高考完形填空经典练习题

1、高考完形填空经典练习题一、高中英语完形填空1阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，然后从所给的四个选项A、B、C、D中选出能填入相应空白处的最佳选项。 After all of these years, I still remember my first moment of kindness. It was the first day of kindergarten. I walked in with my mom and was 1 at all the toys against the walls. I 2 ran over to play. Most of the other kids were d

2、oing the same. In the corner 3 , I saw one girl, sitting by herself. She was small and looked 4 . She was the only one in the class shorter than me. Her 5 eyes looked like she had been crying. None of the other children seemed to 6 her there. I went back to 7 the toy cars but after a minute, I looke

3、d up at her again. She seemed so 8 . Something inside started to stir(搅动). After a moment, I 9 two of the toy cars and 10 her. Do you want to play? I asked. She smiled and 11 her head yes. What made me remember that first unselfish act was a 12 that little girl wrote me after we were both grown. She

4、 told me how her illness made the other kids 13 her and how that moment of kindness had 14 her life. She had valued the 15 I had offered her and carried it in her 16 even after she moved away. I wrote her back and we continued our friendship through the mail for several years 17 the disease finally

5、took her life. Today I still thanked my unselfish little heart for 18 me to be kind to a little girl who needed a friend. I thought of how a moment of kindness can 19 so much to another, and of how 20 act can make the world so much better. May your life be full of giving, caring and helping that bri

6、ng joy to you while you bring joy to others.1. A. disappointedB. amazedC. boredD. mad2. A. slowlyB. worriedlyC. carefullyD. immediately3. A. thoughB. stillC. everD. also4. A. weakB. strictC. tiredD. angry5. A. greyB. blackC. brightD. red6. A. ignoreB. praiseC. noticeD. forget7. A. break upB. play wi

7、thC. find outD. put away8. A. patientB. friendlyC. lonelyD. curious9. A. picked upB. lentC. handed outD. bought10. A. visitedB. introducedC. pushedD. approached11. A. shookB. heldC. turnedD. nodded12. A. poemB. letterC. noteD. message13. A. avoidB. beatC. admireD. cheat14. A. createdB. changedC. enr

8、ichedD. continued15. A. differenceB. appointmentC. friendshipD. agreement16. A. journeyB. planC. dreamD. heart17. A. unlessB. beforeC. thoughD. when18. A. permittingB. wishingC. drivingD. causing19. A. replyB. proveC. meanD. show20. A. simpleB. skillfulC. wonderfulD. creative【答案】 （1）B；（2）D；（3）A；（4）A

9、；（5）D；（6）C；（7）B；（8）C；（9）A；（10）D；（11）D；（12）B；（13）A；（14）B；（15）C；（16）D；（17）B；（18）C；（19）C；（20）A； 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，作者第一天去幼儿园时主动和一个被人忽视的小女孩玩耍，长大后女孩告诉作者他当时的一个小小举动改变了自己的生活。作者感悟到片刻的善意也可以对另一个人是意义重大的，简单的行为也可以让世界变得更美好。 （1）考查形容词。句意：我和妈妈一起走进来，看到所有的玩具都靠在墙上，我感到很惊讶。A. disappointed“失望的”；B. amazed“吃惊的”；C. bored“厌倦的”；D

10、. mad“疯狂的”。根据上文“It was the first day of kindergarten.”作者第一天去幼儿园，看到玩具都在墙上，因此感到吃惊。故选B。 （2）考查副词。句意：我立刻跑过去玩。A. slowly“缓慢地”；B. worriedly“担心地”；C. carefully“仔细地”；D. immediately“立即”。根据下文“ran over to play”可知作者看到玩具立即跑过去开始玩。故选D。 （3）考查副词。句意：然而在角落里，我看到一个女孩独自坐着。A. though“尽管，然而”；B. still“仍然”；C. ever“曾经”；D. also“也”

11、。根据下文“I saw one girl, sitting by herself”可知别的孩子都在玩，然而这个小女孩一个人坐着。此处表示转折关系，表示“然而”，故选A。 （4）考查形容词。句意：她个子矮小，看上去很虚弱。A. weak“虚弱的”；B. strict“严格的”；C. tired“疲惫的”；D. angry“生气的”。根据上文“She was small ”可知女孩个子矮小，看上去很虚弱。故选A。 （5）考查形容词。句意：她的红眼睛看上去像是哭过。A. grey“灰色的”；B. black“黑色的”；C. bright“明亮的”；D. red“红色的”。根据下文“looked li

