写作-培养检验多种能力的课程.吴冰.ppt

写作培养、检验学生多种能力的课程,北京外国语大学吴冰,I.写作教学的重要性II.要教好写作课，师生都应有明确的目的和要求，对评分标准应有共同的认识III.写作教师不仅是讲解范文、改作业，还应在学生写作过程中给他们以帮助，提高他们的兴趣，使他们感到有东西可写，并能不断增强信心。VI.要教好写作课，老师要多想些办法V.批改作业，课堂讲解，个别辅导VI.注意写作课和其他课程的配合VII.学期末请学生不记名填写调查表，总结经验教训。,I.写作教学的重要性,1.写作是应该具备的基本功之一2.从教育是培养国家建设人才角度看，写作课有其特殊目的和任务a.有助于学生了解自己对知识和事物掌握的情况和程度;b.能培养学生多方面的能力:独立思考能力，综合、分析、批判的能力，表达自己思想的能力，使用工具书的能力，释义、改错的能力等c.能促进学生关心中国的过去、现在和将来。,A.对学生,I.写作教学的重要性,1.写作也是教师应该具备的基本能力之一。2.对具有献身精神、把教书当作事业而不是谋生手段的人来说，写作课是一门能实现我们教学理想的课程。3.写作课是最能了解学生的思想和思想方法的一门课，因此更便于教师因材施教、教书育人。4.写作课不仅要求教师有较高的语言水平、还要求有更多的奉献精神，更多的耐心、关心和爱心。,B.对教师,两类教育工作者Educationalromanticsadvocatefreedom,creativity,spontaneity,individualityandimaginativeness.Educationalclassicistsadvocatediscipline,correctness,orderliness,andconvention.,II.要教好写作课，师生都应有明确的目的和要求，对评分标准应有共同的认识,能通过写作达到顺利地和外国读者交际的目的1.在校的近期目的2.长远目的分思想内容、组织结构和语言表达,A.目的要求：,B.评分标准：,.Content:Lookattheessay/compositionasawhole.Organization:Lookatthearrangementofthematerial.Sentences:.Diction:V.Mistakesingrammar,spelling,punctuation,andothermechanics.,Checklist,Checklist,.Content:Lookattheessay/compositionasawhole.A.Whatisthetopicoftheessay/composition?Doesthedraftfulfilltheassignment(e.g.modeofdevelopmentortypeofcomposition)?B.Isthethesisclear?Isitsupportedbyenoughfacts(details,examples,reasons,etc.)?C.Isthereirrelevantmaterialthatshouldberemoved?D.Isthelogicsound?Aretheregapsinthelogic?,Checklist,.Organization:Lookatthearrangementofthematerial.A.Doestheintroductoryparagraphleadtothemainpointofthepaper?B.Doeseachparagraphhaveaseparatecentralidea?Doesitrelatetotheessaysmainideaortothepreviousparagraph?Aretherepropertransitionsbetweensections?Aretheparagraphsarrangedinclimacticorder?C.Doestheconcludingparagraphgivethereaderaclearimpressionofwhatthepaperintendstosay?,Checklist,.Sentences:A.Iseachsentenceclearlyrelatedtothesentencethatprecedesitandtothesentencethatfollows?B.Arethereunnecessarysentencesthatmayberemoved?C.Aretherestructuralmistakes?D.Aretherewordyandredundantsentences?E.Istherevarietyinsentencetype?,Checklist,.Diction:A.Aretherewordsthatarenotappropriateforthetopicorthestyleofthewholeessay(e.g.toocolloquialortooformal)?B.AretherewordsorphraseswhicharedirectlytranslatedfromChinesebutwhichmaymeansomethingdifferentinEnglish?C.AretherecollocationswhichmaybeincorrectbecausetheyaretakenfromChinese(e.g.abigrain)?Mistakesingrammar,spelling,punctuation,andothermechanics.,ThefollowingisaletterfromareaderpublishedinChinaDaily.Writealetterinreply,explainingChinassingle-childpolicy.TheletteristobewritteninyourownnameandmeanttobepublishedinChinaDaily.,Editor:Imawomansliberationist.IreadinanewspaperthatwomeninChinaarenotallowedtodecidehowmanychildrentheywanttohave.Thereisalawforbiddingallwomentohavemorethanonechild,andanywomanwhogetsintoasecondpregnancyisforcedbylawtoundergoinducedabortionfollowedbysurgicalsterilization.Idontseehowacountrycallingitselfasocialiststatecouldtrampleonthisfirstandmostsacredofwomensrightstherighttomotherhoodinsuchaflagrantway.Boston,U.S.A.RuthHancock,III写作教师应在学生写作全过程中给他们以帮助，提高他们的兴趣，使他们感到有东西可写，并能不断增强信心。,A.选择好的范文B.讲解清楚作业目的、要求，出一些能引起学生兴趣的题目C.允许学生自由命题，要求学生写自己的真实思想D.