what-makes-a-leader.ppt

Unit9Text1WhatMakesaLeader,MichaelKorda,Born:8,oct,1933Birthplace:London,EnglandOccupation:Publisher,NovelistNationality:UnitedStatesExecutivesummary:Editor-in-ChiefofSimonHumphrey(VP)FordNixonCarterReaganMao,Organization,Para.1-8:Whatarethequalitiesofagoodleader?Thecommontraitsthatdifferentiateleadersfromtherest.Para.9-14:Whyisagoodleaderdifficulttofind?Thetruth:Leadersaremade,notfound.,Development,Logic:Thequalitiesofaleadercanbeidentified.So,itshouldbeeasytofindsuchperson.But,itisnot.ThenWhy?Thetruthisthataleaderismadebecauseofthewillofpeople.Rhetorictechnique:Examplesofwell-knownleaders,Details,Whatdoes“timing”meaninpara.2?“simplifier”,simplywhat?Bigger-than-life,commandingfeatures?Whycantaleaderbetoodifferent?WhatroledoesTVplayincreatingtheimageofaleader?Howdoesphysicalsignsrelatetotheirabilityofusingpower?Whatisagracefuldancerlooklike?,Whendopeopleneedastrongleader?Whatisthemostimportantcharacterthataleadershouldpossesswhenthereisaneedforastrongleader?Whatdoesitmeanby“dignifyourdesire”?Whatdoesthe“irrationalquality”referto?Whydoyouthinkthattheadvisorofagreatleadershouldbeascoldasice?Whatroledopeopleplayinthemakingofagreatleader?,Vocabulary,ambivalentmbvlntadj.对某物、某人或某境况具有或显示矛盾情感的Imusthaveacquiredambivalentattitudetowardswomenfromher.我对妇女的矛盾态度一定是从她那里学来的。ambivalencen.矛盾情绪；矛盾心理摇摆；犹豫;举棋不定ambivalentlyadv.,Hopeforsth:wantsthtobetrueortohappenWhatwecandonowistohopeforthebestbutbepreparedfortheworst.Ineasytimes:intimeswhenarefreefromdiscomfortorworrystatusquo现状shakethingsup:makechangesinordertoimprove打散后重新组合勇于改革Theintroductionofdigitaltechnologyhasshakenmanyindustriesup.,Leadershipisasmuchaquestionoftimingasanythingelse.Theabilitytoarrangeandcontrolovereventsandactionstoachievedesiredresultsisaqualitythatismostrequiredofagoodleader.,Paragraph2),Howdoyouunderstandthesentence“Theleadermustappearonthesceneatamomentwhenpeoplearelookingforleadership”Theleaderappearsonlywhenthepeoplefeeltheneedforsomeonetrustworthywhocanleadthemtoattaintheirdesiredgoals.,Vocabulary,eloquentelkwntadj.1.雄辩的,有口才的,流利的Thedefencelawyermadeaneloquentpleaforhisclientsacquittal.被告方的律师为委托人的无罪开释作了有说服力的辩护。Herenthusiasmmadehereloquent.她的热情使她能言善辩。2.清楚表现出来,传神的Theseruinsareaneloquentreminderofthehorrorsofwar.这些废墟形象地提醒人们不要忘记战争的恐怖。eloquentlyadv.Leadershipisasmuchasaquestionoftimingatanyelse.领导能力的展现也需要把握时机。Hemustofferasimple,eloquentmessage.他传达给民众的信息一定要简单明了、令人信服。,Paragraph3）,Inwhatsensesaregreatleadersarealmostalwaysgreatsimplifiers?Greatleaderscanalmostmanagetodisentanglethemselvesfromtheconfusionofarguments,debatesanddoubts,andfindasolutiontotheproblemtheyface,oftenterselyintheformofasimpleandstraightforwardutterance.,Vocabulary,“blood,toil,tearsandsweat”流血流泪、辛苦劳累“theonlythingtofearisfearitself”我们唯一感到害怕的事情便是害怕本身。