动词的时态和语态

第4讲 动词的时态和语态英语中不同时间和方式发生的动作或状态要用谓语动词的不同形式来表示，这种表示动作或状态发生时间和方式的动词形式称作动词的时态。 语态是描述句子中动词和参与此动作之主语之间关系的一个术语。当主语是动作的发起者(或之一)时，称为主动语态；如果主语为动作之承受者，称为被动语态。一、动词时态1. 一般现在时(动词用原形或单数第三人称后加s / es)【完成例句】 (1)地理老师告诉我们地球绕着太阳转。 The geography teacher told us the earth moves around the sun. 【结论1】表示客观事实或普遍真理(不受时态限制)。【翻译句子】 (2) We always care for each other and help each other. 我们一直互相关心、互相帮助。 【结论2】表示现状、性质、状态时多用系动词或状态动词；表示经常或习惯性的动作，多用动作动词，且常与表频率的时间状语连用。【翻译句子】 (3) All the students here belong to No. 1 Middle School. 这儿所有学生都是一中的。【结论3】表示知觉、态度、感情、某种抽象的关系或概念的词常用一般现在时：see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, agree, believe, like, hate, want, think, belong to, seem等。【翻译句子】 (4)The shop closes at 11：00 p. m. every day. 这家商店每天晚上11：00 关门。【结论4】少数用于表示起止的动词如come, go, leave, arrive, fly, return, start, begin, open, close, end, stop等常用一般现在时代替将来时，表示一个按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，只用一般现在时。【疑难1】 If you will accept my invitation and come to our party, my family will be pleased. 【疑难剖析1】在时间、条件状语从句中常用一般现在时代替将来时。但要注意由if 引导的条件状语从句中可以用shall或will表“意愿”，但不表示时态。【疑难2】 The more you practise, the better your English will be. 【疑难剖析2】在the比较级，the比较级句型中，前者通常用一般现在时代替一般将来时。【疑难3】See to it that you are not late again. 【疑难剖析3】在make sure, see to it, mind, care, matter后的宾语从句的谓语动词用一般现在时代替一般将来。2. 一般过去时(v.ed或不规则变化)【翻译句子】(5) I met her in the street yesterday. 我昨天在街上遇到了她。(6) I thought the film would be interesting, but it isnt. 我原以为这部电影会很有趣，但实际上并不是。【结论1】一般过去时的基本用法：表示过去的事情、动作或状态，常与表示过去具体的时间状语连用(或有上下文语境暗示); 用于表达过去的习惯；表示说话人原来没有料到、想到或希望的事通常用过去时。【翻译句子】(7) He told me he read an interesting novel last night. 他告诉我他昨晚看了一本有趣的小说。 【结论2】如果从句中有一个过去的时间状语，尽管从句中的动作先于主句发生，但从句中的谓语动词仍用过去式。 【结论3】表示两个紧接着发生的动作，常由以下词语连接，用一般过去时。常见连词有：but, and, when, as soon as, immediately, the moment, the minute。如：He rushed into the room and sat down immediately.3. 一般将来时【翻译句子】(8)我们下周将会讨论这个话题。 We will talk about this topic next week.【结论1】表示未来的动作或状态常用will / shall 动词(常与表示将来的时间状语连用，如tomorrow，next week等)。【翻译句子】(9) The bus is coming. 公共汽车就要到了。【结论2】表示一种趋向或习惯动作。表示趋向行为的动词，如come，go，start，begin，leave等词，常用进行时的形式表示将来时。 【疑难1】 Youve left the light on. Oh, so I have. Ill go and turn it off. 【疑难剖析1】shall / will do表示未事先考虑过，即说话时临时作出的决定。【疑难2】 Study hard, and you will pass the exam. 【疑难剖析2】在祈使句and / or陈述句句型中，陈述句中只能用will / 情态动词动词原形。【疑难3】If it is fine, well go fishing. ()If it is fine, we are going to go fishing. ()【疑难剖析3】be going to表示现在打算最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已做了某种准备；表将来，不能用在条件状语从句的主句中；而will则表意愿。【疑难4】 A meeting is to be held at 3：00 this afternoon.