曼哈顿语法笔记

Chapter 3: 主谓一致注意主语和谓语之间构成的逻辑意义相符合Wrong: The development of a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.Right: Once developed, a hydrogen car based on expected performance parameters will be able to travel hundreds of miles without refueling.主语谓语之间必须做到单复数相符合Eliminate the middlemen and Skip and warmup (准确做到正常的跳读)没有必要的句子成分尽量少读介词短语，从句，其他修饰成分善于利用句子的机构去判断单复数The tidal forces to which an object falling into a black hole is subjected are sufficient to tear the object apart.And和additive phases（注意mathematics，aerobics，diabetes,citus都是单数的形式）Media是medium的复数形式。Either or（就近原则确定谓语单复数）集体名词People: agency, army, audience, class, committee, crowd, orchestra, teamItems: baggage, citrus, equipment, fleet, fruit, furniture.用单数Our army of a hundred thousand soldiers is attacking the enemy.不定代词SANAM： some, any, none, all, more/most这几个词语要依据不同情形确定单复数Any of these women is a suitable candidate for marriage to my son.Not one of my friends is here this weekend.Every and eachEvery dog has paws.Every dog and cat has paws.Each of these shirts is pretty.They each are great tennis players.The number of 和 a number of的用法要注意注意there be句型的单复数There are a young man and an older woman at the bus stop.注意：Pong is a classic game from which have descended many current computer pastimes.（这里用了倒装）相当于那个预言的题目，多多注意Chapter 4：平行准则Wrong: I want to retire to a place where I can relax and I pay low taxes.Right: I want to retire to a place where I can relax and where I pay low taxes.使用where能够减少歧义。注意在最后一个列举项目的前面要加上andSal applied himself in his new job, arriving early every day, skipping lunch regularly, and leaving late every night.注意从句子真正的逻辑意义来找到实际上意义并列的结构，不要单单依靠词组的形式。注意另一种更为subtle的平行结构：系动词The bouquet of flowers was a giving of love. (F)The bouquet of flowers was a gift of love. 注意意思还必须对应Upon being nominated this politician represents a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country.(F)The nomination of this politician represents a step forward in urban-rural relations in this country. RChapter 5：Pronouns看到代词的时候，要注意找到他的前置词，然后检查其意义和单复数是否make sense。注意：The park rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating to it.Park 在句子中做的是形容词，因此不能够用来做it 的前置词。正确：The rangers discussed measures to prevent severe wildfires, which would be devastating to the park.注意：作形容词的名词一定不能够用来做代词的前置词永远保证pronouns make sense错误：Although the term “supercomputer” may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it is simply an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.正确：Although the term “supercomputer” may sound fanciful or exaggerated, it simply refers to an extremely fast mainframe that can execute trillions of calculations every second.注意单复数一致。The deadly five：it its they them theirThat, this, these, and those正确用法： New nano-paper incorporate fibers that give these materials strength.注意这四个指示代词不能单独充当主语或者宾语成分注意用it来指代前者的时候必须做到it就完全是前面的事物The money spent by her parents is more than it was expected to be.The money spent by her parents is less than that spent by her.Wrong: her company is outperforming those of her competitors.Right: her company is outperforming the companies of her competitors.注意：在同一个句子中，所有的相同代词都必须指代同一个事物。Supernovas destroy their immediate environments in vast explosions, but by synthesizing heavy chemical elements, they provide the universe with the possibility of biochemistry-based life as we know it.(原因在于supernovas 和they属于两个主从句的主语，虽然they可能存在其他前置词，但是为保持平行性，they 是合理的代词用法啊)Chapter 6：Modifier注意一些形容词以及其衍生的副词在句子中的意义：Corresponding, frequent, independent, rare, resent, seeming, separate, significant, supposed and usual.名词性修饰成分修饰成分的位置需要紧紧依靠在一起，不能相隔一个明显的句子成分要注意名词性修饰成分在主句中存在动词性修饰成分不需要紧紧依靠在一起两个很长的就是成分不能紧紧相连，应该分别放在被修饰成分的两侧Wrong: George Carlin, both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse， influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.Right: both shocking and entertaining audiences across the nation, George Carlin, who also struggled publicly with drug abuse， influenced and inspired a generation of comedians.注意所有格的陷阱Wrong: Unskilled in complex math, Bills score on the exam was poor.Right: Unskilled in complex math, Bill did not score well on the exam.