12、ke she had been crying”可知女孩好像是哭过，因此眼睛是红的。故选D。 （6）考查动词。句意：其他孩子似乎都没注意到她。A. ignore“忽视”；B. praise“赞美”；C. notice“注意到”；D. forget“忘记”。根据上文“None of the other children seemed to”可知其他的孩子都在玩儿，似乎没注意到她。故选C。 （7）考查动词短语。句意：我回去玩玩具车，但过了一会儿，我又抬头看了看她。A. break up“破碎”；B. play with“玩耍”；C. find out“查明”；D. put away“放好”。根据下文

13、“the toy cars”可知作者看到了小女孩，又接着回去玩玩具车。故选B。 （8）考查形容词。句意：她似乎很孤独。A. patient“耐心的”；B. friendly“友好的”；C. lonely“孤独的”；D. curious“好奇的”。根据上文小女孩独自在一边，没有注意到她，她似乎很孤独。故选C。 （9）考查动词（短语）。句意：过了一会儿，我捡起两辆玩具车向她走去。A. picked up“捡起”； B. lent“借给”；C. handed out“分发”；D. bought“购买”。根据下文“two of the toy cars”可知作者拿起了两辆玩具车。故选A。 （10）考查

14、动词。句意：过了一会儿，我捡起两辆玩具车向她走去。A. visited“拜访”；B. introduced“介绍”；C. pushed“推”；D. approached“接近，走进”。根据下文“Do you want to play?” I asked.可知作者拿着玩具向女孩走去了。故选D。 （11）考查动词。句意：她笑了笑，点了点头。A. shook“摇晃”；B. held“拿着”；C. turned“转向”；D. nodded“点头”。根据上文smile可知女孩笑着点头同意和作者一起玩。故选D。 （12）考查名词。句意：让我想起第一次无私行为的是我们长大后那个小女孩写给我的一封信。A. p

15、oem“诗歌”；B. letter“信”；C. note“纸条”；D. message“信息”。根据下文“little girl wrote me”可知长大后那个小女孩给作者写了一封信。故选B。 （13）考查动词。句意：她告诉我，她的病如何让其他孩子避开她，那一刻的善意如何改变了她的生活。A. avoid“避开”；B. beat“打败”；C. admire“钦佩”；D. cheat“欺骗”。根据上文作者看到女孩孤独一个人，其他人好像没有注意到她，可知是因为她的病让其他孩子都避开她。故选A。 （14）考查动词。句意：那一刻 的善意如何改变了她的生活。A. created“创造”；B. chang

16、ed“改变”；C. enriched“丰富”；D. continued“继续”。根据上文女孩长大了还仍记得作者那一次的善行，可知作者的善意对女孩的影响很大，也改变了她的生活。其他选项与语境不符。故选B。 （15）考查名词。句意：她很珍惜我给予她的友谊，即使在她搬走之后，她也一直铭记在心。A. difference“差异”；B. appointment“约定”；C. friendship“友谊”；D. agreement“同意”。根据下文“we continued our friendship”可知是珍惜作者给予她的友谊。故选C。 （16）考查名词。句意：她很珍惜我给予她的友谊，即使在她搬走之后

17、，她也一直铭记在心。A. journey“旅程”；B. plan“计划”；C. dream“梦想”；D. heart“心脏”。女孩即使是在搬走了之后，作者给予她的友谊，她也一直铭记于心。故选D。 （17）考查状语从句。句意：我给她回了信，在疾病最终夺走了她的生命之前，我们通过信件保持了多年的友谊。A. unless“除非”；B. before“在之前”；C. though“尽管”；D. when“当时候”。本句为时间状语从句，表示“在之前”，故选B。 （18）考查动词。句意：今天，我仍然感谢我那颗无私的小爱心，感谢它驱使我善待一个需要朋友的小女孩。A. permitting“允许”；B. wi

18、shing“希望”；C. driving“驱使”；D. causing“造成”。作者是在无私的爱心驱使下善待了一个需要朋友的小女孩。故选C。 （19）考查动词。句意：我想，片刻的善意对另一个人来说是多么意义重大。A. reply“回答”；B. prove“证明”；C. mean“意味着”；D. show“展示”。根据上文女孩的信中对作者的感谢可知，作者的善举改变了她的生活，因此片刻的善意对另一个人来说也是意义重大的。故选C。 （20）考查形容词。句意：想到了简单的行为可以让世界变得更美好。A. simple“简单的”；B. skillful“熟练的”；C. wonderful“极好的”；D.

