task Aassigning Bassigned Cwas assigned Dwould be assigned 2The lecture ，he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that his leaving disturbed the speakerAbegan Bbeginning C