高考英语阅读理解解题技巧

高考英语阅读理解解题技巧,南京市金陵中学邢文骏,问题一高考阅读理解是怎样出题的？,重点讲解：命题特点热点推荐：试题选择难点评析：问题点拨,重点讲解：命题特点,（一）内容的人文性，时代性2008年4个阅读语篇中3个有很浓的人文气息。A篇教育人们如何管理时间；C篇美术馆参观规则，强调社会规范意识；D篇逝去的邻居，讲珍惜家庭和友谊。,2010年阅读理解的4个语篇：A篇西方姓名的由来，重在传播西方文化；B篇阐释了人与动物，人与自然的关系；C篇退税规定，贴近生活，旨在社会规范；D篇高铁畅想,鼓励关注时事，关心社会。,2011年四篇文章体现了时代信息和时代精神：A篇是关于生活中离不开小发明，鼓励年轻人要善于把握发明创新的契机。B篇是应用文，介绍志愿者保护英国国家公园的相关信息，突出文化，环保主题。,C篇关于风力涡轮发电。如何利用新能源是当今社会关注的问题，体现了时代热点。D篇张扬爱和人性。一位父亲鼓励自己心智和身体残疾的儿子参与棒球运动，比赛中同伴们人性的大爱使父亲体会到儿子被接受的感动，使儿子体验了成为英雄的快乐。该文体现了对考生自我教育。,（二）阅读量大，文章篇幅长,08年D篇为859（603)词，是一篇完整的短篇小说；10年B篇750（516）词，D篇666（486）词；11年D篇892（595）词。,（三）体裁的多样性（08）A议论文，B说明文，C应用文，D记叙文（10）A说明文，B议论文，C应用文，D说明文（11）A议论文，B应用文，C说明文，D记叙文,（四）考点覆盖全面细节题6-7题，推理题4-6题，主旨题1题，猜词题1题,数字计算题1-2题。,二.热点推荐：试题选择,（一）题材选择：人文性，时代性人与人，人与社会，自我教育感恩，励志，生活态度，思维方式，价值取向,（二）体裁选择：四大主流文体议论文，说明文，应用文，记叙文,（三）篇幅选择：多练长文文章长度：450-600词（四）限时训练：保证速度,三.难点评析：问题点拨,（一）规范行为，定型方法先阅读正文，再解答问题讲什么？怎么讲？抒发什么？抓关键词：阅读中不能对句子中的每一个词平均施力，一定要区别对待。首先句子的主干部分是阅读重点，即主语和谓语动词，对于修饰性的部分，如定语和状语则可根据题目的需要决定详略。,留心主题句：如果只顾逐词逐句阅读，往往读完全文却很茫然，词都认识，就是不知道文章讲什么。而文章段落的主题句则可以帮助我们将中心思想和作者意图勾勒出来。适当预测：大脑的逻辑思维、推理判断要贯穿于整个阅读，使阅读过程成为连续的“推测验证”的过程。,2.先浏览问题，再阅读正文长文，难文，应用文（06湖南）Byconviction（信念）shewasasensualist（感觉论者）,butbynatureshewasamoralist（伦理论者）,andintheworksshepublishedinthe1970sand1980s,itwasthelattersideofherthatcameforward.InIllnessasMetaphor,publishedin1978,aftershesufferedcancershearguedagainsttheideathatcancerwassomehowaspecialproblemofdepressedpersonalities（被压抑的性格）,aconceptthateffectivelyblamedthevictimforthedisease.Infact,re-examiningoldpositionswasherlifelonghabit.,74.AsforSusanSontagslifelonghabit,she_.A.misunderstoodtheideaofseriousnessB.re-examinedoldpositionsC.arguedforanopennesstopopcultureD.preferredmoralstobeauty,(二）积累经验，激活旧知注意同类话题的积累，用已有知识和经验辅助理解新的语篇。（三）分清主次，抓住重点阅读量的保障：每天至少两至三个语篇。,问题二高考阅读理解有哪些解题技巧？,重点讲解：四种能力热点推荐：解读真题难点评析：两类难题,重点讲解：四种能力,（一）主旨大意题此类题考查学生对文章主题或中心思想的领会和理解能力。问题如：Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?Whatdoesthewriterwanttotellus?Whichisthebesttitleofthispassage?,主题句在篇首（2009北京卷D篇）Theevidenceforharmonymaynotbeobviousinsomefamilies.Butitseemsthatfouroutoffiveyoungpeoplenowgetonwiththeirparents,whichistheoppositeofthepopularly-heldimage(印象)ofunhappyteenagerslockedintheirroomafterendlessfamilyquarrels.71.