名词性从句课件

名词性从句,RelatedConception(相关概念),1.名词:,表示人或事物的名称的词叫名词。,2.名词在句子当中一般可以作什么成分?,名词在句中主要作主语、宾语、表语和同位语。,TheboyisliMing.,主语,表语,Mr.Liang,a24-year-oldboy,teachesusEnglish.,主语,同位语,宾语,在英语的句子结构中，本来该由名词充当的主语、宾语、表语和同位语，由一个句子来充当,这个句子就叫名词性从句。,什么是名词性从句?,名词性从句,主语从句(TheSubjectClause),宾语从句(TheObjectClause),表语从句(ThePredicativeClause),同位语从句(TheAppositiveClause),请判断出下列的句子属于哪种从句,WhatIwanttodoistakingabath.Thenewsthattheywonthegamespreadthewholeschool.Idontthinkheisanhonestboy.Thefactisthathestolethecar.Doyouknowthefactthathestolethecar?Doyouknowthemanwhoisstandingoverthere?Itissaidthattheywonthegame.,(主从),(同位语从句),(宾从),(表从),(同位语从句),(定从),(主从),主语从句,主语从句在复合句中做句子的主语。,1.ThatmostofthesearenowthreatenedandmaydisappearisaseriousmattertothepeopleinBritain.,2.Whyhefailedtheexamwasntclear.,4.Itisapitythatshecannotcome.,3.Whetherhehasfailedtheexamwasntclear.,2）主语从句的连接词,1.连词that(无词义,不作成分,不能省略,只起连接作用);whether(是否),不作成分,不用if.Thathewillcomeandhelpusiscertain.Whetherwewillsucceedisstillaquestion.,注意:已确定的事由that引导;没决定的事由whether引导.,他星期三来这里是肯定的。,ThathewillcomehereonWednesdayiscertain.,注意：从句作主语时，就算是句子意思完整，都要加上从属连词that,他星期三是否来这里还不肯定的。,WhetherhewillcomehereonWednesdayisnotcertain.,注意：that引导的主语从句放在句首很少，只是为了强调或谓语较长时才这样,3.连接副词when(ever),where(ever),how(ever),why,howlong,howoften,howsoon,howfar,howmany/much等.,Whenthetestwillbegivenisnotyetdecided.Howmuchwecanspendmustbeagreedon.,2.连接代词what,whatever,who,whoever,which,whichever,whose等.在从句做主语/宾语/表语,Whatyousaidisperfectlytrue.(宾语)Whoevercomeswillbewelcome.谁来都欢迎,连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用，在从句中充当从句的成分。在主语从句中作主语、宾语、表语、状语这些连接词不能省略；,注意,Whatcausedtheaccidentisacompletemystery.(主)Whatevershesaidwasright.(宾语)Whowillwinthematchisstillunknown.谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。Whoevercomestothepartywillreceiveapresent.（主语）,Whenhellbebackdependsmuchontheweather.WheretheEnglisheveningwillbeheldhasnotyetbeenannounced.(状语)英语晚会将在哪里举行，还没有宣布。Whyhefailedtheexamwasntclear.(状语)Howthebookwillselldependsonitsauthor.(状语),3）注意事项：,为了使句子结构平衡，避免头重脚轻，主语从句常用“it”作形式主语，把真正的主语放在后面。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下：,Itisknowntousthathewillcomehere.,（1）It+be+形容词+主语从句（2）It+be+名词+主语从句（3）It+不及物动词+主语从句（4）It+及物动词的被动语态+主语从句,常用句型如下：,It+be+形容词主语从句,Itisnecessary/importantthat.是有必要/重要的Itisobvious/clearthat很明显Itiscertain/truethat是肯定的Itistruethat是事实Itisstrangethat很奇怪Itisnaturalthat是很自然的,It+be+名词主语从句,Itisapity/ashame真遗憾Itisasurprise.令人惊奇的是Itisafact事实是Itisanhonor是我的荣幸Itisawonder是奇迹,It+不及物动词that从句,Itappears/seemsthat似乎/看起来Ithappensthat.