学士学位英语辅导课件(最全,完整版)

成人学士学位英语辅导,一、学位考试应注意的基本事项,进入考场做到四心：一是保持静心，二是增强信心，三是做题专心，四是考试细心。答题时，认真审题，明确要求，一定要高度集中注意力快速、准确地认真读题。,尽量做完试题，分秒必争要做到会多少答多少，即使是没有把握也要敢于写，碰碰运气也无妨。先易后难，增强自信心，千万不能在一类题、或一道题上费时太多。在标准化考试中，敢于猜测的考生有时也会取得较好的分数。,考试时间分配,9:0010:30试卷一Part.DialogueCompletion(15%)PartII.ReadingComprehension(40%)PartIII.VocabularyandStructure（20%）Part.ClozeTest(10%)10:30-11:00试卷二Part:Writing(15%),会话技能讲解,考纲解析：根据大纲对会话技能的要求，考生应能使用英语进行日常会话交流，突出交际目标，实用性，不涉及专业性；根据对话的情景、场合、人物关系、身份和讲话人的意图及话语含义能够作出正确判断和用语选择。该部分共有15段不完整的简短对话，每段对话后设有四个选择项。考生须在理解每段对话的基础上从所提供的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。该部分满分为15分，每题1分。,会话技能讲解,考试策略：深入所考查的场景，注意中西方文化的差异；把握对话人的角色，掌握口语的习惯表达法；切忌死记硬背，避免受到中文口语表达的干扰。,会话技能讲解,解题技巧：1.通读对话，了解对话的情景和目的。2.注意对话要符合英语交际和表达习惯。3.每个句子都要看懂，抓住相应语境中的关键词，准确理解其含义。4.重读对话，验证答案。5.采取排除法。,会话技能讲解,常考的英语口语交际语境：（一）问候（二）询问（三）建议（四）邀请（五）祝贺（六）赞美（七）感谢（八）道歉（九）其他,会话技能讲解,类别一：问候和介绍介绍自己:Idliketomakeaself-introduction.ImPleaseallowmetointroducemyself.Iwouldliketointroducemyself.ImHowdoyoudo?Im,会话技能讲解,类别一：问候和介绍介绍他人:Tom,thisisMark,theCEOofTom,IdlikeyoutomeetTom,letmeintroducetoyou.请求别人介绍:Wouldyoupleaseintroduceyourself?MayIhaveyourname?,会话技能讲解,类别一：问候和介绍互相介绍1.ComeandmeetJohn.-Howdoyoudo?2.-LetmeintroduceyoutomyfriendMr.Brown./IwouldlikeyoutomeetmyfriendMr.Black.-Impleased/gladtomeetyou./Nicemeetingyou.,会话技能讲解,类别一：问候和介绍互相介绍Howdoyoudo?Idontthinkwevemetbefore.ImTom.-Howdoyoudo?Itsapleasuretomeetyou./Nicetomeetyou.,会话技能讲解,类别一：问候和介绍问候：1.Howareyou?/Howareyoudoing?-Imfine,thanks./Verywell,thanks.Andyou?2.Howiseverything?-Prettygood.-Whatsnew?,会话技能讲解,类别一：问候和介绍问候：Howiseverythinggoing?Howisitgoing?（包括复数的情况）Howslifewithyou?Fancymeetingyouhere!Anythingnew!近况如何！,会话技能讲解,类别二：告别告别前用语及其可能的回答：Ihavegottobegoingnow.ImafraidImustbeoff/leaving.ItsabouttimeIwasgoing.Cantyoustayanylonger?Doyoureallywanttogo?,会话技能讲解,类别二：告别1.Goodbye./ByeBye.2.Seeyou.-Solong./Seeyou.3.Takecare.-Youtoo.,会话技能讲解,类别三：询问问路Excuseme,wouldyoupleasetellmethewaytotherailwaystation?Excuseme,canyoutellmewheretheXinhuaBookstoreis?Excuseme,howcanIgetto?,会话技能讲解,类别三：询问问路Sorrytobother/troubleyou,butcanyoudirectmetotheairport?Excuseme,whichdirectionisittotheYuyingMiddleSchool?,会话技能讲解,类别三：询问指路：Walkfourblocksdownthestreetandturnright.不知道方向：Sorry,Idontknow.Iamnewhere,too.Sorry,Iamnotsure.Youdbetterask,会话技能讲解,类别三：询问问距离和交通方式：Howfarisitfrom?Isitlongwaytoonfoot?WhichbusshallItake?,会话技能讲解,类别三：询问问时间：Whatisthetime?/Whattimeisit,please?Haveyougotthetime?Whatsthedatetoday?/Whatdateisittoday?Whatdayisittoday?,会话技能讲解,类别三：询问问天气Whatstheweatherlikeoutsidetoday?Whatstheweathergoingtobetomorrow?Howarethesummerhere?Whatsitlikeoutsidetoday?Whatsthetemperaturetoday?,会话技能讲解,类别三：询问问天气的回答Well,itsveryhot./itswonderful.Hotandhumid.Itsfreezingoutside.Itsgoingtobecloudytomorrow.Thetemperaturewilldrop,会话技能讲解,类别四：建议与忠告请求与允许/不允许DoyoumindifIsmoke?