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?NegotiationinfamilyB.EducationinfamilyC.HarmonyinfamilyD.Teenagertroubleinfamily,主题句在篇中（2009湖南卷A篇）Theone-kilogramWin-Cubesatellite,namedforitshomecityanditsshape,willbeputintoloworbit.Onceinspace,itcanperformforafewmonthsoruptoseveralyears,communicatinginformationthatcouldhelpfindtheearlysignsofearthquakes.,Thereare80similarsatelliteprojectsworldwide,butthisisthefirsthigh-schoolbasedprogramofitskindinCanada.30Manitobahighschoolstudentsarehavingahandindesigningandbuildingthesatellite,incooperationwithaerospace(航空航天的)expertsand10studentsfromtheUniversityofManitoba,andwithsupportfromtwootherorganizations.71.Thebesttitleforthispassagemaybe.A.ManitobaSchoolB.Win-CubeProgramC.SpaceCooperationD.SatelliteLaunching,主题句在篇尾（2010全国卷IC篇）JustasChrisitehadnoticedchangesinMcKenzie,Ialsodiscoveredsomethingdifferentineachofmychildrenduringouralonetimes.Forexample,Iamalwayssurprisedwhenmydaughter,whoisseldomclosetome,holdsmyhandfrequently.Mystuttering(口吃的)son,Tom,doesntstutteronceduringouractivitiessincehedoesnthavetostruggleforachancetospeak.Andtheotherson,Sam,whosalwaysafollowerwhenaroundotherchildrenshinesasaleaderduringourtimestogether.,The“MommyandMe”timeallowsustobesimplyalongandawaywitheachchildtalking,sharing,andlaughing,whichhasbeenthebiggestgain.Everychilddeservestobeanonlychildatleastonceinawhile.64.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?Theexperienceoftheonlychildbeingwithmother.B.Theadvantageofspendingtimewithonechildatatime.C.Thehappylifeoftwofamilies.D.Thebasicneedsofchildren.,回顾全文，概括文章的主题（2010福建卷D篇）Earnupto$25000ayearasaMedicalTranscriptionist!Noexperienceisneeded.Workthehoursyouchoose.Trainathomeinyoursparetime.Themedicaljobneedsskilledtranscriptionists.Soifyoucantype,orarewillingtolearn,wecantrainyoutoworkathomedoingmedicaltranscriptionsfromtapesdictatedbydoctors.Getfreeinformation!At-HomeProfessionCorp.CallTollFree1-800-475-,68.Thebesttitleofthe3rdadvertisementwouldbe.TrainingatHomeB.LearningatHomeC.RecordingWorkD.WorkingatHome,（二）推理判断题考查逻辑思维能力，即要求考生根据文章的逻辑关系进行推理判断。题目难度大，涉及面广，如人物的性格、心理，故事的结局、寓意，文章的出处、体裁风格，作者的态度，文章的行文走势等。在阅读中需要充分利用逻辑知识，挖掘文章内涵，摸清作者意图，不能以臆断代替推理，或者忽视作者的倾向，脱离文章本身，拼凑其他“事实”。同时要善于寻找体现作者观点的信号词，并区别作者观点与对立人观点。,写作意图（2007全国卷IIB篇）Ifallthestudentsinaclasstriedoutforbasketball,somewouldbeverygoodplayers;otherswouldbeverypoor;andmanywouldbeinbetween.Buteventheverypoorplayerscanbecomemuchbetterplayersiftheyareguidedintherightway,andwithplentyofpractice.Itisthesamewithreading.,46.Withtheexampleofbasketballplayers,theauthorshows.whycertainpeoplearepoorreadersB.thattherearedifferencesinpeoplesabilitiesC.whysomepeoplearegoodbasketballplayersD.thatgoodbasketballplayerscanbegoodreaders,态度倾向（2009北京卷D篇）Animportantnewstudyintoteenageattitudessurprisinglyshowsthattheirfamilylifeismoreharmoniousthanithaseverbeeninthepast.