2011年中考英语总复习专题1-18(动词)

2011年中考英语总复习专题1-18专题五 动词一、考点分析：动词是构成英语句子的核心，是英语中最关键的词类，是中考考查较多的一项。中考对动词的考查主要有：1动词的分类，特别是情态动词的用法。2动词的八种时态特别是一般现在时，一般过去时，现在完成时，一般将来时和现在进行时。3语态：各种时态的被动语态形式。4非谓语动词形式：动名词和不定式。5主谓一致和倒装句。6易混动词短语的用法。7熟记动词的第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词以及现在分词的变化形式，结合一定的语境，根据标志词准确判断时态。考查动词的主要形式有单项选择，动词填空，句型转换，完形填空等。2、 考点知识讲解：考 点1 动词的分类：动词按含义及它们在句中的作用分为四类：行为(实义)动词，连系动词，助动词和情态动词。1行为(实义)动词实义动词意义完整，能够独立作谓语。根据其在句中是否需要宾语，又可细分为：及物动词和不及物动词。(1)及物动词(vt.)要求跟宾语。I learn_English_every day.(English是learn的宾语)我每天都学英语。(2)及物动词可以跟 “双宾语”(直接宾语和间接宾语)，也可跟“复合宾语”(宾语和宾语补足语)。People give me their money. 人们给我钱。In England，people usually call me Jim for short.在英国，人们通常简称我Jim。I found a small boy cry in the corner yesterday.昨天我发现一个小男孩在角落里哭。注：带省略to的不定式或现在分词作宾补的动词有：make，let，have，see，watch，notice，hear等。带双宾语的动词有：give, bring, buy, get, leave, lend, make, offer, pass, teach, tell, write, read, return等。“短语动词”相当于实义动词，主要有下列五种形式：动词介词：相当于一个及物动词。如：look after“照顾”，look for“寻找”。动词副词：这类短语动词有的作及物动词，有的作不及物动词。如：ring up“打电话”(用作及物动词)，look out“小心”(用作不及物动词)。动词副词介词：这类短语动词一律用作及物动词。如：do away with“去掉”，go back to“回到(某处)去”，go on with“与(某人)相处”。动词名词介词：这类短语动词也只能用作及物动词。如：take care of“照顾”，take part in“参加”。be形容词介词：这类形容词包括起形容词作用的分词，这类短语动词也相当于及物动词。如：be ready for“做准备”， be full of“充满”， be interested in“感兴趣”。2系动词系动词本身有词义，但不能单独作谓语，必须和表语一起构成谓语，说明主语的状态、性质、特征或身份。常见的系动词有：be，become(变成)，get(成为，变得)，look(看上去)，seem(似乎，好像)，turn(变得)，sound(听起来)，smell(闻起来)，taste(尝起来)，feel(感觉)，keep(保持)。这些词没有被动语态形式，也不用于进行时态。3助动词助动词(v.aux.)本身无词汇意义或意义不完全，不能单独用作谓语。助动词有be，have，shall(should)，will(would)和do。助动词在句中与实义动词一起构成各种时态、语态以及否定和疑问结构。(1) 助动词be有下列几种形式： 助动词be的功能有两个：与现在分词构成各种进行时态；和过去分词构成各种被动语态。(2010攀枝花)Mary with her sisters _ Chinese in China.Aare studying Bhave studiedCis studying Dstudy(2010宿迁)I _ the charity show on TV when the telephone rang. Awatch Bwatched Cam watching Dwas watching Have you ever been anywhere for a trip?A trip? I _ away from my hometown even once.Awent Bhave goneChave been Dhave never been(2010菏泽)Its dangerous to swim here. Look at the sign.Oh, I _ notice it. Thanks for telling me.Ahavent Bwont Cdont Ddidnt(2010兰州)They _(agree) with each other, so they argued for a long time.答案：D；didnt agree(2010扬州)Its said that an airport _in Yangzhou.Its true. Thats what we are getting excited about these days.Abuilds Bwill build Cis building Dwill be built(2010江西)Hello, Sandy. This is Jack. What are you doing?Im watching a match. It started at 7 pm. and _ on for another half an hour.Ahas been Bwas Chad been Dwill be(2010常州)Whats his plan after he leaves school?He _ (go) to Beijing for further education.