碰巧Itoccurredtomethat我突然想起Itdoesntmatterwhether,It+be+-ed分词主语从句,Itisbelieved/thoughtthat人们相信Itiswellknowntous/allthat.众所周知Ithasbeendecidedthat已经决定Itissaid/reportedthat据听说/据报道Eg:Itisknowntoushowhebecameawriter.我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。,It+及物动词（被动语态）+主语从句,Itisapitythatwecantgo.Itiscertainthatshewilldowellinherexam.ItissaidthatMr.GreenhasarrivedinBeijing.Itdependsontheclimatewhethertheyaregoingshoppingtoday.,2.在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时，谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should)+do”，常用的句型有：,Itisnecessary(important,natural,strange,etc.)thatItissuggested(requested,proposed,desired,etc.)that,主语从句中的虚拟语气,Itissuggested,ordered,proposed,required,demanded,requested,insisted+that(should)doItisimportant,necessary,natural,desirable,strange,advisable,impossible+that(should)doItisapity,ashame,nowonder(难怪)+that(should)do,what引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分，如主语,宾语,表语，而that则不然。例如：1)_yousaidyesterdayisright.2)_sheisstillaliveisagoodthing.,Itisrightwhatyousaidyesterday.,Itisagoodthingthatsheisstillalive.,What,That,3.what与that在引导主语从句时的区别,II.表语从句,在句中作表语的从句叫表语从句。,1.Thatiswhyhedidntpasstheexam.,2.Thequestioniswherehehasgone.,3.Theproblemisthathehasgone.,4.Itlooks/seemsasif/thoughitweregoingtorain.,试区分以下句子,Isthismuseumwhatyouvisited?,Isthisthemuseumthatyouvisited?,Isthismuseumtheonethatyouvisited?,注意：这种句子考试时一定要记住这句话：名词前（尤其是单数可数名词前）一定要有限定词。然后把句子变换成陈述句，接着判断句子是属于哪种从句再完成。,(表从),(定从),(定从),II表语从句,在句中充当表语的从句(即放在be动词后面)叫做表语从句。,我们的目的是他能认识到错误。,Ourpurposeisthathecanrealizehisfaults.,注意：引导表语从句的连接词一般不省略。,问题是它是否值得做。,Thequestioniswhetheritisworthdoing.,注意：表语从句表示“是否”只用“whether”而不用“if”,2.1引导表语从句的关联词,引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样，表语从句位于连系动词后，有时用asif引导。其基本结构为：主语+系动词+that从句，引导表语从句的词有that，whether，who，what，which，whoever，whatever，whichever，when，where，why，how，because等。,(1)that,whether引导的表语从句,that在引导表语从句时无词义，不做成分，而whether有词义，意为、“是否”,不做成分。这时主句的主语常常是些抽象名词,如question,trouble,problem,result,chance,suggestion，idea，reason等。eg:Thereasonisthatyoudonttrusther.Thequestioniswhethertheywillbeabletohelpus.问题是他们是否能帮我们。,(2)连接代词引导的表语从句,连接代词what,who,whom,which,whose,whatever,whoever,whomever,whichever在句中作主语/宾语，不能省略。eg:Theproblemiswhowecangettoreplaceher.问题是我们能找到谁去替换她呢。Thatswhatheisworryingabout.那就是他在担心的事。,(3)连接副词引导的表语从句,连接副词where,when,how,why在表语从句中做状语Thequestionishowhedidit.问题是他是如何做此事的。,(4)连词because,asif,asthough,Hewaslatethismorning.Thatwasbecausehewascaughtinatrafficjam.Allthiswasovertwentyyearsago,butitsasifitwasonlyyesterday.这都是20多年前的事了，但宛如昨天一样。Helookedjustashehadlookedtenyearsbefore.他看起来还与十年前一样。