/Wouldyoumindmysmoking?-No,Idont.-Oh,Idratheryoudont.,会话技能讲解,类别四：建议与忠告请求与允许/不允许-IsitallrightifIsmoke?-Yes,goahead./Doit,please.-CanImakeaphonecall?/Idliketomakeaphonecall,ifyoupermitme.-Goahead.,会话技能讲解,类别四：建议与忠告建议1.Whynotgoswimming?/Whydontwegoswimming?-Goodidea./Thankforyouradvice./Itsagoodsuggestion.-Idloveto,butIhavetopreparefortomorrowsreport.,会话技能讲解,类别四：建议与忠告建议Howaboutgoingforawalk?Whataboutabeer?Wouldyoucaretogototheparty?Youdbettertakeanumbrellawithyou.,会话技能讲解,类别四：建议与忠告相应建议的回答Idloveto.OK,Illdothat.Thatsanexcellentidea.,会话技能讲解,类别四：建议与忠告忠告IfIwereyou,Idleavenow.IwouldtryagainifIwereyou.Youdbetternotgotoschool.Wedontpermityousmokinginthisbuilding.,会话技能讲解,类别四：建议与忠告忠告的相应回答Thankyouforremindingme.Illrememberthat.Allright.Iwontgo.,会话技能讲解,类别五：邀请与约会提出邀请：Wouldyouliketohavedinnerwithme?Howaboutgoingtothecinemawithustonight?Iwonderifyoucangopicnickingwithustomorrow.Iamcallingtoseeifyouwouldliketohavelunchtomorrow.,会话技能讲解,类别五：邀请与约会接受及婉拒Sure./Soundsgood./Yes,thatsagreatidea./Yes,Ido./WithpleasureIdliketo.ButImsorry.Butthisweekisnotconvenientforme.,会话技能讲解,类别五：邀请与约会商定约会时间或地点Shallwemeetat7:00pm?Will10oclockbeOK？Anytimeandanywhereareallright.No,Icantmakeittoday.Howabouttomorrow?,会话技能讲解,类别六：感谢Thankyouverymuch./(Many)thanks./Thanksalot.Icanneverthankyouenough.Thankyouforallyouvedoneforus.Ireallyappreciateyourhelp/assistance/whatyouvedoneforme.,会话技能讲解,类别六：感谢感谢的回答Itsmypleasure./Mypleasure./Anytime.Dontmentionit.Youarewelcome.Thatsallright./Itsnothing.,会话技能讲解,类别七：道歉IapologizeforwhatIhavedone.Pleaseacceptmyheartfeltapology.IamreallysorryforthetroubleIbroughttoyou.IfeelsorryaboutPleaseforgivemyfault.,会话技能讲解,类别七：道歉Sorrytodisturbyou.Ididnotmeantodothat.Itsmyfault;Illtrytomakeituptoyou.IoweyouanapologyforwhatIdidlastnight.,会话技能讲解,类别七：道歉道歉的回答Thatsallright./Nevermind./Itdoesntmatter.Forgetit./Noproblem./Thatsnothing.Nothingserious.Itreallyisnotworthmentioning.,会话技能讲解,类别八：请求许可IwonderifIcanuseyourcomputer.IsitallrightifI?WouldyoumindmyturningonTV?WouldyoupleaselendWoulditbepossibleformetoputoffthework.,会话技能讲解,类别八：请求许可后的回答No,doasyoulike.Certainlynot./Notatall.No,goahead.Youcanifyoulike.Imsorry,butIdo.Iwishyouwouldnot.,会话技能讲解,类别九：祝愿祝贺Youlookgreatthismorning!Congratulations!/CongratulationsonPleaseacceptmyheartiestcongratulation.Goodluck./Thebestofluck.Haveaniceweekend./HappyNewYear!,A:Goodluck!/Bestwishestoyou./Haveanice/goodtime./Congratulations!/Haveagoodjourney.!B:Thankyou.A:HappyNewYear!/MerryChristmas!