19、creative“创造性的”。结合全文作者一个邀请女孩玩耍玩具的简单动作彻底改变了女孩的生活，可知简单的行为可以让世界变得更美好。故选A。 【点评】本题考点涉及动词，名词，形容词，副词，状语从句，固定短语等多个知识点的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，从而选出正确答案。2阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 When I was 13, my only purpose was to become the star on our football team. That mean

20、t 1 Miller King, who was the best 2 at our school. Football season started in September and all summer long I worked out. I carried my football everywhere for 3 . Just before September, Miller was struck by a car and lost his right arm. I went to see him after he come back from 4 . He looked very 5

21、, but he didnt cry. That season, I 6 all of Millers records while he 7 the home games from the bench. We went 10-1 and I was named most valuable player, 8 I often had crazy dreams in which I was to blame for Millers 9 . One afternoon, I was crossing the field to go home and saw Miller 10 going over

22、a fencewhich wasnt 11 to climb if you had both arms. Im sure I was the last person in the world he wanted to accept 12 from. But even that challenge he accepted. I helped him move 13 over the fence. When we were finally 14 on the other side, he said to me, You know, I didnt tell you this during the

23、15 , but you did well. Thank you for 16 in for me. His words freed me from my bad 17 .I thought to myself, how even without an arm he was more of a leader. Damaged but not defeated, he was 18 ahead of me. I was right to have 19 him. From that day on, I grew 20 and a little more real.1. A. cheering f

24、orB. beating outC. relying onD. bending to2. A. coachB. studentC. teacherD. player3. A. practiceB. powerC. insuranceD. pleasure4. A. schoolB. vacationC. hospitalD. training5. A. paleB. calmC. relaxedD. determined6. A. heldB. brokeC. setD. tried7. A. reportedB. judgedC. organizedD. watched8. A. andB.

25、 thenC. butD. thus9. A. decisionB. mistakeC. accidentD. absence10. A. trappedB. injuredC. buriedD. lost11. A. reliableB. hardC. funD. useless12. A. thanksB. adviceC. helpD. apology13. A. slowlyB. extremelyC. exactlyD. officially14. A. awakeB. readyC. activeD. safe15. A. holidayB. disasterC. seasonD.

26、 journey16. A. fillingB. takingC. givingD. getting17. A. memoriesB. ideasC. attitudesD. dreams18. A. stillB. alsoC. yetD. just19. A. ignoredB. upsetC. invitedD. admired20. A. healthierB. biggerC. clevererD. cooler【答案】（1）B；（2）D；（3）A；（4）C；（5）A；（6）B；（7）D；（8）C；（9）C；（10）A；（11）B；（12）C；（13）A；（14）D；（15）C；（1

27、6）A；（17）D；（18）A；（19）D；（20）B； 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文，讲述了一个与足球有关的故事。作者想成为球队里最棒的球员，并向最优秀的球员Miller看齐。为了实现梦想，作者刻苦训练，在Miller受伤之后，作者脱颖而出，成为最有价值的球员，作者的表现也得到了Miller认可。（1）考查动词短语。A.cheering for“为.欢呼”；B.beating out“打败”；C.relying on“依靠”；D.bending to“屈从于”。根据become the star on our football team可知，要想成为球队里的明星，就要打败最优秀的球员，故

28、选B。（2）考查名词。A. coach“教练”；B. student“学生”；C. teacher“教师”；D. player“选手，球员”。全校最好的球员是Miller King，故选D。（3）考查名词。A.practice“练习”；B.power“力量，权力”；C.insurance“保险”；D.pleasure“压力”。作者随身带着足球是为了练习，故选A。（4）考查名词。A.school“学校”；B. vacation“假期”；C. hospital“医院”； D. training“训练”。Miller意外受伤，失去了右臂，作者在他出院后去看他。选C。（5）考查形容词。A. pale“