关键是要看修饰成分在逻辑上修饰哪个词语，不要轻易做出结构上的判断。带有关系代词的名词性修饰成分That不能用来修饰人Whose能够用来修饰人和物Who和whom要严格区分The security guard whom we met was nice.修饰一个概念上的地方不能够用where，只能够用in which例如arrangement，phenomenon等限定性和非限定性定语从句主要区别一个是that，一个是，which的结构一个重要的区别是This+名词的形式一般都是非限定性结构，因此不能够用that（一般不会只考这个区别）动词修饰成分注意这些动词的修饰成分要有一个合理的主语例如：the weight was lifted by concentrating. (cuo)Which vs doingWhich不能够指代前面整个句子Wrong: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, which has led to a rise in property values.Right: Crime has recently decreased in our neighborhood, leading to a rise in property values.Chapter 7, Verb Tense, Mood, and voice进行时态：不能用进行时表示将来或者一般的规律关于时态最重要的是通过时态反应作者的真实意思注意在专有名词之后是一般不接限定性定语从句的。完成时动作或者动作的效果从过去持续到现在一般重要有一些重要的时间提示词：since， in the past five minutes, in the last ten yearsThe child has drawn a square in the sand.(画的动作没有了，但是画依然还在)She will pay you when you have taken out the garbage.过去完成时（过去的过去）The film had started by the time we arrived at the theater.不是意味着所有过去的过去的情况都需要用过去完成时1. 明确知道两个连续动作的顺序一般不用，词汇标志为and和but2. Antonio Drove to the store, and Cristian bought some ice cream.3. 有after和before这类词可以不使用4. Laura locked the deadbolt before she left for work.有时候不一定需要两个连续的动作才能够使用过去完成时。主要是为了表示动作的持续性效果对现在的影响。例如：By 1945, the United States had been at war for several years。 The band U2 was just one of many new groups on the rock music scene in the early 1980s, but less than ten years later, U2 had fully eclipsed its early rivals in the pantheon of popular music.虚拟语气主要有两种：假设不可能发生的情况和请求前一种情况的标志词： If, as if, as though例如： To overcome my fear of germs, I will think about disease as though it were harmless.记住五种if，then结构的句子1. If Sophie eats pizza, then she becomes ill.(确定的语气)2. If Sophie eats pizza, then she may become ill. (包含一部分不确定)3. If Sophie eats pizza tomorrow, then she will become ill. (确定的语气，将来)4. If Sophie ate pizza tomorrow, then she would become ill. （不可能的情形，将来）5. If Sophie had eaten pizza yesterday, then she would have become ill. (没有发生的情形)Would 和 should永远不会进入到if的从句结构里面。千万要注意！请求式的虚拟语气只能够用从句表示：Demand, dictate, insist, mandate, propose, recommend, request, stipulate, suggest只能用不定式Advise, allow, forbid, persuade, want两种形式都可以：Ask， beg， intend, order, prefer, urge, require语态在被动语态中，注意用through或者because of表示行为的方式，而不要用by。被动语态和主动语态可以同时出现在同一平行结构之中。Chapter 8 比较特殊的平行结构注意比较的双方在结构上和逻辑上相对称Like是一个介词，必须紧紧跟着名字，代词以及名词短语As既能够做介词又能够做连词As Her brother did, Ava aced the test.保证比较双方逻辑上的平行错误：Franks build， Like his brother, is board and muscular.Right: Franks build, like that of his brother, is board and muscular.注意保持结构上面的一致Wrong： I like to run through forests more than I enjoy walking through crowds.I like running through forests more than walking through crowds.Gmat允许多余的helping words 出现Apples are more healthy to eat than caramels.注意最高级的使用Chapter 9AimWith the aim of doing something不能够用： with the aim to do something注意allow 只有allow to，和allow for两种形式不能够用allow thatAnxiety about, anxiety thatAppearImperfections appear as tiny cracksHe appears confused.The dinosaurs appear to have been relatively smart.It appears that the dinosaurs were smart.注意不能够有如下情形：He appear as confused.As asWe have as many apples as need to be cooked. （注意后半部分的比较的主语省略的是apples）We have 10 apples, about as many as we picked yesterday错误的表达方法：We have 10 apples，about equivalent to what we picked yesterday(注意equel不能够用在可数名词)We have three times as many appleApply错误：be subject to the applicability of AsJust as we did last year, we will win this year. (in the same way)比较中的一个错误例子We have 10 apples, about equivalent to what we picked yesterday.Attribute toShe asked that he go to the store.(ask可以用在that引导的虚拟语气中)AwareAware of the danger, he fled.Aware that anger was near, he fled.BanThey passed a ban prohibiting us from carrying bottles.Wrong：they passed a ban that we cannot carry bottles.Based onThe verdict was based on the evidence.The jury reached a verdict based on the evidence.Wrong: Based on the evidence, the jury reached a verdict.