/Happybirthdaytoyou.B:Thesametoyou.,会话技能讲解,类别九：对祝愿祝贺的回答Thankyou.Thankyou!Itsverykindofyoutosayso.Thesametoyou.在此情景中要特别注意不要受到中文表达习惯的干扰。,会话技能讲解,类别十：提出或请求帮助提出的方式：WhatcanIdoforyou?CanIhelpyou?IsthereanythingIcandoforyou?Letmegiveyouahand.,会话技能讲解,类别十：提出或请求帮助提出的方式：Canyoudomeafavor?Canyouhelpme(with)?Wouldyoupleasegivemeahand?IWouldappreciateyouverymuchifyougivemesomehelp.,会话技能讲解,类别十：提出或请求帮助接受与拒绝：Yes,please./Yes,thanks.Itsveryknidofyou./Thatwouldbenice.No,thanks.Icanmanageit.Thankyouallthesame.,会话技能讲解,类别十一：电话的情景打电话：MayIspeakto,please?IsTomin?IdliketotalktoMr.White.IsthisDr.Smithsoffice?CanyouconnectmewithMike?,会话技能讲解,类别十一：电话的情景接电话：Thisisspeaking.Speaking,please.Justamoment.Iwillputhimon.,会话技能讲解,类别十一：电话的情景无法接电话：Wouldyouliketohangonamoment?Holdon,please.Sorry,heisntinallthemoment.Sorry,Heisnotavailablenow.,会话技能讲解,类别十一：电话的情景留言：Wouldyouliketoleaveamessage?Wouldyoumindcallingbacklater?CanIleaveMr.Smithamessage?Pleasetellhimtocallmeback.,会话技能讲解,类别十一：电话的情景挂断及拨错号码Thanksforcalling./Pleasecallagainanytime.Theresnooneherebythatname.Iamafraidyouvegotthewrongnumber.Iamsorry.Imusthavemisdialed.,会话技能讲解,类别十二：餐厅场景询问及预约Couldyourecommendanicerestaurantnearhere?IdlikearestaurantwithIdliketohavesomelocalfood.Idliketoreserveatableforthree.Wedlikeatablewithaniceview.,会话技能讲解,类别十二：餐厅场景餐厅点餐Areyoureadytoorder?Whatwouldyouliketoeat?Wouldyouliketolookatthemenu?Whatsthespecialtytoday?Whatdoyourecommend?,会话技能讲解,类别十二：餐厅场景点餐及其结账Idlikesomesoupandtwofriedeggs.Tonightsonme.今晚我买单。WellgoDutch.Howwouldyouliketopay?Doyoutakecashorcard?,会话技能讲解,类别十三：看病就医预约：Idliketomakeanappointmenttoseethedoctorthisweek.Wouldtomorrowafternoonbeconvenientforyou?ImafraidDr.Smithisoccupiedthisafternoon.,会话技能讲解,类别十三：看病就医询问病情：Whatsthematter?Whatsthetroublewithyou?Whatswrongwithyou?,会话技能讲解,类别十三：看病就医询问病情：Idontfeelwellwithmystomach.Ihaveaheadache.Ithinkthereissomethingwrongwithmyheart.,会话技能讲解,类别十四：购物招呼及指导顾客WhatcanIdoforyou?Can/MayIhelpyou?Tryit,please!Canyoushowme?,会话技能讲解,类别十四：购物招呼及指导顾客Iamjustlookingaround.Whereisthefittingroom?Thisistoobig/justmysize/suitsme.Sorry,itisoutofstock.Wehaveitinstock.,会话技能讲解,类别十四：购物讨价及付款Howmuchdoesitcost?Couldyoubringthepricedown?Canyougivemealittlediscount.Ihavenochange.,会话技能讲解,类别十五：称赞或赞美Welldone!/Goodjob!Youhaveaverynicebusiness.Youhaveagoodtaste.Itmatchesyouperfectly.Nowordscanexpress.,会话技能讲解,类别十五：称赞或赞美的应答Thanks/ThankyouforImdelightedyouthinkso.Howkindofyoutosaythat.,会话技能讲解,类别十六：表达个人情绪询问喜好Whatyouliketodoinyourfreetime?Howdoyoulikeyour?Whichdoyoulikebetter,or?Whichdoyouprefer,or?,会话技能讲解,类别十六：表达个人情绪表达好恶：Iprefer/like/lovepizza.SheishappywithIdratherhaveteathancoffee.ismyfavorite.,会话技能讲解,类别十六：表达个人情绪表达遗憾：Imverysorrytohearyourfailureinthisexamination.Ifeelverysadtoknowthatyourpetdoghasdied.WhatapitythatItsapitythat,会话技能讲解,类别十六：表达个人情绪表达同情或关心Whatsthematter?Youlooksosad.Whatareyouworriedabout?Youseemdifferenttoday.,会话技能讲解,类别十六：表达个人情绪表达同情或关心的应答Nothingserious.Thanks!Imallright./Icanmanageit.Everythingwillbefine.,会话技能讲解,补遗（一）谈论计划及相应的回答Whatwouldyouliketodotonight?Whatsyourplanforthesummervacation?Whatareyougoingtodoaftergraduation?,会话技能讲解,补遗（一）谈论计划及相应的回答Iwanttogotothemovietonight.Imgoingtostayintheschool.Ifpossible,Idliketobecomeagoodteacher.,会话技能讲解,补遗（二）寄信WhatcanIdoforyou?/CanIhelpyou?AnythingIcandoforyou?Iwant/needtwostamps/envelopes.,会话技能讲解,补遗（二）寄信Iwanttosenditbyexpressmail/airmail.Howmuchisthepostage?Whatsthepostage?,会话技能讲解,补遗（三）在银行WhatcanIdoforyou?/CanIhelpyou?AnythingIcandoforyou?Iwanttoopenasavingsaccount/checkingaccount.,会话技能讲解,补遗（三）在银行Idliketodeposit/withdraw1thousandyuan(RMB)Couldyoutellmemybalance?CanyouchangeRMBfordollars?,会话技能讲解,补遗（四）在海关Passport,please!Couldyoushowmethepassport?Anythingtodeclare?申报Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare?,2014-04-13,会话技能讲解,补遗（四）在海关Hereyouare.Thisismypassport.No,Ihavenothingtodeclare.Yes,Ihavetwocamerastodeclare.,会话技能的综合运用,Carlo:Howmuchisitforapersonforaday?Ben:Withlunch,itsonly60Euros.Carlo:Ok,_A:itistooexpensive.C:forgetit.B:itisadeal.D:goodbye.(2013),会话技能的综合运用,Mark:Letsgoandsitdownforawhile.Ineedtorestandhaveadrink.Linn:_.Imtiredtoo.A:YouarefightB:ThatsamazingC:LetsdothatD:Wellgiveitatry(2013),会话技能的综合运用,Lucas:Sorrysweetie.Ididnthearyou._?Mary:Lookhere,thisdresshasmatchingbeltandshoes.Whatdoyouthink?A:WhereareyouB:HowyoudoingC:WhatdidyousayD:Whyareyouhere(2013),会话技能的综合运用,Kathy:Ihopetheyhaveallthatstuffatthesupermarket.Ben:_Wecanalsolookonlineforthethingswelike.A:Itbeatsme.B:HowcanIknow?C:Whatsthepoint?D:Itdoesntmatteriftheydont.(2013),2014-04-13,会话技能的综合运用,Cashier:Okay,thatllbe$8.55.Customer:_.Cashier:ThanksNext!A:HereyougoB:TakethisawayC:YouarefightD:Itsveryniceofyou,会话技能的综合运用,Speaker:Thankyouallforattention.Host:ProfessorCohen,_.Speaker:Sure.(2012)A:wedliketothankyouanyway.B:Iwishyouasafetripback.C:couldyouexpandonit?D:wouldyouliketotakesomequestions?,会话技能的综合运用,Sam:Oh,Imfeelingdizzynow.YouknowIhavejustenjoyedmuchbeer.Peter:Really?Dontyouknowitsaveryimportantparty?_.(2012)A:MindhowyougoB:BehaveyourselfC:MindyourownbusinessD:Watchyourback,会话技能的综合运用,Nancy:Carolinemusthaveleftsinceyourtrainarrivedsolate.Elline:Tomysurprise,Ifoundherwaitingformeatthestation.Nancy:_!(2012)A:Howkind!B:Whatapity!C:Goodforher!D:Nokidding!,会话技能的综合运用,-Dontforgettopassonthemessagetomyteacher.-_(2010年)A:Yes,Idont.B:Idontthinkso.C:No,Iwont.D:Sorry,Iwouldnt.,.,会话技能的综合运用,-Howdidyoufindyourvisittothemuseum,Eddie?