注意中国学生写作的特殊问题与难点,III写作教师不仅是讲解范文、改作业，还应在学生写作全过程中给他们以帮助，提高他们的兴趣，使他们感到有东西可写，并能不断增强信心。,D.注意中国学生写作的特殊问题与难点1.要注意由于文化的差别，同样的文章，中英文写作的风格不尽相同。a.同样内容的记叙文、描写文，中文用词要比英文用词花哨。b.中国人好用四字成语，而英文的写作书总是教学生少用cliches。c.以英语为母语的人在写新闻、社论或者政论这类文章时，用语不像我们中国人的用语那样富有战斗性。d.我们中国人和以英语为母语的人的思维方式、看问题的出发点不尽相同，他们比较更加重视具体的个体、细节，而我们比较注重整体、综合、概括。2.中国人容易犯的错误：frag.,inccomp,ll,ref,run-on,t；词的搭配；同义词、近义词的区别与使用,同样内容的记叙文、描写文，中文用词要比英文用词花哨。,Iwalkedjoyfullyalongtheparkthatwaslitupbythegoldenraysofthemorningsun.Beautifulflowersofmanycolorswereblooming.Howfragranttheysmell!Littlebirdsweresinginginthetreesasiftheyaregreetingme,Goodmorning!Goodmorning!Myheartwasburstingwithhappiness.,VI要教好写作课，老师要多想些办法,写作课完全可以教得让学生感到很有趣;B.Brainstorming,打开学生思路，发挥学生的集体智慧;C.集体讨论后要求学生整理思想，写提纲.,VI要教好写作课，老师要多想些办法,THEROADNOTTAKENRobertFrostTworoadsdivergedinayellowwood,AndsorryIcouldnottravelbothAndbeonetraveler,longIstoodAndlookeddownoneasfarasIcouldTowhereitbentintheundergrown.Thentooktheother,asjustasfair,Andhavingperhapsthebetterclaim,Becauseitwasgrassyandwantedwear;ThoughasforthatthepassingthereHadwornthemreallyaboutthesame.,写作课完全可以教得让学生感到很有趣,AndboththatmorningequallylayInleavesnostephadtroddenblackOh,Ikeptthefirstforanotherday!Yetknowinghowwayleadsontoway,IdoubtedifIshouldevencomeback.IshallbetellingthiswithasighSomewhereagesandageshence:Tworoadsdivergedinawood,andI-Itooktheonelesstraveledby,Andthathasmadeallthedifference,V.批改作业，课堂讲解，个别辅导,A.批改和评语：教师最好给每个学生立一个档案，记录每次作文内容、问题和评语。1.改什幺，如何改2.评语如何写3.怎样打分4.其他思想工作B.课堂讲解,批改和评语：教师最好给每个学生立一个档案，记录每次作文内容、问题和评语。,1.改什幺，如何改a.用符号标出错误类型，要求学生自己改；b.只改绝对是错误的词、句和估计学生自己难以改正的错误；c.在边线提启发性的问题,指导学生去查参考书或工具书;d.用铅笔改2.评语如何写3.怎样打分：综合分与开放分4.其他思想工作,CorrectionSymbols/ErrorChart,CorrectionSymbols,abfaultyabbreviationagrerrorinagreementawkawkwardcapcapitalizationCEChineseEnglishcolerrorincollocationderrorindictiondivincorrectworddivisiondmdanglingmodifierfcompfaultycomparisonfragsentencefragmentgrerroringrammaridunidiomaticexpressioninccomparisonincompletecomparisonitalitalicize(underline)llfaultyparallelstructurelogfaultylogic,mmmisplacedmodifiermngmeaningunclearnocapunnecessarycapitalletternswnosuchwordnumerrorinuseofnumbersperrorinpunctuationredredundantreferrorinpronounreferencerepunnecessaryrepetitionrun-onrun-onsentenceslslangspmisspelledwordterrorinverbtensevberrorinverbformvoerrorinvoicewwordywwwrongword,V.批改作业，课堂讲解，个别辅导,B.课堂讲解1.堂上宣读、墙报展出精彩作文；2.堂上集体讨论典型的错误3.介绍如何使用工具书及其他学习方法。a.推荐词典b.学习方法,3.介绍如何使用工具书及其他学习方法,推荐词典LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglishOxfordAdvancedLearnersDictionaryCollinsCobuildEnglishDictionaryTheKenkyushaDictionaryofEnglishCollocations英语搭配大词典DictionaryofContemporaryEnglishCollocations当代英语搭配大词典OxfordCollocationsDictionaryforStudentsofEnglishWebstersDictionaryofSynonymsRogetsInternationalThesaurusb.