注：从属连词if一般不用来引导表语从句，但asif却可引导表语从句，能跟表语从句的谓语动词一般为系动词be,seem,look等。Itlookedasifitwasgoingtorain.看起来天要下雨了。,难点,1.连词because可引导表语从句。如：eg:Ithinkitisbecauseyouaredoingtoomuch.我想这是因为你做得太多。2.引导表语从句的that不省略，that仅起连接作用，在从句中不充当任何成分，无任何意义。eg:Theimpressionhemakesonmeisthatheisareliableperson.他给我的印象是他是一个可靠的人3.whether可引导表语从句，表“是否”，它在从句中不充当成分，if不能引导表语从句。eg:WhetherJohnwilldothisexperimentremainsaquestion.,4.thereason后面的表语从句只能用that引导，易犯“thereasonisbecause”的错误eg:Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathiscarbrokedownontheway.5.在表示命令order,advice,suggestion,desire,proposal,demand,request,requirement等的名词后的表语从句中，谓语动词要用虚拟语气：should+动词原形，should可省略eg:Hissuggestionisthatwe(should)holdanothermeetingtodiscusstheproblem.,最具代表性的表语从句,1.ThatiswhypracticeisthemostimportantinlearningEnglish.2.Thevillageisnolongerwhatitusedtobetenyearsago.3.Thatwasbecausehewascaughtinatrafficjam.4.Thereasonwhyhewaslatewasthathiscarbrokedownontheway.,Iknowhim.2.Iknowwhoheis.,主语,谓语,宾语,（简单句）,主语,谓语,宾语从句,连词,从句主语,从句谓语,主句,复合句,III.宾语从句,在句中充当及物动词或介词或某些形容词的宾语的句子叫做宾语从句。通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词或形容词之后。,1.Ithinkthatitwillbeofnouse.,2.Iwonderifyoucandomeafavour.,3.Itdependsonwhetherthebosswillagreetoyouornot.,4.Imsurethatyouwillwinthegame.,1.作动词的宾语(1)动词后直接+宾语从句由that引导的宾语从句(that通常可以省略),例如：Iheardthathejoinedthearmy.由what,whether(if)引导的宾语从句，例如：Shedidnotknowwhathadhappened.Iwonderwhetheryoucanchangethisnoteforme.(2)动词间接宾语宾语从句。例如：Shetoldmethatshewouldacceptmyinvitation.,3.作形容词的宾语Iamafraid(that)Ivemadeamistake.Iamsure(that)hewillwinthegame.,2.作介词的宾语Idontcareforwhomarrieshim.Wearetalkingaboutwhetherweadmitstudentsintoourclub.,宾语从句三要素：,连接词,时态,语序,3.1引导词,由从属连词that引导的宾语从句,连接代词Who,whom,whose,whichwhat连接副词where,how,why,when引导的宾语从句,由从属连词whether,if引导的宾语从句,由从属连词that引导的宾语从句,注：that在句中无词汇意义，在从句中不能充当成分，在口语或非正式文体中往往省略,e.g.Ihear(that)_.（一小时后他会回来）Hesaid(that)_.（他非常想念我们）Theteachertoldus(that)_.（地球围着太阳转）,hewillbebackinanhour,hemissedusverymuch,theearthmovesaroundthesun,由从属连词whether,if引导的宾语从句,e.g.1.Iwanttoknow_.（他是否跟我们一起去公园）2.Askhim_.（他是否能来）3.Idontknow_.（是否要下雨）,if(whether)hewillgototheparkwithus,whether(if)hecancome,whetheritisgoingtorainornot,whether,if在从句中不能充当成分，当句末为ornot时，引导词只能用whether而不能用if.,由连接代词what,whom,whose,which,what连接副词when,where,how,why引导的宾语从句,3.2语序,宾语从句的语序用陈述语序：连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分,3.3时态,Iknowheliveshere.Iknowhelivedheretenyearsago.Ihaveheardthathewillcometomorrow.,主句用现在时或将来时，从句可用任何时态，根据实际情况而定。,2.