注意because of的一个错误用法Plants grow because of the sun shining.Plants grow as a result of the sun shining.Begin with, begin asBorder的介词搭配正确：within the borders of a country错误：In the borders of a country Inside the borders of a countryAlthough 应该跟着的是一个句子（绝大部分情况）I have one chance in a thousand of winning tonight.They claim that they can win.They claim to be able to win.Comparably不能够用to a comparable extentCompared to 和 Compared with 在Gmat中没有区别Conceive ofas.Connection between.and不要用connection of.andConfident 的一个错误表达方法We have confidence in the market to recover.Consider sth sth例如： consider her a friend， consider her intelligentConsider sth as sth的用法绝对错误Contend只能够用从句They contend that they can decipher the code.Continue to do sth(continue doing sth 很少用)错误：the danger will continue its growth The danger will continue growth The danger will continue its growth(不能够用continue sth)In contrast with/to 后面必须接名词In contrast to thezoo charging admission, the park does not.注意一种错误用法：You could possibly do anything you want.Create sth to do (不能够用for doing sth)Credit withHugo credits sally with good taste.Sally is credited with good taste.Credit for, credit as, credit to be都属于错误用法In danger of doing sth注意不能用have a danger of/toDated at .oldDeclare sth sth例如： I declared the election a fraud.不能够用Declare asDecline The price of oil declined. The oil declined in price.My friends reputation declined.但是不能够用my friend declined in reputation.Demand 只能够用从句。Be designed to do sthBe determined by(不能够用through, from , because of, as a result of)The idea developed into a project.be disinclined to do sth不能够用：has a disinclination to doDistinguish between. AndDistinguish sth from sth属于suspect的情形Doubt作动词的时候最好后面要接whether反之，do not doubt 后面要接that，而不能够用whetherDue toThe deficit is due to overspending.错误选项Due to politicians spending money, we have a deficitDue to the fact that politicians spend money, we have a deficitElectShe elected to withdraw her money early.不能够用elect doing sthEnsureRight: he ensures that deadlines are met.( or will be met)Wrong: he ensures that deadlines should be met.Equipped to do (不要用for doing)Estimate sth to beEvenI am even richer than a princeI earn as much money as even the wealthiest king.EveryFor every dollar saved, three dollars are wasted.Except for a final skirmish, the war was over.Suspect: besides a final skirmish, the war was over. With the exception of a final skirmish, the war was over. Excepting a final skirmish, the war was over.Expend onWe expend on energy on neighborhood development.FaultThe criminals are at fault for breaking the law.Forbid sb to do sthThe goal is to do sth( 不能用 the goal is doing sth)Help in doing sth( help 如果做名词的话)Hold （注意hold to be 略显不好）InsteadThey avoided the arcade and instead went to a movie.错误：they avoided the arcade and rather went to a movie. They avoided the arcade, rather going to a movie.With the intent to do / with the intent for doingInteract with one anotherInteract with each otherShe invested funds in research to studyKnow to We know her to be brilliant.She is known to be brilliant.He is known as “Reggie”( named)Are lacking in = lackLack of (lack做名词)Lie lay lainLikelyBe likely to doIt is likely thatMore than likely, my friend will eat wormsLoss of ( quality)Loss in (investment)My spouse has mistaken me for a wealthier person.Native toNative ofNot but Object toOnceWe might once have seen that band.Wrong: We might at one time have seen that band.Only 要尽量放在所修饰的词语的前面。He owes money to the government for back taxes.Persuade 只能够用在 persuade sb to do sthProhibit sb from doing sthPronounce(和consider 用法类似)She pronounced the book a triumph.Suspect: she pronounced the book as a triumph.RANKThe problem ranks as one of the worst we have seen.RATEThe rates for tickets are good for commuters.The rate of theft has fallen.Rather thanRight: he wrote with pencils rather than with pensWrong: he wrote with pencils instead of with pens.GMAT不喜欢用instead ofRebel againstRecognize that ；recognize as ；recognize to be注意in reference to这种表达不存在Be reluctant to do sthRequire time to do sthRequire sb to do sthReqrire thatRequire of sb that On the surfaceSucceed in doing sth( 不能够用不定式)错误例子Matt drives Ferraris and the like.She thinks of them as heroes.She is thought to be secretly wealthy.We have a tool to make progress. We have a tool for making progress.Be trained to doNaomi wrote ten letters, double the number of that Sara wrote.