29、苍白的”；B. calm“平静的”；C. relaxed“放松的”； D.determined“有决心的”。根据“but he didnt cry.”可知，Miller的情况不容乐观。故选A。（6）考查动词。A. held“握住”；B. broke“打破”；C. set“创立，开创”；D. tried“尝试”。根据“ records”可知，作者破了Miller的记录。选B。（7）考查动词。A. reported“报告”；B. judged “判断”；C. organized“组织”；D. watched“观看”。受伤后的Miller坐在长凳上观看比赛，故选D。（8）考查连词。A. and“和”

30、；B. then“然后”；C. but“但是”；D. thus“因此”。“I was named most valuable player”和“I often had crazy dreams”形成对比，作者虽然被封为最有价值球员，但是他总是做噩梦，故选C。（9）考查名词。A. decision“决定”；B. mistake“错误”；C. accident“事故”；D.absence“缺席”。让作者感到内疚的是，仿佛是自己应该为Miller的事故负责，作者觉得有点胜之不武，故选C。（10）考查形容词。A.trapped“被困住”；B.injured“受伤的”；C.buried“埋头”；D.lo

31、st“丢失的，迷路的”作者看到Miller在翻篱笆，只有一只手臂的Miller翻篱笆很困难，因此应该是被捆在篱笆上了，故选A。（11）考查形容词。A.reliable“可靠的”；B. hard“困难的”；C. fun“有趣的”；D.useless “无用的”。此处是说，手臂健全的人翻篱笆不费吹灰之力。故选B。（12）考查名词。A.thanks“感谢”；B.advice“建议”；C.help“帮助”；D.apology“道歉”。作者认为Miller最不愿接受作者的帮助，the last“最不可能的”，故选C。（13）考查副词。句意：我帮助他慢慢地越过篱笆。A.slowly“缓慢地”；B.extr

32、emely“非常”；C.exactly“精确地”；D.officially“官方地，正式地”。故选A。（14）考查形容词。 A.awake“醒着的”；B.ready“有准备的”；C.active“积极的”；D. safe“安全的”。作者和Miller两人安全的成功翻过篱笆，故选D。（15）考查名词。句意：我本赛季没告诉你，但你做得很好。谢谢你替我代班。A.holiday“假日”；B.disaster“灾难”；C.season“季节，赛季”；D.journey“行程”。故选C。（16）考查动词。句意：我本赛季没告诉你，但你做得很好。谢谢你替我代班。A.filling“填充”；B.taking“取

33、，拿”；C.giving“给”； D.getting “得到”。Miller感谢作者填补了他的空缺，故选A。（17）考查名词。A.memories“记忆”；B.ideas“主意”；C.attitudes“态度”；D.dreams“梦想”。 得到了Miller的认可之后，作者的噩梦也不见了踪影，故选D。（18）考查副词。A. still“仍然”；B. also“也”；C. yet“然而，还没”；D. just“刚刚，仅仅”。 根据“Damaged but not defeated”可知Mille虽然受伤了，但却不会被打败，作者认为Miller仍然是最强的，故选A。（19）考查动词。A.ignor

34、ed“忽视”；B.upset“使.不安”；C.invited“邀请”；D.admired“敬佩，赞赏，欣赏”。此处是说，作者认为自己敬佩Miller是对的，故选D。（20）考查形容词。 A. healthier“更健康”；B. bigger“更大，更重要，更成功”；C. cleverer“更聪明”；D. cooler“更酷，更凉”。从那天起，作者长大了很多，更重视自己的存在了。故选B。【点评】本题考点涉及动词，名词，形容词，副词，连词，固定短语等多个知识点的考查，是一篇故事类阅读，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，从而选出正确答案。3阅读下面短文，从短文

35、后各题所给的四个选项（A，B，C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 The kings Elephant-keeper had a Dog, who often went into the house where the kings Elephant lived. At first the Dog went there to get the 1 that was left after the Elephant had 2 eating. Day after day they became great 3 . The Elephant began to share his food wit