学习方法,1.,2.,3.,5.,推荐词典,4.,LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,OxfordAdvancedLearnersDictionary,CollinsCobuildEnglishDictionary,TheKenkyushaDictionaryofEnglishCollocations英语搭配大词典,DictionaryofContemporaryEnglishCollocations当代英语搭配大词典,6.,7.,8.,OxfordCollocationsDictionaryforStudentsofEnglish,WebstersDictionaryofSynonyms,RogetsInternationalThesaurus,LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,3rdEdition(1995)（1）Symbols（2）Charts（3）UsageNote（4）Coloredpictures,1.,（1）Symbols:,livev.S1,W1liveadj.S3,W3advantageS1,W1admitS2,W1advancen.S3,W2adorenotmarked,1.,LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,Toshowthe1000,2000,3000mostfrequentwordsinspokenandwrittenEnglishaswellasfrequencygraphsofsomeverbs.,（1）symbols：,（2）Charts,1.,LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,1.,(3)Usagenote:,toshowWORDCHOICEtoshowCOLLOCATIONSToshowWORDFOCUS,WORDCHOICE:big,large,greatbigandlargehavethesamemeaning,butlargeisslightlymoreformalandmorelikelytobeusedinwrittenthanspokenEnglish:abiglunchalargehouselargeisusedwithquantitywordssuchasnumberandamount:largeamountsofmoneyalargeproportionofthestudentsgreatisnotusuallyusedtotalkaboutsizebutitcanbeusedinliterarywritingtodescribeverylargeandimpressivethings:Beforethemstoodagreatpalace.greatisusedwithlength,height,andage,andintheexpressionagreatdeal(=alot):Thegrasshadreachedagreatheight.agreatdealofmoneyWORDCHOICE:big,tall,highbigisnotusedjusttodescribeapersonsheight.Itisusedtodescribeachildwhoisgrowing,orapersonwhoisheavy,withalotoffatormuscleontheirbody.tallisusedtodescribeapersonsheight.Itcanalsobeusedtodescribetrees,buildings,orotherthingsthatarenarrowandmeasurealongdistancefrombottomtotop:Sheistallandthin.thetallestbuildinginLondonhighisusedtodescribethingsorplacesthatarealongwayfromtheground:ahighshelfthehighestmountainintheworld,1.,LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,WORDCHOICE,sbsattentionisonsb/sthpayattention(tosb/sth)turnyourattentiontosb/sth(=startlisteningto,lookingat,orthinkingaboutsomething)give(your)attentiontosb/sth(=listento,lookat,orthinkaboutsomething,sothatyoucandealwithaproblem)sbsfull/complete/undividedattentionkeepsbsattentionclose/carefulattentionattentiontodetailsbsattentionwandersmay/couldIhaveyourattention?(=usedwhenaskingagroupofpeopletolistencarefullytoyou)Myattentionwasntreallyonthegame.Shetriedtopayattentiontowhathewassaying.Ifyoupaidmoreattentioninclass,youmightactuallylearnsomething!Scottsatdownathisdeskandturnedhisattentiontothefilehehadinfrontofhim.Asasocietyweneedtogivemoreattentiontotheneedsofolderpeople.Nowhesgone,Icangiveyoumyundividedattention.Thisgameisfunandissuretokeeptheattentionofanyyoungstudent.Theylistenedtothespeechwithcloseattention.Attentiontodetailisessentialinthisjob.DuringthelectureSarahsattentionbegantowander.,COLLOCATIONS,WORDFOCUS:AIRPORTwhatyoudoattheairport:Whenyouarriveattheairport,yougointotheterminalbuilding.Youcheckinforyourflightatthecheck-indesk.Youshowyourpassportatpassportcontrolandthengothroughsecurity,wheretheycheckthatyouarenotcarryinganyweapons.Ifyouhavetimeyoucanwaitforyourflightinthedeparturelounge.Whenyourflightiscalled,yougothroughthedeparturegateinordertogetontotheplane.Theplanethentakesofffromtherunway.Afteryourplanehaslanded,yougotothebaggagereclaimtocollectyourbags,thengothroughcustomsandimmigration,wheretheycheckyourpassportandyourbags.Youthengooutintothearrivalsareaoftheairport.,1.,LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