英语知识体系简介

.,1,英语知识体系简介,充足的词汇+语法+运用（听、说、读、写）,词汇,音,义,词性,学好英语需要：,语法,词法,句法,：研究的对象是各种词的形式及其用法。,：研究的对象是句子各个组成部分及其组成规律。,.,2,英语词类的变化形式有：,1名词、代词的数、格、性的变化。2形容词、副词的比较级、最高级的变化。3动词的人称、时态、语态和语气的变化。,十大词类：noun,pronoun,adjective,adverb,numeral,verb,article,preposition,conjunction,interjection,notionalword实词,formword虚词,.,3,九种句子成分,宾语补足语（objectcomplement）,主语（subject）,谓语（predicate）,表语（predicative）,宾语（object）,定语（attribute）,状语(adverbial),同位语,主语补足语,.,4,九种句子成分,主语（subject）：,谓语（predicate）：,表语（predicative）：,宾语（object）：,是句子所要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体。(n.,pron.,todo,doingandthat-clause),说明主语所发出的动作或从的状态。(verbs),放在连系动词之后，表示主语的身分、状态或特征。(n.,pron.,adj.,adverbsforplaces,prepositionalphrases,tododoing,doneandthat-clause.),在及物动词或介词之后。(n,pron,todo,doingandthat-clause.),.,5,宾语补足语（objectcomplement）：,定语（attribute）：,状语(adverbial)：,限定或修饰名词或代词。adj.,adverbsforplaces,pron,n.,prepositionalphrases,todo,doing,doneandthat-clauses.,修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子。adv.,prepositionalphrases,todo,doingdoneandthat-clauses.,说明宾语的性质、状态、特征或宾语发出的动作。,（adj.,n,adverbsforplaces,todo,doinganddone）,同位语：补充说明前面的某个名词或代词。（n.orthat-clauses）,e.g.Myfather,adoctor,isverykind.,.,6,Practice:Analyzethefollowingsentences.,Thefarmersdontstaylonginthesameplaces.Wearehavingawonderfultime.Itsdangeroustoswimintheriver.Iwatchedalltheglassesthatwereonthetablefalloffontothefloor.Imgoingtomovetoanothercitynextmonth.Thankyouforwritingtome.Itwaslovelytohearfromyou.Haveyouanythingtosayaboutthisquestion?Itsgettingdark.,.,7,短语、句子、从句,短语：,具有一定意义的一组词，可作为句子的一个成分。,英语中有下列几种短语：,1.不定式短语,2.ing短语,3.过去分词短语,4.介词短语,5.名词短语,e.g.HelikestowatchTVwhilehavinglunch.,e.g.Isawmanypeoplestandingbythelake.,e.g.Givenmoretime,Iwoulddoitbetter.,e.g.Withhishelp,Ihavefinishedwritingthepoem.,e.g.darkbluesky/atruestory/themostwonderfulmoment,.,8,从句(clause),含有主谓结构的一组词，在句子中作一个成分，一般由连接词、关系代词或关系副词引导。,e.g.Ifyouwanttosaysomething,sayitclearly.,从句,名词性从句：主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句，同位语从句,形容词性从句：定语从句,副词性从句：状语从句,.,9,句子：sentence,含有主谓结构的一组词，有比较完整的意义。,从句子结构本身来看，句子可分为：,简单句：并列句：复合句：,只有一个主谓结构的句子。,由并列连词把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。,含有一个主句和一个或更多的从句。,句子的类型,e.g.ThiskindofcomputercouldbemadeinChinaevenintheseventies.,e.g.IaskedDickforsomehelp,buthecouldntdoit,either.,e.g.Theyweredeeplymovedbywhattheysawandheardthere.,.,10,Pickoutthesentences:,Thefirstthingweshoulddoistosolvetheproblematonce.Hisreturningtoourcountry.Namesofvillagesandsmalltowns.Takecareofyourselfwhenyouareawayfromhome.Todiscoverthesecretofthenature.Inthisrestaurantthefoodisgood,buttheserviceispoor.ThethoughtofherownplanBoughtaticketfromtheconductor.Inventionssuchaseyeglassesandthesewingmachinehavehadanimportanteffectonourlives?,.,11,Pointoutthetypeofeachsentence:,Lethimhavearest.Theboyiscleveryetheisnotdiligent.EitheryouarerightorIam.MyclassmatesandIstudyandplaytogether.Heoncelivedandworkedthere.Noonecanreplywhetheritwillraintomorrow.Itseemedthattheyhadlostsomething.Thelessonshetaughtwereimportant.Dontmissthechance,oryouwillregretit.Ibegantogotoschoolattheageofsix.,.,12,从说话人的目的来看，句子可分为：,陈术句：疑问句：祈使句：感叹句：,陈述一项事实。,提出问题。,表示请求、建议和命令。,表示强烈的情感。,e.g.Whatalovelyday!,句子的种类,Howstupidyouare!,.,13,Pointoutthekindofeachsentence:,Bequiet.Letsbeginourmeeting.Ienjoythequietnessofthecountry.WhatawonderfulbirthdayIamhaving!Dothesechocolatesbelongtous?HowdisappointedJennywas!Somethingmustbedonetostoppollution.MissLinwenttoHongKongforaholiday.Takeanumbrellaalong;itslikelytorain.Inventionssuchaseyeglassesandthesewingmachinehavehadanimportanteffectonourlives.,.,14,词类和句子成分是不同的概念。