36、h the Dog, and they 4 and played together. One day a 5 saw the Dog. He loved the Dog, so he 6 the Dog and took him away from the Elephant-keeper. The Elephant 7 the Dog and did not want to eat. The next 8 , the king knew it. He sent his servant to find out why the Elephant was 9 in that way. The ser

37、vant went to 10 the Elephant-keeper, Why does the Elephant look so 11 ? The keeper answered, There was a Dog who was the Elephants friend but he 12 yesterday. Do you know 13 he is now? asked the servant. No, I do not, said the keeper. Then the servant went back to the king and said, The Elephant is

38、not sick, but he is 14 without his friend, the Dog. A farmer took him away, but nobody knows where the farmer 15 . Well, said the king, Ill send 16 all over the country, asking the farmer to turn him 17 . Ill give him as much money as he paid for the Dog. When the farmer 18 this, he turned him loose

39、. The Dog ran back as 19 as he could. The Elephant was so 20 to see the Dog that he picked him up and put him on his head. All the rest of their lives the Elephant and the Dog lived together.1. A. moneyB. foodC. clothD. water2. A. finishedB. allowedC. spentD. forgot3. A. soldiersB. heroesC. friendsD

40、. workers4. A. traveledB. ateC. studiedD. tried5. A. servantB. keeperC. farmerD. king6. A. trainedB. borrowedC. boughtD. beat7. A. visitedB. metC. welcomedD. missed8. A. weekB. dayC. hourD. month9. A. actingB. runningC. sleepingD. drinking10. A. ignoreB. recognizeC. askD. help11. A. cleverB. shortC.

41、 busyD. sad12. A. went awayB. came upC. turned toD. came back13. A. howB. whoC. whereD. why14. A. freeB. slowC. lovelyD. lonely15. A. walksB. writesC. readsD. lives16. A. woodB. wordC. airD. medicine17. A. looseB. quickC. rightD. open18. A. feltB. stoppedC. imaginedD. heard19. A. oftenB. quietlyC. c

42、arefullyD. fast20. A. gladB. sorryC. safeD. shy【答案】（1）B；（2）A；（3）C；（4）B；（5）C；（6）C；（7）D；（8）B；（9）A；（10）C；（11）D；（12）A；（13）C；（14）D；（15）D；（16）B；（17）A；（18）D；（19）D；（20）A； 【解析】【分析】本文是一篇记叙文。叙述了狗与大象被分开又团聚的故事。（1）考查名词。句意：起初，狗去那里吃大象吃完后剩下的食物。 A. money “钱”； B. food“食物”； C. cloth“布”； D. water“水”。根据“The Elephant bega

43、n to share his food with the Dog ”可知，大象开始与狗分享食物，证明这之前狗是吃大象剩下的食物。故选B。（2）考查动词。句意：起初，狗去那里吃大象吃完后剩下的食物。A. finished “完成”； B. allowed“允许”； C. spent“花费”； D. forgot“忘记”。起初，狗与大象不是朋友，所以狗经常吃大象剩下的食物。故选A。（3）考查名词。句意：日复一日，他们成了好朋友。A. soldiers “士兵”； B. heroes“英雄”； C. friends“朋友”； D. workers“工人”。根据下文的“ share his food

44、，ate and played together ”可知他们成为了好朋友。故选C。（4）考查动词。句意：大象开始和狗分享大象的食物，它们一起吃东西，一起玩耍。A. traveled“旅行”； B. ate“吃”； C. studied“学习”； D. tried“尝试”。根据“share his food”可知，故选B。（5）考查名词。A. servant “仆人”； B. keeper “看守人”； C. farmer “农夫”； D. king“国王”。句意：一天，一个农夫看到这个狗。根据下文“A farmer took him away” 可知，一个农夫看到了这个狗然后带走了他。故选C。

45、（6）考查动词。句意：他很喜欢这只狗，所以他买了这只狗。A. trained“训练”； B. borrowed“借” ； C. bought “买”； D. beat“打”。由常识可知，农夫买走了这只狗。故选C。（7）考查动词。句意：大象很想念狗。A. visited“拜访” ； B. met “见面” ； C. welcomed “欢迎 ”； D. missed“想念”。根据下文“did not want to eat”可知，大象很想念狗。故选D。（8）考查名词。句意：第二天，国王知道了这件事。A. week“周” ； B. day “天 ”； C. hour“小时”； D. month“月