答案：D；D；will go/is going4情态动词情态动词本身虽有意义，但不完整。它们表示说话人的能力、语气或情态等，如“可能”、“应当”。它们不能单独作谓语，必须与行为动词一起作谓语。情态动词多数没有人称和数的变化。主要有：can/could，may/might，must，need，dare，will/would，shall/should等。如：I can dance.我会跳舞。(1)can的用法：表示能力，意为“能、会”；表示推测，意为“可能”；表示请求允许，意为“可以”。以can开头的一般疑问句，其肯定和否定回答分别用can和cant。(2010攀枝花)Look! The lights in the teachers office are still on. Is Mr. Li working?No. It _ be Mr. Li. I saw him leave just now.Amay not BmustntCcant Dneednt(2010沈阳)Trees _ fight air pollution.They are natural air conditioners.Ashould Bmust Cneed Dcan答案：C；D(2)may 的用法：表示请求、许可，意为“可以”；表示猜测，意为“可能、也许”等。can与may均可用来征求意见或允许，意为“可以”，一般可互换使用；以may开头的一般疑问句，其肯定回答应用may，而其否定回答则多用mustnt，而不用may not。(2010常州)Have you decided where to spend your summer holiday?Not yet. We _ go to Qingdao.Amust Bshould Cneed Dmay (2010广安)Excuse me, can you tell me the way to the zoo? Sorry, Im new here. Please ask that policeman. He _ know.Acan Bneed Cmay答案：D；C (3)must的用法：表示“必须、应该”；表示推测，“一定”。must表示推测时一般用于肯定句。在疑问句和否定句中一般应用can，否定句中也用may，但may not表示“可能不”，而cant表示“不可能”。否定句中，mustnt表示禁止，意为“不允许”；以must开头的疑问句，肯定回答应用must，而否定回答则常用neednt，neednt表示“不需要、不必”，相当于dont have to。(2010扬州)Must I mop up the floor now?No, you _.AneedntBcantCshouldnt Dmustnt(2010赤峰)Must I answer this question in English?No, you _.Amustnt Bneednt Ccant DShouldn答案：A；B(4)need的用法：need 既可作情态动词，也可作实义动词。need作情态动词时，没有人称和数的变化，后跟动词原形，主要用于否定句和疑问句中。而need作实义动词时，有人称、数的变化，后接带to的不定式。You neednt come to the meeting this afternoon if you have something important to do.如果你有重要的事，下午的会就不必来了。Does she need to come? 她需要来吗？注：比较can和be able to两者表示能力时用法相同，但can只有现在式can和过去式could两种形式，其他时态要用be able to来表示。另外，be able to常常有做成了某件事的意味。must和cantmust用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测，意为“一定”。推测的否定形式，疑问形式用cant, couldnt表示。 如：He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。Mike cant have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning. 迈克一定还没有找回他的车，因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。考 点2 动词的时态：1一般现在时概念：(1)表示经常性、习惯性的动作；He always helps others. 他总是帮助别人。(2)表示现在的情况或状态；He is a teacher. 他是个老师。(3)表示客观事实和普遍真理。The sun rises from the east. 太阳从东边升起。构成形式：am/is/are或实义动词的原形(主语是第三人称单数时，动词要用第三人称单数形式)。时间状语：always，often，usually，sometimes，once a week，every day等。动词第三人称单数形式的构成：一般动词在词尾直接加s，如lives，works等。以s，x，sh，ch，o结尾的，加es，如goes，does, washes, passes等。以辅音字母y结尾的，把y变为i，再加es，如flyflies，studystudies，worryworries；以元音字母y结尾的，直接加s，如enjoyenjoys，playplays。特殊：havehas，am/areisIt will be a long time before Jack finishes his work.杰克要完成他的工作需要很长时间。MidAutumn Day usually comes in September or October every year.中秋节通常都在每年的九月或十月。