如果主句是过去的时态（一般过去时，过去进行时），从句的时态一定要用相对应的过去的某种时态（一般过去时，过去进行时，过去将来时，过去完成时）,Iknewwholivedhere.Isawshewastalkingwithhermother.Heaskedwhetherhisfatherwouldcomebacktomorrow.Hesaidthathehadseenit.,Theteachertoldmeshewasbornin1960.IheardthathewenttoParislastnight.,3.从句说明的是一般真理、客观事实、自然现象时，仍用一般现在时。,Dadtoldusthatitisbettertodothantosay.Hetoldtheboythatthreeandthreeissix.Hetoldmetheearthmovesaroundthesun.,4.从句中有具体时间状语，即使从句动作发生在主句动作前，仍用一般过去时。,Theradiosaysit_cloudytomorrow.(be)Theheadmasterhopeseverything_well.(go)Ihearthey_(return)italready.Hesaidthatthey_membersofthePartysince1948.(be)Ourteachertoldusinclassthesun_intheeast.(rise),willbe,goes,havereturned,hadbeen,rises,3.4宾语从句注意事项,1)当从句的原句为以下句子以及what,who作主语时，语序不变：Whatswrong?Whatsthematter?eg:Idontknowwhatsthematter.Canyoutellmewhoisoverthere?,2)在宾语从句中，只能用whether，不能用if引导的宾语从句,(1)在具有选择意义，又有or或ornot时，尤其是直接与ornot连用时，往往用whetherLetmeknowwhetherhewillcomeornot(2)在介词的后面Imthinkingofwhetherweshouldgotoseethefilm.(3)在带to的不定式前Wedecidedwhethertowalkthere.(4)宾语从句提前时，不能换用if。Whetherthisistrueornot，Icantsay这是否真的我说不上来。,3）否定的转移,若主句谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,guess,imagine等，其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义，一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上，从句谓语用肯定式。,Idontthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.Idontthinkyouareright.,我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。我认为你是错的。,Idontbelieveyouwillfinishtheworktoday.,我认为你今天无法完成工作。,4）宾语从句中用it作形式宾语,Wethinkitourdutythatweshouldhelpothers.Ifinditimpossiblethatheshouldfinishtheworkintwodays.,注意：如果主句中有形容词或名词作宾语补足语时，一般用it来作形式宾语，而真正的宾语that从句则放在宾补后面。,5)宾语从句中的虚拟语气在动词insist,order,command,suggest,advise,propose,demand,require,request,desire,decide,determine,recommend,deserve(值得提及)等词后的宾语从句，从句需用should+动词原形，should可以省略。,一个坚持：insist一个想要desire一个宁愿prefer两个命令：order,command三个建议：advise,suggest,propose四个要求：demand,require,request,ask,IV同位语从句,在主从复合句中作同位语的从句称为同位语从句。功能：同位语从句对于名词进一步解释，说明其前面的名词的具体内容。1)Thekingsdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople.2)Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillisgivenbythegeneral.,4.1同位语在句子中的位置,同位语从句一般紧跟在所说明的名词有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例如：HegotthenewsfromMarythatthesportsmeetingwasputoff.WordcamethatNapoleonwouldcomeandinspecthisgrandarmy.,4.2同位语从句的引导词,1.同位语从句多用that来作连接词，而且不能省略。2.同位语从句意义不完整，需增加“是否”的含义，用whether引导同位语从句(不用if)。eg:Welldiscusstheproblemwhetherthesportsmeetingwillbeheldontime.我们将讨论运动会是否会如期举行的问题。3.如同位语从句意义不完整，需增加“什么时候”、“什么地点”、“什么方式”等含义，应用what，when,where,how等词引导同位语从句。Itsthequestionhowhedidit.问题是他是如何做这件事的。