Leninpromisedthewar-wearyRussianspeace,landandbread.列宁向厌恶战争的俄国人保证获得和平、土地和面包。Straightforwardbutpotentmessages.这些表示诚实坦率，让人信服。,Vocabulary,Straightforwardstreitf:wdadj.1.(人或行为)坦诚的；坦率的；率直的Shegavemeastraightfor-wardanswer.她坦率地回答了我。2.简单的；易懂的；不复杂的Thisisastraightforwardtask.这是一项很容易完成的任务。straightforwardlyadv.straightforwardnessn.,Vocabulary,potentputntadj.1.(药等)效力大的;威力大的Themedicinehadapotenteffectonyourdisease.这药物对你的病疗效很大。2.强有力的;有说服力的Hewasonceapotentruler.他曾经是有权势的统治者。potencen.potentlyadv.,Paragraph4）,Theleadersmusthavebigger-than-lifecommandingfeatures.Theleadershouldhaveanunforgettableidentity,instantlyandpermanentlyfixedinpeoplesminds.,Vocabulary,biggerthanlife大名鼎鼎的；名声响亮的lobelbn.耳垂；(器官的)叶;肺叶,脑叶broadgrin咧嘴大笑broadinthebeam臀部肥大inbroaddaylight大白天，光天化日grinandbearit苦笑忍受；逆来顺受stovepipestv,papn.火炉的烟囱,大礼帽,Atrademarkalsocomesinhandy:atrademarkisthenameorothersymbolusedtoidentifythegoodsproducedbyaparticularmanufacturer.However,inthiscontextitreferstothedistinctivesignormarkofthepresenceofaperson,suchasthestovepipehatLincolnworeandtherockerJFKliketositin.Whatdoestheauthorthinkofthephysicalfeaturesofaleader?Hethinksthataleadershouldhavebiggerthanlife,commandingfeatures,soimpressivethathecanbeinstantlyrecognizedandremembered.,Paragraph5）,Theleadershouldbeabletodosomethingmostofuscant.,Para5Vocabulary,cerebralserbrladj.1.大脑的,脑的cerebralactivity脑的活动2.要运用智力或理智的;诉诸理性的;非感情方面的cerebrallymagnifymnifaivt.1.放大;扩大;增强Amicroscopemagnifiesbacteriasothattheycanbeseenandstudied.显微镜把细菌放大,使人们得以看见并研究它。2.夸大;夸张Hetriedtomagnifythepartheplayedinthebattle.他试图夸大他在战斗中发挥的作用。3.夸奖;赞美MysouldoesmagnifytheLord.我的心确实是赞美上帝的。magnifier,Polio:小儿麻痹症1.对于headache(头痛)，toothache(牙痛)，stomachache(胃痛)，backache(背痛)，earache(耳痛)等带有-ache的复合词来说，headache是一个规则的可数名词，可以根据需要连用不定冠词连用，而其他的词则用作可数或不可数名均可(在美国英语中通常用作可数名词)，也就是说其前既可连用不定冠词，也可以省略。如：Ivegot(a)toothache.我牙疼。Ivehad(a)toothacheallnight.我牙疼了一整夜。IgetaheadacheifIwatchtoomuchtelevision.每当看电视太久我就会头疼。2.表示“感冒”的cold也可用作可数或不可数名词，是否连用不定冠词与搭配习惯有关：在haveacold或havegotacold这类搭配中，必须要用不定冠词，但是在take(a)cold,catch(a)cold,get(a)cold这类搭配中，则可以省略不定冠词。但是，即使是take(a)cold,catch(a)cold,get(a)cold这类搭配，如果cold若有了形容词的修饰，则其中的a也不能省略。IhavegotacoldandIcannotsmell.我感冒了，闻不出味道。Hecaught(a)coldandcoughedalittle.他感冒了，有点咳嗽。Hecaughtabadcoldtheotherday.几天前他患了重感冒。3.只用作不可数名词的疾病名称前面不用不定冠词，如flu(流行性感冒)，gout(痛风)，hepatitis(肝炎)，等。如：Iwasinbedwithflufortendays.我因患流感，卧床10天.,以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语的主谓一致问题,arthritis,bronchitis,diabetes,mumps,phlebitis静脉炎,rickets软骨病,这类以-s结尾的疾病名称作主语时，谓语动词通常用作单数。