-_.(2010年)A:Iwentthereallbymyself.B:Oh,wonderful,indeed.C:Myfriendshowedmethere.D:BytakingaNo.2bus.,语法部分讲解,名词代词冠词和数词形容词和副词连词句子的种类从句倒装,动词动词的时态动词的语态情态动词虚拟语气动名词动词不定式分词独立主格主谓一致,1.名词,名词可以分为专有名词（ProperNouns）和普通名词(CommonNouns），专有名词是某个（些）人，地方，机构等专有的名称，如Beijing，China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词，如：book，sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类：1）个体名词（IndividualNouns）：表示某类人或东西中的个体，如：gun。2）集体名词（CollectiveNouns）：表示若干个个体组成的集合体，如：family。3）物质名词（MaterialNouns）：表示无法分为个体的实物，如：air。4）抽象名词（AbstractNouns）：表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念，如：work。个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算，称为可数名词（CountableNouns），物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算，称为不可数名词（UncountableNouns）。归纳一下，名词的分类可以下图表示：,_|专有名词|名|个体名词|可数名词|集体名词|普通名词|词|物质名词|不可数名词|抽象名词|,1.1名词复数的规则变化,_情况构成方法读音例词_一般情况加-s1.清辅音后读/s/;map-maps2.浊辅音和元音后bag-bags读/z/;car-cars_以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es读/iz/bus-buseswatch-watches_以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-s读/iz/license-licenses_以辅音字母+y变y为i结尾的词再加es读/z/baby-babies_,1.2其它名词复数的规则变化,1)以y结尾的专有名词，或元音字母+y结尾的名词变复数时，直接加s变复数：如：twoMarystheHenrysmonkey-monkeysholiday-holidays比较：层楼：storey-storeysstory-stories2)以o结尾的名词，变复数时：a.加s，如：photo-photospiano-pianosradio-radioszoo-zoos；b.加es，如：potato-potatoestomato-tomatoesc.均可，如：zero-zeros/zeroes3)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时：a.加s，如：belief-beliefsroof-roofssafe-safesgulf-gulfs；b.去f,fe加ves，如：half-halvesknife-knivesleaf-leaveswolf-wolveswife-wiveslife-livesthief-thieves；c.均可,如：handkerchief:handkerchiefs/handkerchieves,1.3名词复数的不规则变化,1）child-childrenfoot-feettooth-teethmouse-miceman-menwoman-women注意：与man和woman构成的合成词，其复数形式也是-men和-women。如：anEnglishman，twoEnglishmen.但German不是合成词，故复数形式为Germans；Bowman是姓，其复数是theBowmans。2）单复同形如：deer，sheep，fish，Chinese，Japaneseli，jin，yuan，twoli，threemu，fourjin但除人民币元、角、分外，美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:adollar,twodollars;ameter,twometers,3）集体名词，以单数形式出现，但实为复数。如：peoplepolicecattle等本身就是复数，不能说apeople，apolice，acattle，但可以说aperson，apoliceman，aheadofcattle,theEnglish，theBritish，theFrench，theChinese，theJapanese，theSwiss等名词，表示国民总称时，作复数用。如：TheChineseareindustriesandbrave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。4）以s结尾，仍为单数的名词，如：a.maths，politics，physics等学科名词，为不可数名词，是单数。b.news是不可数名词。c.theUnitedStates，theUnitedNations应视为单数。TheUnitedNationswasorganizedin1945.联合国是1945年组建起来的。d.以复数形式出现的书名，剧名，报纸，杂志名，也可视为单数。TheArabianNightsisaveryinterestingstory-book.是一本非常有趣的故事书。