,注:,在havenoidea之后常用wh-引导同位语从句.,Ihavenoideawherehehasgone.Ihavenoideawhenhedidit.Ihavenoideawhathedid.,4.3同位语从句常修饰的名词,同位语从句一般跟在抽象名词fact,belief,idea,news,hope,doubt,thought,possibility,opinion,problem,information,suggestion,word,result,promise,evidence,order,plan,decision,answer,reply等后面,用以说明或解释前面的名词.eg:Thenewsthattheyhadwonthegamesoonspreadoverthewholeschool.Hisdelayisduetothefactthatthecarwentwronghalfway.,Thenewsthattheyhadwonthegamesoonspreadoverthewholeschool.Hisdelayisduetothefactthatthecarwentwronghalfway.Hegaveherapromisethathewouldcomebackaftertwomonths.TomgotamessagefromMrSmiththattherewouldbeatestsoon.WordcamethatChinalauncheditsfirstmannedspaceshiponOct.15,2003.Thethoughtcametoherthatmaybeshehadleftthedooropenwhenshelefthome.,2.Ihavenoideathathehasalreadygoneabroad/whenhewillbeback/whobrokethewindow/whyshewenthome.3.Ihavenodoubt/Thereisnodoubtthathewillsucceed.4.Ihavesomedoubt/Thereissomedoubtwhethertheycancompletethetaskontime.5.ThebeliefthatallroadsleadtoRomeissharedbymanypeople.6.Thepossibilitythatpeoplewouldhavetowalktothefarmwasmentioned.7.Hecantanswerthequestionhowhegotthemoney.8.Wedontunderstandtheproblemwhythisisthebestchoice.,4.4注意事项,同位语从句中的虚拟语气同位语从句和定语从句的相似同位语从句和定语从句的区别,1）同位语从句中的虚拟语气在order,advice,suggestion,desire,proposal,demand,request,requirement,idea等名词后面的同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。eg:Hegaveanorderthattheworkbedoneatonce.,考题点击：Hissuggestionthatyou_oncemoresoundsreasonable.A.tryB.triesC.musttryD.cantry,A,试区分以下句子,Doyouknowthefactthathestolethecar?,Doyouknowthefactthattheyweretalkingabout?,注意：1.如果是定语从句，它的从句肯定是不完整的，关系词肯定在句中充当成分的；而同位语从句中的that只起连接作用。2.定语从句是对先行词起修饰作用，而同位语从句则解释说明先行词的具体内容。,(同从),(定从),2）同位语从句与定语从句的相似之处,（1）两种从句都可以译成定语,Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchisencouraging.（同位语从句）我们队取得决赛胜利的消息令人鼓舞。Thenewsthatyoutoldusisreallyencouraging.（定语从句）你告诉我们的消息真的令人鼓舞。,（2）两种从句都可以用that引导,Thesuggestionthatstudentsshouldlearnsomethingpracticalisworthconsidering.（同位语从句）学生应该学些实用的东西的建议值得考虑。Thesuggestionthatisworthconsideringisthatthestudentsshouldlearnsomethingpractical.（定语从句）值得考虑的建议是学生应该学些实用的东西。,3）同位语从句与定语从句的不同之处,1）从句的作用不同：同位语从句用来进一步说明前面名词的内容；定语从句用来修饰、限定前面的名词。,e.g.Thenewsthatourteamhaswonthefinalmatchisencouraging.（从句说明“消息”的内容：我们队取得了决赛胜利。）Thenewsthatyoutoldusisreallyencouraging.（从句对“消息”加以限定：是你告诉我们的，而非来自其他渠道。但消息是何内容却不得而知）,（2）引导从句的关联词that的功能不同：that引导同位语从句时是一个纯连词，不充当任何成分；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，既指代先行词又须在从句中充当成分。,DadmadeapromisethathewouldbuymeCDplayerifIpassedtheEnglishtest.（that不充当任何成分）Dadmadeapromisethatexcitedallhischildren.