错误例子：Naomi wrote double the letters that sara did.Use asHe uses the hammer as a weapon(不能够用to be)VariationThere are variations in sunspot frequency and strength over time.Wrong: there are variations of/among sunspot frequency and strength over time.ViewI view this process as a mistake.The best way to reach the goal is to focus on ones energy.We proposed a way of reaching the goal.My laptop weighs less than a suitcase.My laptop is lighter than a suitcase.Wrong: my laptop weighs lighter than a suitcase.The discovery shows an object to be strange. (不用 as)All companies have similar issues. Each company has similar issues(错)Substitute forSo tooBellbottoms are coming back in style, and so too are vests.In comparison with/ to, 后面只能够接名字In contrast to/withConceive ofas.Think ofasRegardasViewas不能够后面接as的词语Consider Declare两种非常常见的错误表达Due to the fact thatDue to sb doing sthEnough to不能够用enough thatBe synchronized with 与什么同步Chapter 10： Odds and ends1. Connecting wordsCoordinating words: and, but, or, for nor, yet, soSubordinators: although because before after since when if unless that though whilePollution costs us bullions in increased medical bills.2. 标点符号不要用一个逗号隔开有两个具有同一个主语的动词Wrong：earl walked to school, and later ate his lunch.Right: Earl walked to the school and late ate his lunch.Right: Earl walked to the school, and he later ate his lunch.分号分号前后连接的必须是一个完整的句子。Earl walked to the school ; he later ate his lunch.分号经常与conjunctive adverb 连用：however，therefore， in additionWrong: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable, therefore, we never see them apart.Right: Andrew and Lisa are inseparable; therefore, we never see them apart.冒号：提供更加详细的说明解释冒号前面必须是一个完整的句子，冒号后面不需要完整的句子破折号QuantityFew 和 less在单位名词前面用的是lessWe have less than twenty dollars.The numbers 这种表达方法几乎永远都是错的Chapter 11V-A-N（简洁性的考虑，因此不能作为准确的判断标准）动词优于形容词优于名词（丽丽老师的根本大法）Verb v.s. Action NounRevolt revolotionApply applicabilityCost costDecide decisionInfluence influenceInspiration inspireRefer referenceWeigh weightThat从句优于一系列短语组成的修饰语常见于“idea”词语Hypothesis idea suggestion belief discovery evidence report indication 动词优于形容词Aggravating aggravateAbe canIndicative of indicates Inspirational to inspireSuggestive of suggest形容词优于名词Abundance abundantAbility to able to Conviction convincedDisinclination disinclinedIsolation isolated副词优于介词短语A considerable extent considerablyTo a significant degree significantlyIt isthat果断不要，gmat不喜欢这样的形容词优于定语从句避免过度地简洁例如，Boston soldier 应为 soldier from Boston Aegean Sea salt salt from the Aegean Sea Ural Mountain ore ore from the Ural Mountains Danube River access access to the Danuble River Population changes of honey bees 应为 changes in the population of honey bees如果是time，quantity，或者别的衡量词语作为第一个词，请记得使用of结构Memorial day week 应该是 week of memorial dayThe merger year 应该是 year of the mergerThe oxygen amount 应该是 the amount of oxygenThe honeybee population density 应该是 the density of the honeybee population注意逻辑上保持that of 和those of对于report words 要保留that（宾语从句要有that）（除了say，announce之外）平行原则注意小结1. 注意具体名词和动作名词不能对应（尤其在与系表结构）2. 注意simple动名词和complex动名词之间不能对应3. Complex 动名词能够和动作名词相对应Wrong: the rebels demanded the withdrawal of the government forces form disputed regions and releasing certain political prisoners.Wrong: the rebels demanded the withdrawal of the government forces form disputed regions and the releasing of certain political prisoners.Right: Wrong: the rebels demanded the withdrawal of the government forces form disputed regions and the release of certain political prisoners.(对于存在名词结构的动词，不能够用动名词来替代其名词)注意几种特殊的正确的平行结构Only a few feet wide but spanning a continent, the railroad changed history.A mastodon carcass, which has been thawed only once and which is still fresh, is on display. Chapter 12代词不能够指代前文做所有格的词语Antarctic oil (不能用there指代A)注意there的用法跟代词也类似注意形式主语 IT 的集中用法1. 代替不定式2. 代替主语从句3. 代替较长的宾语After walking by the chocolates so many times, Roger finally had to eat one.One表示的是众多当中的一个，注意这样的考点对于代词的几点规则1 数量2 性别3 同一个句子中的代词指代相同4 临近原则：（最靠近的合意的名词，非绝对）5 注意保持相应的平行原则关于修饰成分的几点例外