,5)表示由两部分构成的东西，如：glasses(眼镜)trousers,clothes若表达具体数目，要借助数量词pair(对，双);suit(套);apairofglasses;twopairsoftrousers6）另外还有一些名词，其复数形式有时可表示特别意思，如：goods货物，waters水域，fishes（各种）鱼,1.4不可数名词量的表示,1）物质名词a.当物质名词转化为个体名词时。比较：Cakeisakindoffood.蛋糕是一种食物。(不可数)Thesecakesaresweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。(可数)b.当物质名词表示该物质的种类时，名词可数。Thisfactoryproducessteel.(不可数)Weneedvarioussteels.(可数),c.当物质名词表示份数时，可数。Ourcountryisfamousfortea.我国因茶叶而闻名。Twoteas,please.请来两杯茶。2）抽象名词有时也可数。fourfreedoms四大自由thefourmodernizations四个现代化物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。如：aglassofwater一杯水apieceofadvice一条建议,1.5定语名词的复数,名词作定语一般用单数，但也有以下例外。1)用复数作定语。如：sportsmeeting运动会studentsreading-room学生阅览室talkstable谈判桌theforeignlanguagesdepartment外语系2)man,woman,gentleman等作定语时，其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。如：menworkerswomenteachersgentlemenofficials,3)有些原有s结尾的名词，作定语时，s保留。如：goodstrain(货车)armsproduce武器生产customspapers海关文件clothesbrush衣刷4)数词+名词作定语时，这个名词一般保留单数形式。如：two-dozeneggs两打/（二十四个鸡蛋)aten-milewalk十里路two-hundredtrees两百棵树afive-yearplan.一个五年计划,1.6不同国家的人的单复数,名称总称(谓语用复数）一个人两个人中国人theChineseaChinesetwoChinese瑞士人theSwissaSwisstwoSwiss澳大利亚人theantwoAustraliansAustralianAustralians俄国人theRussiansaRussiantwoRussians意大利人theItaliansanItaliantwoItalians希腊人theGreekaGreektwoGreeks法国人theFrenchaFrenchmantwoFrenchmen日本人theJapaneseaJapanesetwoJapanese美国人theAmericansanAmericantwoAmericans印度人theIndiansanIndiantwoIndians加拿大人theCanadiansaCanadiantwoCanadians德国人theGermansaGermantwoGermans英国人theEnglishanEnglishmantwoEnglishmen瑞典人theSwedishaSwedetwoSwedes,1.7名词的格,在英语中有些名词可以加s来表示所有关系，带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格，如：ateachersbook。名词所有格的规则如下：1）单数名词词尾加s，复数名词词尾没有s，也要加s，如theboysbag男孩的书包，mensroom男厕所。2）若名词已有复数词尾-s，只加，如：theworkersstruggle工人的斗争。3）凡不能加s的名词，都可以用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系，如：thetitleofthesong歌的名字。4）在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时，名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词，如：thebarbers理发店。5）如果两个名词并列，并且分别有s，则表示分别有；只有一个s，则表示共有。如：JohnsandMarysroom（两间）JohnandMarysroom（一间）6）复合名词或短语，s加在最后一个词的词尾。如：amonthortwosabsence,名词属格和of-词组的区别,1）表示事物类别或属性，只能用名词属格，childrenspictorial，mensclothing2）习语中，有些只能有属格，有些只能用of-词组，atoneswitsend，awolfinsheepsclothing，inlifesstruggle；theincomeoftherich，thestruggleoftheexploited3）表示同位关系时，只能用of-词组，thecityofRome,2.代词,代词是代替名词的一种词类。大多数代词具有名词和形容词的功能。英语中的代词，按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为：人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、自身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、关系代词和不定代词八种。一、人称代词是表示“我”、“你”、“他”、“她”、“它”、“我们”、“你们”、“他们”的词。人称代词有人称、数和格的变化，见下表：数单数复数格主格宾格主格宾格第一人称Imeweus第二人称youyouyouyouhehimtheythem第三人称shehertheythemitittheythem如：Heismyfriend.