英语中的虚拟系统讲解

1、.英语中的虚拟语气 编讲：田老师英语中我们常常强调大部分主从时态要一致，然而有些句子却非这样。在这里有一个方面就是因为虚拟语气那么什么是虚拟语气？顾名思义，虚拟语气就是与客观事实不符的语气。这样的语气常由以下两点引起：一，表达的事情和客观相反，二，有些句子的语气所需。常见的虚拟语气可以从以下四个方面进行详实的了解。第一，条件句的虚拟，第二，特殊词语的虚拟，第三，should型的虚拟语气和第四常见句式的虚拟表达。第一部分，条件句的虚拟（1）If条件句的虚拟语气A由if引导的条件句的一般现在时的虚拟：句型：If sb were/ did something , sb would (could ,

2、should ,might) do sth.If l were a bird, l would fly into sky to get more freedom.假如我是只鸟，我可以在高空自由自在的翱翔。（实：人不是鸟，故不能飞往高空）If he knew this fact ,he would (could) tell me at the fisrt time.假如他知道事实，他会首先告诉我的。（实：他不知道事实，也自然就没告诉我）If it were strong enough, it would not break in this accident.如果它结实的话，它不可能在事故中摧毁。

3、（实：它不结实，在事故中摧毁了）B由if引导的条件句的一般过去时的虚拟：句型：If sb had done something , sb would (could ,should ,might) have done sth. If he had worked harder, he would have passed the important examination .如果他之前学习努力点，他会通过这重要的考试。（实：他过去不努力，过去的考试没通过）If he had come here yesterday, he could have gotten this gift.如果他昨天来这，他会得

4、到这个礼物。（实：他之前没来这，礼物自然没得到）C由if引导的条件句的一般将来时的虚拟：句型：If sb should/ were to do something , sb would(could , should ,might) do sth.We should not take the examination tomorrow, l would go with you to the movies.如果我们明天不考试，我将和你去看电影。（实：明天要考试，我不能和你去看电影）If we were to fail again, we would not lose this chance.如果我们

5、再次失败，我们也不失去这个机遇。（实：我们没失败，机遇没丢失）（2）省略条件从句的虚拟。有时候在虚拟中，不出现条件从句，而是以单词，词组，非谓语动词和其他词组代替条件件句。常见词的虚拟，常见词otherwise, or (否则) without，but for(如果没有，要不是因为)He does not know this news；otherwise he would tellyou its fact.他不知道这个消息，不然，他会告诉你的。He must have had an accident, or he would have been here on time.他一定遇到事故，不然他

6、会按时来这儿的。But for the English exam, l would have gone to the concert lastSaturday、要不是英语考试，我上周六就去音乐会。Without paper our modern life would come to a standstill.没有纸张，我们的世界将停止不前。Learning could not occur without memory.没有记忆，学习不能进行。（3）错综时间的虚拟（混合虚拟语气）错综虚拟，即主从句不是针对同一个时间点，往往是主句现在的时态，而从句是过去的时态。表示“如果过去怎么样，那么现在会如何

7、”句型：If sb had done something , sb would (could ,should ,might) do sth.If Paul had received six more votes in last election, he would be our chairman now.如果Paul在上次的选票中多得6个选票，他现在就是我们的主席。If I had not given him enough money, he would be in trouble now.如果我上次没给他足够的钱，他现在就深陷困境。当表示“如果过去一直。现在就会正在。”句型：If sb ha

8、d been doingsomething , sb would (could , should ,might) be doing sth.They would not be feeling tired if they had not been walking for a whole day.如果他们那天不走一整天路，他们就现在一直不感到累。（他们那天是走了一天的路，现在一直感到疲倦）（4）条件句，让步句中be型虚拟。在非正式语言中，当条件句为主系表时，系动词可以是动原来构成虚拟，主句不用虚拟。If he be elected chairman, we will all resign.如果他当

9、选主席，我们都将辞职。If any person be found guilty ,he shall have the right of appeal.被认为有罪的人有权提议上诉。Whatever be difficulties , we must go on with work.无论出现什么困难，我们必须继续工作。Whatever be the reason for it, we can not tolerate this disloyalty.无论什么原因，我们都不可宽恕这种背信弃义。第二部分，常见词的虚拟语（1）it is time that sb did something。(A) I