考查热点：如果主句为一般将来时，if，unless等引导的条件状语从句和when，until，as soon as等引导的时间状语从句常用一般现在时表示将来。What about going climbing if it doesnt rain tomorrow?如果明天不下雨，去爬山怎么样？2一般过去时(1)概念：表示过去发生的动作，存在的状态或过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。(2)构成形式：肯定式：be(was，were)；行为动词(过去式)否定式：was/werenot；行为动词didnt动词原形疑问式：was/were主语谓语；行为动词did主语动词原形(3)动词过去式的变化：动词过去式有规则变化和不规则变化两种情况，不规则变化应特别记忆。规则变化有如下形式：一般在动词后直接加ed。如：climbed，worked，asked等。以e结尾的动词在后面直接加d。如：lived，described，agreed等。以辅音字母y结尾的，先把y变为i再加ed。如：crycried，copycopied，trytried等。以元音字母y结尾的，直接加ed。如enjoyenjoyed，playplayed等。以重读闭音节结尾的单词，如果末尾只有一个辅音字母，则先双写这个辅音字母，再加ed。如：stopstopped，planplanned，preferpreferred等。(4)与一般过去时连用的时间状语有：ago，yesterday，last week，the day before yesterday, long long ago, once upon a time(5)一般过去时的用法：表示过去某时间发生的动作或存在的状态。Did you wash your clothes? 你洗衣服了吗？I was going to wash my clothes but I had visitors.我将要洗，但是我来客人了。表示过去经常反复发生的动作，常与always，usually，often, never，sometimes等连用(过去常常做某事也可用used to do sth来表示)。since从句常用一般过去时。It is ten years since I came here.自从我来这已经有十年了。3一般将来时(1)概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态以及打算、计划或准备要做的事。(2)构成形式：“will/shall动词原形”或“am/is/are going to动词原形”。(3)与一般将来时连用的时间：tomorrow，next week，in a few days，next Sunday, in一段时间等。(4)当主语是I或we第一人称时，问句中一般用shall，表示征求对方的意见。When shall we finish homework? 我们应该什么时候完成作业？(5)be going tov.(动原)表示计划、打算做某事，表示已决定的，很可能发生的事，或有某种迹象表明要发生的事。Look at the clouds，there is going to be a storm.看那些云，将会有暴风雨。(6)下列几种情况只可用shall(will)表将来，而不可用be going to结构。表示有礼貌地询问对方是否愿意或表示客气的邀请或命令时。Will you please lend me your pen?请把你的钢笔借我用一下，好吗？表示意愿时。We will help him if he asks us. 如果他愿意，我们会帮助他。表单纯性的将来，与人的主观愿望和判断无关时。The sun will set at 7：30 this afternoon. 太阳会在下午7：30落下。(7)当主句为一般将来时态时，在if，as soon as，until, when等引导的状语从句中用一般现在时代替一般将来时。I will call you as soon as I get there.我一到那就给你打电话。(8)位移词的进行时表将来。(9)there be结构的一般将来时为there will be/there is going to be。(10)will/shall, be about to do 与 be going to 的区别。一般将来时的基本结构为“will/shall动词原形”，表示一个将要发生的动作或状态。be about to do 结构表示客观、马上就要发生的事，一般不与具体的时间状语连用。be going to 结构表示必然或很可能发生的事情；be to do结构表示按职责、义务和要求必须去做或即将发生的动作。4现在进行时(1)概念：表示现在或现阶段正在发生或持续的动作。(2)构成形式：am/is/are动词的ing 形式。(3)与现在进行时连用的时间状语及提示语有：now，these days, right now, at present, at this moment, Look！， Listen！等。(4)go，leave，arrive，start等位移词用现在进行时表将来。The train is coming soon. 火车一会就来了。(5)当时间状语为now，these days等时或当句子中含有look，listen，can you see，cant you see之类的暗示词时，要使用现在进行时。但应注意下列这些动词一般不用于现在进行时态 的句子中：表示感觉的动词。如：see，hear等。表示喜欢或厌恶的动词。如：like，love等。表示希望的动词。如：want，would like等。表示状态的动词。如：be等。表示归属的动词。如：have等。表示思维、知识或理解能力的动词。如：know，think等。5现在完成时(1)概念：表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。