“Weweresurprisedbyjusthowpositivetodaysyoungpeopleseemtobeabouttheirfamilies.”saidonememberoftheresearchteam.“Theyreexpectedtoberebellious(叛逆的)andselfish,butactuallythey,haveotherthingsontheirmind:theywantacarandmaterialgoods,andtheyworryaboutwhetherschoolisservingthemwell.Theresmorenegotiation(商议)anddiscussionbetweenparentsandchildren,andchildrenexpecttotakepartinthefamilydecision-makingprocess.Thedontwanttorocktheboat.”70.Accordingtotheauthor,teenagerebellion.A.maybeafalsebeliefB.iscommonnowadaysC.existedonlyinthe1960sD.resultedfromchangesinfamilies,深层推理（2007全国卷IE篇）Todayabout70countriesuseDaylightSavingTime(DST).DaylightSavingwasfirstintroducedduringWorldWarIinAustralia.Duringtheworldwars,DSTwasusedforthelatesummersbeginningJanuary1917and1942,andthefullsummersbeginningSeptember1942and1943.ThedifferencesindaylightsavinginAustraliacontinuetocauseseriousproblemsintransportandmanyothersocialactivities.Italsoreduces,thenumberofhoursintheworkingdaythatarecommontoallcentersinthecountry.Inparticular,timedifferencesalongtheeastcoastcausemajordifficulties,especiallyforthebroadcastersofnationalradioandtelevision.75.WhatdoweknowabouttheuseofDSTfromthelastparagraph?A.Thereexistsomeundesirableeffects.B.Ithelpslittletosaveenergy.C.Itbringsaboutlongerworkingdays.D.RadioandTVprogramsbecomedifferent.,（三）词义猜测题猜测文中划线词或短语的意义，或对文中某个句意的理解。解此类题目有时可以通过构词法的原则猜测生词，有时可以通过解释性的语言或标点符号的提示找到答案，但更主要的是要抓住上下文的逻辑意义以及作者的意图。如：Iliketoreadperiodicals,suchasTimeMagazine,Newsweek,ReadersDigest,etc.由上文的read和下文suchas后面所举的例子可以判断“periodical”的意思是“期刊”。,根据定义、解释和复述猜测词义（2010重庆卷D篇）Asabigplant-eater,itlargelyshapestheforest-and-savanna(大草原)surroundingsinwhichitlives,thereforesettingthetermsofexistenceformillionsofotheranimalsthatliveinitshabitat(栖息地).68.Whatdoestheunderlinedphrase“settingtheterms”mostprobablymean?Fixingthetime.B.Worseningthestate.C.ImprovingthequalityD.Decidingtheconditions.,根据因果关系猜测词义（2009安徽卷A篇）Theabovearethemainreasonsforthisproblem,andthereforewehavetoencourageyoungpeopletobemoreactive,aswellassteeringthemawayfromfastfoodshopsandbadeatinghabits.58.Theword“steering”underlinedinthelastsentencemostprobablymeans.A.forcingB.guidingC.drivingD.moving,根据对比关系猜测词义（2007江苏卷B篇）ProfessorBarryWellmanoftheUniversityofTorontoinCanadahasinventedatermtodescribethewaymanyNorthAmericansinteract(互动)thesedays.Thetermis“networkedindividualism”.Thisconceptisnoteasytounderstandbecausethewordsseemtohaveoppositemeanings.Howcanwebeindividuals(个体)andthenetworkedatthesametime?Youneedotherpeoplefornetworks.,60.Theunderlinedphrase“networkedindividualism”probablymeansthatbyusingcomputerpeople.A.sticktotheirownwaysnomatterwhatotherpeoplesayB.havetherightsandfreedomtodothingoftheirowninterestC.dothingsintheirownwaysandexpressopinionsdifferentfromotherpeopleD.areabletokeeptothemselvesbutatthesametimereachouttootherpeople,（四）细节理解题通过对短文中提供的具体文字、数据、图形等的把握，达到对文中词义、句意及段落意义等文章表层意义的理解。难度不大，答案在文章中可以直接找到，而且常常是原文中的一两句话或者是这些表述的变换形式。但在解题时必须仔细阅读题干，小心核对信息，切不可产生疏漏。必要时，可以先浏览问题再阅读文章，有的放矢地在文章中查找解答问题的依据，避免盲目阅读。,直接信息题（2009全国卷IA篇）IwassosadthatsomeonewouldstealourbikethatIwrotetothenewspaperandtoldthemourstory.Shortlyafterthat,severalpeopleinourareaofferedtohelp.Onewonderfulstrangerevenboughtabike,thencalledmyhusbandtopickitup.Onceagainmyhusbandhadawaytogettoandfromhisjob.Itreallyisanhonorthatacompletestrangerwouldgooutoftheirwayforsomeonetheyhavenevermetbefore.,58.Howdidpeoplegettoknowthecouplesproblem?A.Fromradiobroadcast.B.Fromanewspaper.C.FromTVnews.D.Fromastranger.,间接信息题（2007湖北B篇）Desertelephantscantravelover70kilometersinsearchoffeedinggroupsandwaterholes,andhavealargergroupoffamilies.Theydrinkonlyevery3-4days,andcanstorewaterina“bag”atthebackoftheirthroat,whichisonlyusedwhenbadlyneeded.Desertelephantsarecarefulfeederstheyseldomrootuptreesandbreak,fewerbranches,andthusmaintainwhatlittlefoodsourcesareavailable.Youngelephantsmayeveneatthedung(粪便)ofthefemaleleaderofagroupwhenfacingfoodshortage.66.Desertelephantsarecalledcarefulfeedersbecausethey.A.rarelyruintreesB.drinkonlyevery3-4daysC.searchforfoodinlargegroupsD.protectfoodsourcesfortheiryoung,二.热点推荐：解读真题,（一）阅读近年高考真题，把握命题规律1.江苏省2008、2010、2011高考真题2.题号与信息呈现的先后顺序的对应（二）阅读大学英语四级试题，培养面对挑战的信心1.大学英语四级2009-2011年阅读部分2.大学英语四级2009-2011年完形部分,三.难点评析：两类难题,（一）主旨大意题考查对全文或某一段落的整体把握能力，即对整个语篇、段落的抽象概括能力。可以是文章或某一段落的中心，也可以是作者的写作意图等。在阅读过程中要始终留心中心词汇以及段落主题，理清文章逻辑，准确抓住全文的主旨。同时还要注意选项的表意，其内涵和外延必须恰如其分地概括文章的主题，既不能范围过大，也不能把某个细节或局部误当主题。,Skinisthenameforthespecialcoveringonourbodies.Itcomesincolorssuchasblack,brown,white,yellowandred.However,thecolorofskinisnotmostimportant.Allskinhasoneimportantjob:toprotectwhatisinsideourbodies.Withcarefultreatment,yourskinwillcontinuetohelpprotectyouandyourbodyforalongtime.,Skinhastwoparts.Thetoppart,whichcanbeseen,iscalledtheepidermis(表皮).Itisaverythinlayerofdeadskin.Thebodyreplacesthislayerallthetime.Peopleloseabouttwentykilosofskinintheirlife.Theinnerlayerofskiniscalledthedermis(真皮).Theskininthislayerisliving.Thedermismakesnewskinfortheepidermis.Inaddition,thedermisha