他是我的朋友。Itsme.是我。,二、物主代词表示所有关系的代词，也可叫做代词所有格。物主代词分形容性物主代词和名词性物主代词二种，其人物和数的变化见下表。数单数复数人称第一第二第三第一第二第三人称人称人称人称人称人称形容词性myyourhis/heritsouryour/their物主代词名词性mineyourshis/hersitsoursyours/theirs物主代词如：Ilikehiscar.我喜欢他的小汽车。Ourschoolishere，andtheirsisthere.我们的学校在这儿，他们的在那儿。,三、指示代词表示那个、这个、这些、那些等指示概念的代词。指示代词有this，that，these，those等。如：Thatisagoodidea.那是个好主意。四、表示我自己、你自己、他自己、我们自己、你们自己和他们自己等的代词，叫做自身代词，也称为反身代词。如：Shewastalkingtoherself.她自言自语。五、表示相互关系的代词叫相互代词，有eachother和oneanother两组，但在运用中，这两组词没什么区别。如：Theyloveeachother.他们彼此相爱。,六、不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。常见的不定代词有a11，both，each，every等，以及含有some-，any-，no-等的合成代词，如anybody，something，noone。这些不定代词大都可以代替名词和形容词，在句中作主语、宾语、表语和定语，但none和由some，any，no等构成的复合不定代词只能作主语、宾语或表语；every和no只能作定语。如：-Doyouhaveacar?-你有一辆小汽车吗？-Yes，Ihaveone.-是的，我有一辆。-Idontknowanyofthem.他们，我一个也不认识。,七、疑问代词有who，whom，whose，what和which等。在句子中用来构成特殊疑问句。疑问代词都可用作连接代词，引导名词性从句（主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句）如：Tellmewhoheis.告诉我他是谁。八、关系代词有who，whom，whose，that，which，as等，可用作引导从句的关联词。它们在定语从句中可作主语、表语、宾语、定语等；另一方面它们又代表主句中为定语从句所修饰的那个名词或代词（通称为先行词）。如：Heisthemanwhomyouhavebeenlookingfor.他就是你要找的那个人。,2.1人称代词的用法,1）人称代词的主格在句子中作主语或主语补语，例如：Johnwaitedawhilebuteventuallyhewenthome.约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。JohnhopedthepassengerwouldbeMaryandindeeditwasshe.约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽，还真是她。说明：在复合句中，如果主句和从句主语相同，代词主语要用在从句中，名词主语用在主句中，例如：Whenhearrived,Johnwentstraighttothebank.约翰一到就直接去银行了。,2）人称代词的宾格在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作主语补语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语，例如：Isawherwiththem,atleast,Ithoughtitwasher.我看到她和他们在一起，至少我认为是她。（her做宾语，them做介词宾语，her做主语补语）a.-Whobrokethevase?-谁打碎了花瓶？b.-Me.-我。（me做主语补语=Itsme.）说明：在上面两例句中，her和me分别作主语补语。现代英语中多用宾格，在正式文体中这里应为she和I。,2.2人称代词之主、宾格的替换,1)宾格代替主格a.在简短对话中，当人称代词单独使用或在not后，多用宾语。-IlikeEnglish.-我喜欢英语。-Metoo.-我也喜欢。-Havemorewine?-再来点酒喝吗?-Notme.-我可不要了。b.在表示比较的非正式的文体中，常用宾格代替主格。但如果比较状语的谓语保留，则主语只能用主格。HeistallerthanI/me.HeistallerthanIam.,2)主格代替宾格a.在介词but，except后，有时可用主格代替宾格。Nobodybutshecansolveourproblems.Everybodyexceptheagreedtoourproposal但主语被分隔而使这一词组出现在句尾时，人称代词用宾格：Nobodycansolveourproblemsbuther。b.在电话用语中常用主格。-IwishtospeaktoMary.-我想和玛丽通话。-Thisisshe.-我就是玛丽。注意：在动词be或tobe后的人称代词视其前面的名词或代词而定。Ithoughtitwasshe.我以为是她。(主格-主格)Ithoughtittobeher.我以为这是她。(宾格-宾格)Iwastakentobeshe.我被当成了她。(主格-主格)Theytookmetobeher.他们把我当成了她。(宾格-宾格),2.3代词的指代问题,1）不定代词anybody，everybody，nobody，anyone，someone，everyone，noone，及whoever和person在正式场合使用时，可用he,his,him代替。Nobodycame,didhe?谁也没来，是吗?2）动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替，有时也用he,she，带有亲切的感情色彩。Givethecatsomefo