表示从过去某时开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。(2)构成形式：have/has动词的过去分词。(3)与现在完成时连用的时间状语有for a long time，recently，yet，lately，ever，never，already，since，by this time，before，just，in the past/last few years，since过去的时间点， since时间段ago，since从句(一般过去时)。(4)现在完成时与表示一段时间的for短语、since短语或从句等连用时，应注意句中的谓语动词须是延续性的，而不能是非延续性动词，如：comebe here，gobe there，diebe dead，borrowkeep，buyhave，joinbe in，leavebe away，begin to studystudy等。(5)have been to，have gone to，have been in 的用法区别：have been to 表示“过去曾去过某地”，说话时已从该地回来或已从该地去了其他地方，总之，现在已不在该地；have gone to则表示“已去了某地”，说话时不在说话地点，或在去某地的途中，或已到了某地，总之现在还未回来；have been in表示“已在某地待了多久”，后面跟副词时不用in。Where is Mrs Smith? 史密斯夫人在哪？She isnt here.She_has_gone to England. 她不在这。她去了英国。(6)现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：现在完成时强调过去某一动作与现在的关系，对现在造成的影响、结果等，不与表示过去的时间状语连用；一般过去时只表示过去的事实，不表示与现在的关系，可与表示过去的时间状语连用。6过去进行时(1)概念：表示过去某一时刻或某一时间段内正在进行的动作。(2)构成形式：was/were动词的ing形式表示往返、位移的动词的过去进行时常可用来表示过去将来时。We wanted to tell her that the train was_leaving an hour later.我们想告诉她火车将在一小时后开。注意区别：一般过去时表示在过去某个时间“发生了的动作”或“存在了的状态”，而过去进行时则强调在过去某一时刻或某一段时间“正在进行的动作”。Mary wrote a letter to her friend last night.玛丽昨晚给她的朋友写了封信。(表明信写完了)Mary was_writing a letter to her friend last night.玛丽昨晚一直在给她的朋友写信。(只表明“一直在写”，不清楚“是否写完”，也许信还没有写完)(3)常与过去进行时连用的时间状语有两类：一类是表过去的“某点”时间，如：at that time，this time，last week，“when he came in”类时间状语从句等；另一类是表过去的“某段”时间，如yesterday morning等。What were you doing at nine oclock last Sunday morning?上周日上午九点钟你在干什么？While John was walking to school，he saw a cat in a tree.当约翰步行上学时，他看见一只猫在一棵树上。7过去完成时(1)过去完成时表示在过去某个时间之前已经发生的动作或一直延续的动作或状态。它表示动作所发生的时间是“过去的过去”，常用“助动词had过去分词”构成。By the time she got up，her brother had already gone into the bathroom.她起床的时候，她的弟弟就已经进了盥洗室。(2)过去完成时与现在完成时的主要区别是时间参照点不同：过去完成时的时间参照点是某个“过去的”时间；现在完成时的时间参照点是“现在”。因此现在完成时中的很多规则， 也适用于过去完成时。When I got to the cinema, the film had_been_on.当我到达电影院时，电影已经开始了。(3)常与过去完成时连用的时间状语有：by (the end of) 过去的时间，for时间段，since时间点，when引导的时间状语从句(从句中谓语动词用过去时)等。By the end of the match，they had kicked two goals and we had kicked four.到比赛结束时，他们已踢进两个球，我们进了四个球。Did you see Tom at the party? 在聚会上你看见汤姆了吗？No，he had_left by the time I got there.没有，我到那的时候他已经走了。8过去将来时(1)概念：过去将来时立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来。(2)时间状语：the next day (morning，year.)，the following month(week.)等。(3)基本结构：肯定形式：was/were going todo；should/woulddo否定形式：was/werenotgoing todo；should/wouldnotdo疑问形式：was或were放在主语前；should/would提到主语前。如：They were going to have a meeting.他们曾经打算开个会。He said he would go to Shanghai for the holiday.他说他要到上海去度假。过去将来时经常用在间接引语、宾语从句中。如：Jim asked Lucy if she would buy the new book.吉姆问露西她是否要买那本新书。考 点3 动词的语态：1动词的语态表示主语与谓语之间的关系。