,WORDFOCUS,LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,3rdEdition(1995),1.,Coloredpicture,toshowphysicalcontact(p.1259)toshowadjectives(p.1258)toshowpieces(p.416),LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,3rdEdition(1995),1.,(4)Coloredpicture:,toshowphysicalcontact(p.1259)punch,pinch,tap,tickle,slap,squeeze,flick,thump,elbow,push,hug,stroke,push/shove,pull/drag,pat,toshowadjectives(p.1258)brokenwindowpane;chippedcup;tatteredcurtains;threadbarerug;,1.,LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,3rdEdition(1995),toshowpieces(p.416)abarofsoap/chocolate;asliceofbread/cake;acubeofsugar;asheetofpaper;apaneofglass;ablockofice;,1.,LongmanDictionaryofContemporaryEnglish,3rdEdition(1995),OxfordAdvancedLearnersDictionary4thEd.(2000)(英汉双解）,2.,OxfordAdvancedLearnersDictionaryAppendices:,2.,Punctuation(p.1803),Numericalexpressions(p.1811-1822),Geographicalnames(p.1827-1834),Commonforenames(p.1835-1842),Familyrelationships(p.1843),3.,CollinsCobuildEnglishDictionary(1995),FrequencybandsDefinitionsgivenincompletesentencesStyleandUsagePragmatics,CollinsCobuildEnglishDictionary(1995),Frequencybands:Themostfrequentwordshavefiveblackdiamonds,thenextmostfrequentfourandsoon.,5diamonds:700words4diamonds:1200words3diamonds:1500words2diamonds:3200words1diamond:8100words,3.,Definitions:Givenincompletesentencesinsteadofwordsandphrases.,play(p.1258-59),CollinsCobuildEnglishDictionary(1995),3.,Play,Whenchildren,animal,orperhapsadultsplay,theyspendtimedoingenjoyablethings,suchasusingtoysandtakingpartingames.,Whenyouplayasport,game,ormatch,youtakepartinit.,Whenonepersonorteamplaysanotherorplaysagainstthem,theycompeteagainsttheminasportorgame.,Whenyouplayaballorplayashotorastrokeinagameorsport,youkickorhittheball.,Ifyouplayajokeoratrickonsomeone,youdeceivethemorgivethemasurpriseinawaythatyouthinkisfunny,butthatoftencausesproblemsforthemorannoysthem.,Ifyouplaywithanobjectorwithyourhair,youkeepmovingitortouchingitwithyourfingers,perhapsbecauseyouareboredornervous.,StyleandUsage,British/AmericanEnglishFormal/informalwordusedinjournalismorinwritten/spokenEnglishamedical/legal/technicaltermanold-fashioned/offensivewordinBritishEnglish,3.,CollinsCobuildEnglishDictionary,3.,CollinsCobuildEnglishDictionary(1995,British/AmericanEnglish,shop(p.1535)1InBritishEnglish,ashopisabuildingorpartofabuildingwherethingsaresold.ThemoreusualAmericanwordisstorehealthfoodshops.arecordshopItsnotavailableintheshops.,CollinsCobuildEnglishDictionary(1995)StyleandUsuage,formal/informalwordABC(pp.2-3)2ChildrenwhohavelearnedtheirABCortheirABCshavelearnedtorecognize,write,orsaythealphabet;aninformaluse.encouraginghimtolearnhisABC.abnormalSomeoneorsomethingthatisabnormalisunusual,especiallyinawaythatisworrying;aformalword.abnormalheartrhythmsandhighanxietylevels.achildwithanabnormalfearofstrangers.damnfool.Damnfoolisamildswearwordmeaningverystupid;anold-fashionedexpression.Whatadamnfoolthingtodo!,3.,Pragmatics,suppose(p.1679),3.,CollinsCobuildEnglishDictionary(1995),4.,TheKenkyushaDictionaryofEnglishCollocations英语搭配大词典外研社，2005年,Change(pp.273-274)changen.