46、”。选B。（9）考查动词。句意：他派仆人去打听大象为什么那样做。A. acting“行动”； B. running“跑”； C. sleeping “睡觉”； D. drinking“喝”。选A。（10）考查动词。句意：仆人去问大象饲养员。A. ignore“忽略 ”； B. recognize“认出 ”； C. ask“ 问 ”； D. help“帮助”。根据asked the servant 可知，选C。（11）考查形容词。句意：为什么大象看起来那么悲伤？A. clever“聪明的” ； B. short“短的 ”； C. busy“忙的” ； D. sad“伤心的”。根据上文“The E

47、lephant missed the Dog and did not want to eat ”可知，大象很伤心。故选D。（12）考查动词短语。句意：有一只狗是大象的朋友，但他昨天离开了。A. went away “离开”； B. came up“被提出”； C. turned to“求助”； D. came back“回来”。根据上文“took him away from the Elephant-keeper ”可知，故选A。（13）考查副词。句意：你知道他现在在哪吗。A. how“如何，怎样”； B. who “谁” ； C. where“在哪里 ”； D. why“为什么”。这里问的是

48、地点。故选C。（14）考查形容词。句意：大象没生病，但是没有朋友，他很孤独。A. free“自由的 ”； B. slow“慢的”； C. lovely“可爱的”； D. lonely“寂寞的”。根据“without his friend”可知，大象很孤独。故选D。（15）考查动词。句意：农夫把他带走了，但没人知道农夫住在哪里。A. walks “走 ”； B. writes “写”； C. reads“ 读 ”； D. lives“居住”。这里问的是农夫的住处。故选D。（16）考查名词。句意：我会在全国发布消息。A. wood“ 木头 ”； B. word “消息”； C. air“空气 ”；

49、 D. medicine“药”。根据“asking the farmer to turn him loose”可知，这句是消息的内容。故选B。（17）考查形容词。句意：让农夫放了狗。A. loose “宽松的” ； B. quick“快速的 ”； C. right “正确的”； D. open “开着的”。根据“ he turned him loose ”可知选A。（18）考查动词。 句意：当农夫听到这个消息，就把狗放了。A. felt “感觉” ； B. stopped“ 停止” ； C. imagined “想象”； D. heard“听”。农夫听说了国王发布的消息。故选D。（19）考查副

50、词。句意：狗以最快的速度跑了回来。A. often“经常” ； B. quietly “安静地”； C. carefully“认真地 ”； D. fast“快速的”狗被迫与好朋友大象分开，农夫把狗放了，所以狗以最快的速度跑回去见大象。故选D。（20）考查形容词。句意：大象看到狗很高兴。A. glad“高兴的” ； B. sorry “对 不 起 的”； C. safe “安全的” ； D. shy“害羞的”。根据“he picked him up and put him on his head” 可知，大象很高兴。故选A。【点评】本题考点涉及动词，名词，形容词，副词，固定短语等多个知识点的考查

51、，是一篇故事类阅读，要求考生在理解细节信息的基础上，进一步根据上下文的逻辑关系，进行分析推理，从而选出正确答案。4阅读下面短文，从短文后各题所给的四个选项（A、B、C和D）中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。 It was unusually quiet in the emergency room on December 25. I didnt think there would be any 1 , sighing about having to work on Christmas. Just then five bodies 2 at my desk, a pale woman and fo

52、ur children. Are you all 3 ? I asked. Yes, she said weakly and lowered her head. But when it came to 4 of their problems, things got a little strange. Two of the children had headaches, but they didnt show any 5 of headaches at all. Two children had earaches, but only one could tell me which ear was

53、 affected. The mother 6 of a cough but seemed to work to produce it. Something was wrong. Our hospital policy, 7 , was not to turn away any patient. I explained it might be a little while before a doctor saw her. She responded immediately, even a bit 8 Take your time, and then added, Its warm in here. Then, I checked their registration form out of curiosity. No addressthey were 9 .The waiting room was warm. I went back to the nurses station and mentioned