例如：Arthritiscausesgreatpaininthejointsofthepatient.Thediabetesisakindofchronicdisease.Measlesusuallyoccursinchildren.Phlebitisisaswollenconditionofthebloodvessels.,Eventelevision,whichcomesinforalotofknocksasanimage-builderthatmagnifiesfromoversubstance,doesntaltogetherobscurethequalitiesofleadershipwerecognize,ortheirabsence.电视能塑造人的形象，因其过于美化候选人的外表却忽略他们的素质而饱受非议，但电视并不能掩盖领袖是否具备大家公认的领导才能。,Vocabulary,NixonsinsecurityandHumphreysfatalinfatuationwithhisownvoice:NixonslackofconfidenceandHumphreysexcessiveadmirationforhisownvoice,whichturnedouttobedamaging.,Para6Vocabulary,substancesbstnsn.1.物质,物品,东西Soilconsistsofvariouschemicalsubstances.土壤由各种化学物质组成。2.主旨,要旨,要点,实质,基本内容Thesubstanceoftheirtalkiscondensedintoaparagraph.他们谈话的要旨被压缩成一段话。3.实质,本体Isthereanysubstancetotheirclaim?他们的要求有实质内容吗?常用词组insubstance基本上，大体上Basicrightsareequivalentinsubstancetohumanrights.基本权利大体上等同于人权。,Paragraph7）,Theleadermustknowhowtousepowerandalsohasawayofshowinghedoes.,infatuationftu:enn.热恋,迷恋Sherealizedthatshefeltfearaswellasinfatuationforthisman.她意识到自己对这个男人又害怕又迷恋。projectprdektvt.1.计划；规划；设计；打算Canyouprojectanewworkingschemeforus?你能为我们设计一个新的工作计划吗?2.投射；投掷；发射；喷射Ihadnoscreen,soIprojectedtheslidesontoanoldwhitesheet.我没有幕布,所以我把幻灯片投射到一块旧的白床单上。3.使(观念等)心中形成；使(思想、感情等)形象化；把(自己的感情、思想等)投射给他人Dontprojectyourguiltfeelingsontome!别把你自己内疚的感情往我身上搬。Hehastobeabletoprojectfirmnessnophysicalclumsiness,norapideyemovements.他必须展现自己坚定刚毅的能力没有笨拙的身体，没有闪烁的眼神。,Vocabulary,Aleadermustknowhowtousepowerthatswhatleadershipisabout,butalsohastohaveawayofshowinghedoes.Heshouldbegoodatexercisinghispower/authoritywheredesired(thatsaqualityaleadermusthave),andheshoulddemonstratehimselftobeequaltosuchfunction.,Paragraph8）,Aleadershouldknowhowtoappearrelaxedandconfident.,thesicklygrinthatpassesforgoodhumor为了幽默而故作欢颜climboutoftheDepression摆脱大萧条,Vocabulary,Vocabulary,clumsinessn.笨拙,简陋,丑陋clumsilyclumsyclumsyklmziadj.1.笨拙的,笨重的2.笨拙的；复杂难懂的，使用不便的；得罪人的，不得体的；难以移动的Para8Affabilityn.和蔼,亲切affableaffablyaffablefbladj.1.友善的;慈祥的Grannysmiledanaffablesmile.奶奶慈祥地笑了笑。2.平易近人的,和蔼的Hewasaffableinmanner.他态度和蔼。,Thesicklygrinthatpassesforgoodhumor:beacceptedasbeingWithherperfectcommandofGerman,shepassedforanativeGermanlady.,Whatcanbeinferredfrompara9abouttherelationshipbetweenthepeopleandaleader?Aleadershouldbeoneofthepeoplewhoseektorealizetheirdesiredgoals,butdifferentfromtheordinarypeople,hemustbetheonewhotakestheleadinsuchendeavours.,Theleaderfollows,thoughastepaside.领袖随众而行，哪怕只领先一步。Peoplecanonlybeledtogowheretheythemselveschoose;noonecanforcethemtogowherehewantsthemto.Theleadershouldgowiththepeopleinthedirectiontheychoose,butheisnotjustoneamongthem;heleadsthem.Aleaderridesthewaves,movesthetides,andunderstandsthedeepestyearningsofhispeople.领袖是时代的弄潮儿，能顺应时代潮流，理解人们的深切愿望。,Para9Vocabulary,Vocabulary,withinonesgrasp唾手可得dignifydgn,favt.1.使显得威严,使高贵,使显赫Healwaysstrikessuchadignifiedposebeforehisgirlfriend.