同一个词类可以在句中充当不同的成分，同一个句子成分也可以由不同的词类来担任。,英语中的六种基本句型,基本句型一：主系表,基本句型二：主谓,基本句型三：主谓宾,基本句型四：主谓间宾直宾,基本句型六：Therebe+主语+状语,基本句型五：主+谓+宾+宾补,.,15,1.主系表,此句型的句子有一个共同的特点：句子谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。,系动词分类：1.be,look,sound,smell,taste,feel,keep,seem等表示情况；get,grow,become,turn，fall等表示变化；stand,lie等表示位置。注：be本身没有什么意义,只起连系主语和表语的作用。其它系动词仍保持其部分词义。,.,16,e.g.1.ThisisanEnglish-Chinesedictionary.2.Thedinnersmellsgood.3.Itsgettingcolderandcolder.4.Everythinglooksdifferent.5.Heisgrowingtallandstrong.6.Thetroubleisthattheyareshortofmoney.7.Ourwellhasgonedry.8.Hisfaceturnedred.,.,17,2.主谓（vi.）,e.g.1.Thesunwasshining.2.Themoonrose.3.Whocares?4.Whathesaiddoesnotmatter.5.Theytalkedforhalfanhour.6.Thepenwritessmoothly,特点：句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。,.,18,主谓宾（vt.）,特点：谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语发出的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。这类动词叫做及物动词。,e.g.1.Whoknowstheanswer?2.Hehasrefusedtohelpthem.3.Theyatewhatwasleftover.4.Somepeopleliketocommunicatebytelephone.5.Headmitsthathewasmistaken.,.,19,4.主谓间宾直宾,特点：谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者物，另一个是动作的间接承受者人。通常间接宾语用一个介词来连接，当间接宾语在直接宾语之前时，这一介词往往被省略。,e.g.1.Sheorderedherselfanewdress.Sheorderedanewdressforherself.2.Shecookedherhusbandadeliciousmeal.Shecookedadeliciousmealforherhusband.3.Igavemycarawash.Igiveawashtomycar.,.,20,3.Hebroughtyouadictionary.4.IshowedhimthearticleIhadwritten.5.Mymothermademeanewshirt.6.Itoldhimthatthebuswaslate.7.Fiction(suchasshortstoriesornovels)canteachusmoreaboutlifethantextbookscan.,.,21,5.主+谓+宾+宾补,特点：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。,e.g.1.Theyappointedhimmanager.2.Theypaintedthedoorgreen.3.Thissetthemthinking.4.Theyfoundthehousedeserted.5.Whatmakeshimthinkso?6.Wesawhimout.7.Heaskedmetocomebacksoon.8.Isawthemgettingonthebus.,.,22,6.Therebe+主语+状语,该句型表示在某处有某人或物,某个时间有某种活动。重点表示“存在”。表示存在的连系动词可用于此句型中。,Therestandsatalltreeontopofthehill.Therewillbeaneveningpartyon15ththismonth.Theremustbesomethingwrongwithhim.Look!Thereliesaletterontheground.,.,23,e.g.1.Wefoundthehallfull.2.Wefoundthegreathallfullofstudentsandteachers.3.Wefoundthegreathallfullofstudentsandteacherslisteningtoanimportantreport.4.WefoundthegreathallfullofstudentsandteacherslisteningtoanimportantreportmadebyacomradefromthePeoplesDailyoncurrentaffairsinEastEurope.,但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短，这些句子除了基本句型的成分不变外，通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语（modifier）而加以扩大。这些修饰语可以是单词（主要是形容词、副词和数词），也可以是各种类型的短语（主要是介词短语、不定式短语和分词短语）、句子。,.,24,不同的动词使用的句型也不尽一样,e.g.1.Hesgettingangry.2.Hegottoschoolearly.3.Youllgetasurprise.4.Hegothisshoesandsockswet.5.Hegothimselfintotrouble.6.Hegotherasplendidpresent.,.,25,e.g.1.Ifoundthebookeasily.2.Ifoundthebookeasy.3.Ihavetodosomething.4.Ihavesomethingtodo.,在句子中词类和词的位置也影响句子的句型和意思,.,26,Analyzethefollowingsentences.,Tosavemoney,theydecidedtoeattake-awayfoodinsteadofgoingtoabigrestaurant.Thericholdcouplehadtheirhousebrokenintoandlotsofthingsstolenwhentheywerenotin.Whethertheywillcomedoesntmattertoomuch.ItsimportantforAmericanstothankotherpeopleforafavorevenifwhattheotherpeopledidwasverysmall.Nobodybuttheprofessorandhisassistantsknowstheresults.,.,27,词序,1.定语的位置：,单词作定语，一般放在被修饰词之前，短语和从句作定语则放在被修饰词之后。注意：表示位置的副词作定语时位于被修饰词之后。,e.g.Theschoollibraryhasmanybooksonhistory.,Ilikethebookyousentme.,Hissisterworksint