（that指代promise，又在从句中充当主语）,that引导的同位语从句与定语从句的区别：,比较：15.Weexpressedthehope(that/which)theyhadexpressed.WeexpressedthehopethattheywouldcometovisitChinaagain.16.ThenewsthatIhavepassedtheexamistrue.Thenews(that/which)hetoldmejustnowistrue.17.Theadvice(that/which)hegavewassupportedbyusall.Theadvicethatwe(should)setoutatoncewassupportedbyusall.,（定语从句）,（同位语从句）,（同位语从句）,（定语从句）,（定语从句）,（同位语从句）,引导词if和whether的区别if和whether引导动词后面的宾语从句时一般可通用，但主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句介词后的宾语从句只能用whether不能用if引导。eg：Idontcareif/whetherhewillcometomyparty.Whethershewillgohomeornotisunknown.Thequestioniswhetherwecancollectenoughmoney.Imnotinterestedinwhethertheyllgoornot.,名词性从句的难点,2.引导词who与whoever的区别whoever表示任何一个人或事物,无范围可言引导名词性从句时，相当于=anyonewho或thosewho.它既是从句的主语，又是主句的主语。而who义,是指具体的人或物只作从句的主语，它引导的从句才是主句的主语。Whoeverleavestheroomlastoughttoturnoffthelight.Whowillbeelectedpresidentdoesntmakemuchdifferencetome.3.引导词what与whatever的区别whatever引导名词性从句时，与what差不多，只是语气上更强些，有“任何一切”之意。Itisgenerallyconsideredunwisetogiveachildwhateverheorshewants.ThisisexactlywhatIwant.,4.whoever与nomatterwho的区别whatever与nomatterwhat的区别whoever和whatever既可以引导名词性从句，也可引导让步状语从句；nomatterwho和nomatterwhat只引导让步状语从句。Whatever(Nomatterwhat)youmaythink，Imgoingaheadwithmyplans.Takewhateveryouneedandleavemealone.,5.同位语从句与定语从句的区别同位语从句用于解释前面名词的内容，从句本身是一个非常完整的句子，所以其前的名词在同位语从句中不作任何成分；定语从句对其前的名词加以限制和修饰，从句本身不够完整，因此其前的名词在定语从句中通常作主语、宾语或表语等成分。ImadeapromisethatifanyonesetmefreeIwouldmakehimveryrich.Themothermadeapromisethatpleasedallherchildren.6.名词性从句的语序名词性从句一律用陈述语序。Noonewillbesurewhatmanwilllooklikeinamillionyears.没人知道百万年后人会是什么样子。,7.名词性从句中的语气(1)在Itisnecessary/natural/important/strange.that主语从句中，从句中的谓语动词用“should原形动词”表虚拟语气，且should可省略。Itisnecessarythattheproblemshouldbesettledatonce.(2)表示“建议、命令、要求”意义的动词，后接that宾语从句时，从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气，即“should原形动词”，且should可省略。Bobsdoctorsuggeststhathe(should)restforafewdays.(3)表示“建议、要求、命令、想法”意义的名词，后接that表语从句或同位语从句时，从句中的谓语动词要用虚拟语气：“should动词原形”，should可以省略。这类名词有：advice，agreement，command，decision，demand,determination，order，preference，proposal，request，requirement等。,1.Thequestionis_thefilmisworthseeing.A.ifB.whatC.whetherD.how2.Theyreceivedorders_theworkbedoneatonce.A.whichB.whenC./D.that3.Thereason_Ihavetogois_mymotherisillinbed.A.why;whyB.why;becauseC.why;thatD.that;because4._Icantunderstandis_shewantstochangehermind.A.What;whyB.Which;howC.That;whyD.What;because5._hisdreamofgoingtocollegewillcometrueisuncertain.A.ThatB.WhetherC.IfD.Evenif6.Itisknowntous_wherethereispollution,thereisharm.A.whichB.whereC.whatD.that7.Ihavetheinformation_.A.ofwhathellcomesoonB.thathellcomesoonC.ofthathellcomesoonD.hiscomingsoon,C,D,C,A,B,D,B,单项填空,8.