10、tis time that John went home with his friend.You are very selfish, it is high time that you realized that you are not the most important person at all.(B) it is the first time /second time , last time that sb have ( has ) done sthIt is the last time that l have talked with you on the bus.Is it the s

11、econd time that you have made the same error in writing?(C ) it is time for sb to do something(不用虚拟)（2）wish从句的虚拟（2a）对过去的虚拟:wish sb had done sthI wish that l had seen the play on TV the other night.我真希望前些晚上能在电视上看到这个节目。I wish you had not hurt him so much because heis still sad.我希望你没有把他伤害得很深，他还是很悲伤。wis

12、h sb could have done(希望过去能做的事)I wish l could have gone to the movies with you last night.I wish that l could have slept longer this morning.(2b)对现在时态的虚拟Wish sb were sth , wish sb did somethingI wish l were a teacher我希望我是一名老师。（事实他现在不是老师）His mother wishes his son got the better result in exam.他妈妈希望他在考

13、试中得到更好的结果（他没有得到好结果）（2c）对将来时态的虚拟Sb wish that sb would do sthI wish the rain would stop soon.I wish you would not be late for school.(3) if only和would that从句的虚拟语气If only和would that都表达一种强烈的感叹和愿望。理解为：“要是。就好，要是。多好啊！用法和wish的句式相同If only /would that sb had done sth (过去)If only he had told you the truth mont

14、hs ago.要是他在几个月前告诉真相就好了。Would that we had seen her before she died.要是在她逝世前我们能见面就好嘞。If only /would that sb were (did) sth(现在)If only l had a phone! I am waiting for her at the outside.我现在要是有部电话就好嘞，我在外边等她。If only /would that sb would do sth (将来)If only he would learn to eat silently.要是他学会吃东西不出声就好了。（5）a

15、s if和as though从句的虚拟。违背现在的情况，从句用sb were(was)doing /did sthHe works so hard as if he never felt tired.他工作很努力，好像从来不知道疲倦。My uncle always talks as though he were talking in a meeting我的叔叔说话好像在大会上说话一样。（4）would rather, would sooner, would as soon从句的虚拟这三个词组都表示“宁可，宁愿“其后的从句要用虚拟。（4a）对过去的虚拟（愿望）sb would rather sb

16、 had done sthI would rather you had not blamed her yesterday.我宁可你昨天没批评他。We would sooner that you had held conference yesterday.我们倒希望你们昨天举行了这次会议。（4b）对现在的虚拟结构：sb would sooner sb did sthI would sooner you said nothing about it for this moment.我希望你现在对这事情不要说话。（4c）对将来的虚拟结构：sb would sooner sb did sth（同现在时的

17、虚拟）Do not come here today, I would rather you came tomorrow.第三部分，should型的虚拟语气。含有命令，建议，要求的从句中需要用到虚拟语气（1）主观愿望的动词跟宾语从句要用虚拟语气。其基本规则是从句部分：sb(should)do sth常见的这样动词有：advise. advocate（倡导）agree, ask ,beg, command , decide ,demand, desire, instruct, direct, grant insist , intend（打算）.maintain, move（建议）order, pr

18、efer, prescribe（规定）, propose. Recommend request ,require ,resolve, suggest .urge. will(希望)(1a)接宾语从句e.g. He suggested that his all students should hand in homework on timeThey propose that the new building should be built in soon. She asked that we should not forgive his carelessness.（1b）主观意愿动词的主语从句I

19、t is suggested that we should respect the teachers rules.It is proposed that nobody should deny the importance of a language.(1c)以上的主观意愿的名词引导主语从句，表语从句，同位语从句，也要用虚拟语气It is my suggestion that we should discus his problem at the meeting.They give out their order that we should not avoid the realityTheir

20、 demand is that their salary should be increased by 20%.(2)主观形容词表示的虚拟。要求同上。这些形容词有：absurd, advisable. Amazing, anxious ,appropriate, best, crucial, desirable imperative, essential fitting, incredible ,important, inevitable, necessary. Obligatory odd. Natural proper, strange ,surprising, unthinkable ,urgent, vitalIt is important that she should learn about this language at the spare time.It is essential that the