他总是在女友面前摆出这种庄严的姿态。2.夸大Donttrytodignifythosefewhairsonyourfacebycallingthemabeard!别想把你脸上那几根毛说成是胡子来美化它！rallyingcry战斗口号humiliatinghju(:)mletadj.丢脸的,羞辱性的Thebattleendedinahumiliatingdefeat.这场战役以耻辱的失败告终。,Peoplecanonlybeledwheretheywanttog.Theleaderfollows,thoughastepahead.Theleadershouldbequickatnoticingwhatpeopleareinneedof,andgetaheadtomeettheirdemandswhileguidinganddelegatingthemtowardaspecifieddirection.,Paragraph11）,Theleadermustdignifyourdesires,convinceusthatwearetakingpartinthemarkingofgreathistory.,Vocabulary,scandalskndln.1.丑事,丑闻Itsascandalforacityofficialtotaketaxmoneyforhisownuse.一个市政官员将税款挪为己用是一则丑闻。2.流言蜚语;闲话;诽谤Iheardabitofscandalaboutyourfriend.我听到一点儿关于你朋友的流言。3.公愤;反感Histheftfromtheshopcausedscandalinthevillage.他因偷商店的东西引起全村的公愤。irrationalrnladj.无理性的;失去理性的;不合理的Aftertakingthedrugshebecamecompletelyirrational.她在吸毒后变得完全失去了理性。irrationalityirrationalizeirrationally,FDRswordsturnedthesinkingoftheAmericanfleetatPearlHarborintoanationalrallyingcryinsteadofahumiliatingnationalscandal.罗斯福的话使得美国珍珠港舰队的沉没转换成了凝聚民族力量的宣言而不是让国家蒙羞的丑闻。Aleadermuststirourblood,notappealtoourreason.领袖必须让我们热血沸腾，而不是呼吁要求我们保持理性。Aleadershouldstimulateourpassion,notjusttrytoreasonwithus.Aleadermusthaveacertainirrationalquality,astubbornrefusaltofacefacts,infectiousoptimism伟大的领袖必须有种不理智的品格，对现实固执拒绝，有极具感染力的乐观,Vocabulary,Paragraph12）,Theleaderhasacertainirrationalquality,astubbornrefusaltofacefacts,infectiousoptimismtheabilitytoconvinceus.,Infectious:Capableofcausinginfection.aninfectiousdisease传染病Easilyorreadilycommunicated:有感染力的：容易或能快速传播的：aninfectiouslaugh.有感染力的微笑Optimism:Atendencytoexpectthebestpossibleoutcomeordwellonthemosthopefulaspectsofasituation:乐观主义“Thereisatouchofoptimismineveryworryaboutonesownmoralcleanliness”(VictoriaOcampo)“在对自身道德纯净度的每次焦虑中，都存在一种乐观因素”(维多利亚奥卡姆波),Vocabulary,divinedivainadj.1.神的,天赐的Itisthedivinewill.这是天意。JesusisbelievedbyChristianstohavebeendivine.基督教徒们相信耶稣是神。2.极好的Youlooksimplydivine,darling.你简直动人极了,亲爱的。vt.1.猜测,预测Theoldmanclaimedtobeabletodivinewhatthestarsholdinstoreforus.老人声称能预知祸福。divinelydivinenessdiviner,Vocabulary,coherentkuhirntadj.1.条理清楚的,连贯的;前后一致的2.看法、思想、论点等合乎逻辑的；有条理的；清楚易懂的3.有表达能力的；能把自己的意思说清楚的coherencecoherencycoherentlyTransform:Tochangemarkedlytheappearanceorformof:使变形：明显地改变外观或形式：“Athick,fibrousfoghadtransformedthetreesintoghostsandthestreetlightsintosoft,haloedmoons”(DavidMichaelKaplan)“浓密厚重的雾使树木看起来象鬼魂，街灯看起来象是带着柔和光晕的月亮”,Andwhenthesequalitiesarelackinginus,wecantproducehim;andevenwithallourskillsatimage-building,wecantfakehim.Heis,afterall,merelythesumofus.Strength,determinationandcouragearemostimportantqualitieswemustacquire,withoutwhichwecanhardlyhopetomakeagoodleaderofours.Wecannotdeceiveourselvesbymakin