（1）改变；变化；转变；变革；更改；更换；替换物；换车（或船等）ringthes用种种方式重复同一意见：Momentouschangeshavebeenaccomplished./Thedoctoradvisedachange(ofair)./announcedanticipateawaitedbroughtabout共49个:Thechangesarrivedtoosuddenly./broughtcomingleadoccurredtakenplace：anabruptchangeintheweather/acceptable/adolescent/agreeable共140多个：afterseveralchangesofresidence：achangeforthebettertheworse/thechangefromwintertospring,4.,TheKenkyushaDictionaryofEnglishCollocations英语搭配大词典,5.,DictionaryofContemporaryEnglishCollocations当代英语搭配大词典高教出版社，2002年,DictionaryofContemporaryEnglishCollocations当代英语搭配大词典高教出版社，2002年,change(p.220-221)n.1.变化，变革；替换（物）2.找头；零钱；硬币V1.Momentouschangeshavebeenaccomplished.巨大的变革已完成。bringaboutcause,effectachange引起变化carryoutmakechanges进行变革共27个V21.Thesechangesinherannoyedandworriedhim.她身上所发生的这些变化令他生气，使他焦虑。Thatsuchachangeshouldhaveoccurredtakenplacewasincredibletohim.发生这样的变化令他难以置信。Q1.anabruptchangeinweatherawelcomechange共50个2.loosesmallchangePafterseveralchangesofresidence.数次迁居之后P2Ihavenochangeaboutme.我没带零钱。thechangefromspringtosummer春夏之交,5.,V1.Momentouschangeshavebeenaccomplished.bringabout(cause,effect)achangecarryout(make)changesworkoutsocialchanges,V21.Thatsuchachangeshouldhaveoccurred(takenplace)wasincredibletohim.,Pafterseveralchanges,Q1.anabruptchangeinweather;awelcomechange2.loosesmallchange,P2thechangefromspringtosummerachangeinpersonnelthechangeofseasons,change,6.,attentionnoun1actofwatching/listening/showinginterestADJ.full,rapt,undividedTheylistenedwithraptattention.assiduous,careful,close,meticuolous,scrupulousscantPolicy-makerspaidscantattentiontothewiderissues.urgentspecialunwanted,unwelcomeinternational,media,publicVERB+ATTENTIONdevote,direct,give(sb/sth),pay,turnHowmanytimesdoIhavetoaskyoutopayattention?Hehadacupofteaandthenturnedhisattentiontothereport.get,have,receiveCanIhaveyourattention,please?.attract,call,capture,catch,command,compel,draw,excite,grabItrieddeflect,distract,divert,drawThegovernmenthold,keep,rivetTherewasconcentrate,confine,focusInthischapterrefocus,transferThefirmdeserve,need,requireamatterrequiringjostlefor,viefordozensofconcernsrepaybringsthtocometoavoid,escapeATTENTION+VERBfocusMediaattentionfocusedtodayontheprincesbusinessaffairs.wanderATTENTION+NOUNspanPREP.forsbs,fortheofaletterfortheattentionofyourdoctorPHRASESattentiontodetailHeisadesignerknownforhismeticulousattentiontodetail.careandattentionthecentreofattentionthefocusofattentionforceyourattentiononsbnotpaymuchattentiontosth,paylittle/noattentiontosth(=nottakesomethingveryseriously)PaynoattentiontowhatBillsaid2careADJ.constantindividual,personal,specialThechildneedsspecialattention.medicalVERB+ATTENTIONdevote,give,lavishHedevotedallhisattentiontohismother.beinneedof,need,require,wantapatientrequiringattention,OxfordCollocationsDictionaryforStudentsofEnglish,big*large,greatAna*grand,magnificent,imposing,grandiose,majestic,august:*huge,immense,enormous,gigantic,colossalAntlittleCon*small,diminutive,wee,tiny,petite,minute,microscopic,miniature,7.,WebstersDictionaryofSynonyms,Large,big,greatmeanabovetheaverageofitskindinmagnitude,especiallyphysicalmagnitude.Largemaybepreferredwhenthedimensions