托福阅读技巧-逻辑篇PPT课件

.,1,托福阅读技巧,段落逻辑篇,.,2,通用技巧,上下文猜重点词段首段尾知主旨注意例证和转折核心定位找原句排除陷阱干扰项,逻辑关系,.,3,Howdoyoureadaparagraph?,Doyoureadeverydetailoronlyreadthesentenceswiththekeywordsinthequestions?,Time-consuming！,Confusing！,.,4,Howdoyoureadaparagraph?,Doyoureadtheparagraphagainandagainwhenitishardtounderstandorwhenitishardtofindtheanswertothequestion?,.,5,Example1,Readthefollowingparagraphtoanswerthequestion.,.,6,Paragraph3:Iftrue,though,whydidcold-bloodedanimalssuchassnakes,lizards,turtles,andcrocodilessurvivethefreezingwintersandtorridsummers?Theseanimalsareatthemercyoftheclimatetomaintainalivablebodytemperature.Itshardtounderstandwhytheywouldnotbeaffected,whereasdinosaurswerelefttoocrippledtocope,especiallyif,assomescientistsbelieve,dinosaurswerewarm-blooded.CriticsalsopointoutthattheshallowseawayshadretreatedfromandadvancedonthecontinentsnumeroustimesduringtheMesozoic,sowhydidthedinosaurssurvivetheclimaticchangesassociatedwiththeearlierfluctuationsbutnotwiththisone?Althoughinitiallyappealing,thehypothesisofasimpleclimaticchangerelatedtosealevelsisinsufficienttoexplainallthedata.Whydoestheauthormentionthesurvivalof“snakes,lizards,turtles,andcrocodiles”inparagraph3?Toarguethatdinosaursmayhavebecomeextinctbecausetheywerenotcold-bloodedanimalsToquestiontheadequacyofthehypothesisthatclimaticchangerelatedtosealevelscausedtheextinctionofthedinosaursTopresentexamplesofanimalsthatcouldmaintainalivablebodytemperaturemoreeasilythandinosaursTosupportahypothesisthattheseanimalswerenotassensitivetoclimatechangesintheCretaceousperiodastheyaretoday,.,7,Paragraph3:Iftrue,though,whydidcold-bloodedanimalssuchassnakes,lizards,turtles,andcrocodilessurvivethefreezingwintersandtorridsummers?Theseanimalsareatthemercyoftheclimatetomaintainalivablebodytemperature.Itshardtounderstandwhytheywouldnotbeaffected,whereasdinosaurswerelefttoocrippledtocope,especiallyif,assomescientistsbelieve,dinosaurswerewarm-blooded.CriticsalsopointoutthattheshallowseawayshadretreatedfromandadvancedonthecontinentsnumeroustimesduringtheMesozoic,sowhydidthedinosaurssurvivetheclimaticchangesassociatedwiththeearlierfluctuationsbutnotwiththisone?Althoughinitiallyappealing,thehypothesisofasimpleclimaticchangerelatedtosealevelsisinsufficienttoexplainallthedata.Whydoestheauthormentionthesurvivalof“snakes,lizards,turtles,andcrocodiles”inparagraph3?Toarguethatdinosaursmayhavebecomeextinctbecausetheywerenotcold-bloodedanimalsToquestiontheadequacyofthehypothesisthatclimaticchangerelatedtosealevelscausedtheextinctionofthedinosaursTopresentexamplesofanimalsthatcouldmaintainalivablebodytemperaturemoreeasilythandinosaursTosupportahypothesisthattheseanimalswerenotassensitivetoclimatechangesintheCretaceousperiodastheyaretoday,.,8,Example2,Readthefollowingparagraphtoanswerthequestion.,.,9,Dissatisfactionwithconventionalexplanationsfordinosaurextinctionsledtoasurprisingobservationthat,inturn,hassuggestedanewhypothesis.ManyplantsandanimalsdisappearabruptlyfromthefossilrecordasonemovesfromlayersofrockdocumentingtheendoftheCretaceousupintorocksrepresentingthebeginningoftheCenozoic(theeraaftertheMesozoic).BetweenthelastlayerofCretaceousrockandthefirstlayerofCenozoicrock,thereisoftenathinlayerofclay.Scientistsfeltthattheycouldgetanideaofhowlongtheextinctionstookbydetermininghowlongittooktodepositthisonecentimeterofclayandtheythoughttheycoulddeterminethetimeittooktodeposittheclaybydeterminingtheamountoftheelementiridium(lr)itcontained.Inparagraph4,allthefollowingquestionsareansweredEXCEPT:WhyistherealayerofclaybetweentherocksoftheCretaceousandCenozoic?WhywerescientistsinterestedindetermininghowlongittooktodepositthelayerofclayattheendoftheCretaceous?Whatwastheeffectofthesurprisingobservationscientistsmade?WhydidscientistswantmoreinformationaboutthedinosaurextinctionsattheendoftheCretaceous?,.,10,Dissatisfactionwithconventionalexplanationsfordinosaurextinctionsledtoasurprisingobservationthat,inturn,hassuggestedanewhypothesis.ManyplantsandanimalsdisappearabruptlyfromthefossilrecordasonemovesfromlayersofrockdocumentingtheendoftheCretaceousupintorocksrepresentingthebeginningoftheCenozoic(theeraaftertheMesozoic).BetweenthelastlayerofCretaceousrockandthefirstlayerofCenozoicrock,thereisoftenathinlayerofclay.Scientistsfeltthattheycouldgetanideaofhowlongtheextinctionstookbydetermininghowlongittooktodepositthisonecentimeterofclayandtheythoughttheycoulddeterminethetimeittooktodeposittheclaybydeterminingtheamountoftheelementiridium(lr)itcontained.Inparagraph4,allthefollowingquestionsareansweredEXCEPT:WhyistherealayerofclaybetweentherocksoftheCretaceousandCenozoic?WhywerescientistsinterestedindetermininghowlongittooktodepositthelayerofclayattheendoftheCretaceous?Whatwastheeffectofthesurprisingobservationscientistsmade?WhydidscientistswantmoreinformationaboutthedinosaurextinctionsattheendoftheCretaceous?,.,11,Theinternallogic?,Dissatisfactionwithconventionalexplanationsfordinosaurextinctionsledtoasurprisingobservationthat,inturn,hassuggestedanewhypothesis.ManyplantsandanimalsdisappearabruptlyfromthefossilrecordasonemovesfromlayersofrockdocumentingtheendoftheCretaceousupintorocksrepresentingthebeginningoftheCenozoic(theeraaftertheMesozoic).BetweenthelastlayerofCretaceousrockandthefirstlayerofCenozoicrock,thereisoftenathinlayerofclay.Scientistsfeltthattheycouldgetanideaofhowlongtheextinctionstookbydetermininghowlongittooktodepositthisonecentimeterofclayandtheythoughttheycoulddeterminethetimeittooktodeposittheclaybydeterminingtheamountoftheelementiridium(lr)itcontained.,因,果,目的,方式,.,12,Dissatisfactionwithconventionalexplanationsfordinosaurextinctionsledtoasurprisingobservationthat,inturn,hassuggestedanewhypothesis.ManyplantsandanimalsdisappearabruptlyfromthefossilrecordasonemovesfromlayersofrockdocumentingtheendoftheCretaceousupintorocksrepresentingthebeginningoftheCenozoic(theeraaftertheMesozoic).BetweenthelastlayerofCretaceousrockandthefirstlayerofCenozoicrock,thereisoftenathinlayerofclay.Scientistsfeltthattheycouldgetanideaofhowlongtheextinctionstookbydetermininghowlongittooktodepositthisonecentimeterofclayandtheythoughttheycoulddeterminethetimeittooktodeposittheclaybydeterminingtheamountoftheelementiridium(lr)itcontained.Inparagraph4,allthefollowingquestionsareansweredEXCEPT:WhyistherealayerofclaybetweentherocksoftheCretaceousandCenozoic?WhywerescientistsinterestedindetermininghowlongittooktodepositthelayerofclayattheendoftheCretaceous?Whatwastheeffectofthesurprisingobservationscientistsmade?WhydidscientistswantmoreinformationaboutthedinosaurextinctionsattheendoftheCretaceous?,Canyourememberthelogic?,Pleasetakenotesifnecessary!,.,13,因果转折对比类比比较目的分类,要点论点学会迅速判断和扫读非考点细节细节描述的特征：常无标志词数字、年代专有名词事件经过,跳跃式阅读，习惯成自然！O(_)O,.,20,针对难点重点分析,建立逻辑模型提炼架构笔记,常见细节形式：例证eg.对比A/B类比AB描述Dx,常见要点形式：1.列举1st,2nd,3rd（原因Cs,结果Rs，目的Pp）A2.分类BC3.态度Op1Op2Op1Op2,重难点分析，还要靠笔记！O(_)O,.,21,主动推测与预测,主动总结要点填补逻辑空白,更好的理解，推测不可缺！O(_)O,.,22,请分析结构总结要点、填补逻辑空白,Dissatisfactionwithconventionalexplanationsfordinosaurextinctionsledtoasurprisingobservationthat,inturn,hassuggestedanewhypothesis.ManyplantsandanimalsdisappearabruptlyfromthefossilrecordasonemovesfromlayersofrockdocumentingtheendoftheCretaceousupintorocksrepresentingthebeginningoftheCenozoic(theeraaftertheMesozoic).BetweenthelastlayerofCretaceousrockandthefirstlayerofCenozoicrock,thereisoftenathinlayerofclay.Scientistsfeltthattheycouldgetanideaofhowlongtheextinctionstookbydetermininghowlongittooktodepositthisonecentimeterofclayandtheythoughttheycoulddeterminethetimeittooktodeposittheclaybydeterminingtheamountoftheelementiridium(lr)itcontained.,.,23,请分析结构总结要点、填补逻辑空白,Dissatisfactionwithconventionalexplanationsfordinosaurextinctionsledtoasurprisingobservationthat,inturn,hassuggestedanewhypothesis.ManyplantsandanimalsdisappearabruptlyfromthefossilrecordasonemovesfromlayersofrockdocumentingtheendoftheCretaceousupintorocksrepresentingthebeginningoftheCenozoic(theeraaftertheMesozoic).BetweenthelastlayerofCretaceousrockandthefirstlayerofCenozoicrock,thereisoftenathinlayerofclay.Scientistsfeltthattheycouldgetanideaofhowlongtheextinctionstookbydetermininghowlongittooktodepositthisonecentimeterofclayandtheythoughttheycoulddeterminethetimeittooktodeposittheclaybydeterminingtheamountoftheelementiridium(lr)itcontained.,总起,细节1,细节2,新发现T:obsv,是什么Dx：clay,何意义Dx：useoftheclay,.,24,补充：因果关系逻辑词（明）,1)因：becauseof,since,for,as,dueto,owingto,inthat,responsiblefor,ascribeto,attributeto2)果：sothat,therefore,thus,hence,asaresult,consequently,accordingly,.,25,补充：因果关系逻辑词（隐）,1)导致：cause,leadto,make(使役