英语有两种语态：主动语态表示主语是谓语动词的执行者，被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者。A talk on science will be given in our school next Monday.下周一在我们学校将会有一场关于科学的演讲。2被动语态由“助动词be及物动词的过去分词”构成。助动词有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。其后的实义动词必须为及物动词，或“动词介词”构成的及物动词短语。现以及物动词ask为例，其各种时态形式的被动结构如下表所示。3.被动语态的用法在被动语态中，主语是动作的承受者，主要用于下列几种情况中：(1)不知道动作的执行者是谁。This watch is made in China.这块手表是在中国制造的。(2)没有必要指出动作的执行者是谁。More trees must be planted every year.每年都应该种更多的树。(3)需要强调或突出动作的承受者。Chinese is spoken by more and more people in the world.世界上越来越多的人说汉语。(强调汉语的使用广泛)(4)句子的主语是动作的承受者。Many houses were washed away in the flood.许多房屋被洪水冲走了。4主动语态和被动语态的转换(1)主动语态变为被动语态。要将主动句里的宾语成分变为被动句中的主语成分，若主动句中的宾语是人称代词，要将宾格变成主格。把主动句中的主语变成被动句中的宾语，将主格变成宾格，并由by引导。谓语动词变成相应的被动形式。主动语态：动作执行者谓语动词主动形式动作承受者被动语态：动作承受者谓语动词被动形式动作执行者We asked him to sing an English song.(变为被动语态)He was asked to sing an English song by us.(2)带双宾语的谓语动词变为被动语态。谓语动词带双宾语时，既可以将间接宾语转化成主语，也可以将直接宾语转化成主语。若将间接宾语转化成主语，则保留直接宾语；若将直接宾语转化成主语则保留间接宾语，且在被保留的间接宾语前加上介词to或for。She gave me a book.(变为被动语态)I was given a book.(间接宾语me改为主语)A book was given to me.(直接宾语a book改为主语)(3)短语动词变为被动语态。许多由不及物动词和介词、副词构成的短语动词，相当于及物动词，可以有宾语，也可以有被动语态。但是短语动词是一个不可分割的整体，在变为被动语态时，不可丢掉构成短语动词的介词或副词。We should speak to old men politely.(变为被动语态)Old men should be spoken to politely.(to不可省略)(4)带复合宾语的动词变为被动语态。宾语加上宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。变被动语态时，只把宾语变为被动句的主语，宾语补足语保留在原处，成为主语补足语。I heard Jane playing the piano in her room.(变为被动语态)Jane was heard playing the piano in her room.(5)被动语态后动词形式的选择主动句中在感官动词see，hear，watch，feel，notice等，及使役动词let，make，have等后跟省略to的不定式，变为被动句时应加上不定式符号to。He makes the girl stay at home.(变为被动语态)The girl is made to stay at home.Last Sunday we heard them sing Peking Opera in the theatre.(改为同义句)They were heard to sing Peking Opera in that theatre last Sunday.(6)主动结构表被动意义open，lock，write，read，sell，clean，wash，cut，burn，drive等词作不及物动词时，它们的主语为物，可用主动语态表被动意义。This kind of pen writes very smoothly.这种笔写起来很流畅。This kind of shirt sells well here.这种样式的衬衫在这里很好卖。look，sound，taste，smell等系动词用主动结构表被动意义。Uniforms look ugly on us.我们穿的制服很难看。Mooncakes taste delicious.月饼尝起来味道很好。在 be worth doing 中 doing表被动意义。This book is worth reading.这本书值得一读。want/need/requiredoing相当于want/need/requireto be done。to be done 表示不定式的被动结构。My bike needs repairing.My bike needs to be repaired.我的自行车需要修理。中考试题分析：1.Miss Gao came to our school in 2006. She _ here for four years. Ateaches Btaught Chas taught2.Have you ever _ Xingkai Lake?Yes. I _ there last month. Its quite beautiful.Agone to; went Bbeen to; went Cbeen to; go 3.Do you know when the 29th Olympic Games _？ Yes, in 2008.Ahold Bis held Cwas held4.John, you cant go out to play until your homework _.OK, Mum.Afinishes Bhas finished Cis finished 5.Wheres Li Hua?Look! He _ tennis on the playground.Aplays BplayedCwas playing Dis playing6.Jack? Jack? Can you come?I _ my homework. Ado Bwill do Cam doing Dwas doing7.I _ cleaning my bedroom. Its clean now. Wow. When _ you _ it?Ahave finished; did; finish Bfinished; have; finishedCfinish; do; finish Dhave finished; have; finished 8.You have a nice watch.Thank you. I _ it since I got married.Ahad Bbought Chave had Dhave bought9.What did your dad tell you, my baby?He said the sun _ in the east.Awent up Bwill go up Cgoes up 10.Our teacher told us that light _ faster than sound.Atravels Btravelled Ctravelling Dis travelled11.Its difficult for the village children to cross the river for school.I think a bridge _ over the river. Ashould be built Bis being built Chas been built Dwas built12.Where _ the 2010 World EXPO _？ In Shanghai. Adoes; hold Bhas; held Cwill; hold Dis; held练习：情态动词、系动词(训练时间：41分钟分值：41分)1(2010安徽)What will the weather be like tomorrow? It _ be rainy, cloudy or sunny. Who knows? Amust Bmight Cshall Dshould2(2010河北)Do we have to finish our homework this afternoon? Yes, you _. Amust Bcan Cmay Dneed3(2010武汉)Look at that girl! Is it Susan? No, it _ be her. She has gone back to her hometown. Amustnt Bcant Cneednt Dwouldnt4(2010咸宁)Wow! You look different! You _ wear glasses. Yes, I did. But now I am wearing contact lenses(隐形眼镜) Acould Bmust Cused to Dwould5(2010铜仁)This pair of shoes _ belong to Jack. He likes this kind very much. It _ be his. Its too large for him. Acan; cant Bmay; neednt Cmust; mustnt Dmust; cant6(2010镇江)They _ play football last Friday because Simon forgot to bring his football here. Acould Bcouldnt Ccant Dcan7(2010苏州)I dont care what my teachers think. Well，you _. Acould Bwould Cshould Dmight8(2010上海)Is this a photo of your daughter? She looks _ in the pink dress! Alovely Bquietly Cpolitely Dhappily9(2010广州)It doesnt look like rain, so you _ bring your umbrella with you. Ashouldnt Bmustnt Ccant Dneednt10(2010连云港)_ I have a ticket, please? Sorry, sir. All the tickets were sold out ten minutes ago. AMay BNeed CMust DShould11(2010宁夏)Must I do the work today? No, you _. You may do it tomorrow. Acant Bmustnt Cshouldnt Dneednt12(2010河南)Its such a long way! What shall I do? You _ take my car if you want. Awill Bmust Cmay Dshall13(2010梧州)Song Zuyings voice is very sweet and her songs _ very beautiful. Ataste Bsound Csmell Dfeel 15(2010桂林)_ I use your ru