【疑难剖析4】be to do sth.表按计划、安排即将发生的动作，还可表示吩咐、命令、禁止、可能性等。【疑难5】Autumn harvest is about to start. 【疑难剖析5】be about to do sth.表示“即将，就要”，后面不能接时间状语或状语从句。4. 现在进行时(am / is / are ving)【疑难1】 He is teaching English and learning Chinese. The girl is always talking loud in public. 【疑难剖析1】表示说话时正在发生着的一个动作；表示现阶段但不一定是发生在讲话时；表近期特定的安排或计划；go，come等起止动作可用进行时代替将来时 (与always, often等频率副词连用，表经常反复的行动或某种感情色彩)。【疑难2】The room remains clean. You are allowed to speak here. 【疑难剖析2】下面四类动词不宜用现在进行时：a. 表示心理状态、情感的动词：like, love, hate, care, remember, believe, want, mind, wish, agree, mean, need。b. 表存在的状态的动词：appear, exist, lie, remain, seem, belong to, depend on。c. 表示瞬间动作的动词：allow, accept, permit, promise, admit, complete。d. 表示感官的动词：see, hear, notice, feel, smell, sound, taste, look。5. 过去完成时(had ved)【完成例句】 (10)到去年为止我们已经生产了20000辆车。 By the end of last year, we had produced 20,000 cars. 【结论1】在by, by the end, by the time, until, before, since后接表示过去某一时间的短语或从句，其谓语动词则表示在某一时刻或某一动作之前已经完成了的动作，即“过去的过去”。【完成例句】(11)Jack到的时候，Mary已经走了将近一小时了。 When Jack arrived, Mary had been away for almost an hour. 【结论2】表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到另一过去时刻的动作或状态，即“从过去到过去”。【完成例句】 (12)我原本想送给他一张圣诞卡的，但我忘了。 I had hoped to send him a Christmas card, but I forgot to do so. 【结论3】表示曾实现的希望、打算、意图、诺言等。常用had hoped / planned / meant / intended / thought / wanted / expected等或用上述动词过去式接不定式完成式表示，即：hoped / planned to have done。 【疑难1】 Xiao Hua left school 3 years ago. He said his first teacher had died at least 10 years before. 【疑难剖析1】“时间名词 before”在句子中作状语，谓语动词用过去完成时；“时间名词 ago”在句中作状语，谓语动词用一般过去时。【疑难2】 We had no sooner been seated than the bus started. No sooner had we been seated than the bus started. 【疑难剖析2】hardly / scarcelywhen (before)；no soonerthan表示“一就”。【疑难3】 After he (had)left the room, the boss came in. We arrived home before it snowed. 【疑难剖析3】在before或after引导的时间状语从句中，用一般过去时代替过去完成时。【疑难4】 It was the second time that he had been out with her. 【疑难剖析4】It / That / This was the first(second，third)timethat从句中，用过去完成时。6. 过去将来时(would do, was / were going to do)【完成例句】 (13)我说我会安排一切的。I said I would arrange everything.【结论】过去将来时表示从过去某个时间看将要发生的事情。【疑难1】 He was leaving for Beijing. 【疑难剖析1】come, go, leave等用过去进行时表过去将来时。【疑难2】 I was about to leave when the telephone rang. 【疑难剖析2】was / were to do sth.和was / were about to do sth. 表过去将来， was / were to do sth.常与when搭配。7. 过去进行时(was / were v.ing)【完成例句】 (14)在2010年夏天她在欧洲旅行。During the summer of 2010, she was traveling in Europe.【结论1】过去某一时刻正在进行的动作或某一阶段内发生或频繁发生。【翻译句子】(15)门铃响的时候，他正在看一本小说。He was reading a novel when the door bell rang.我在想你能否载我一程。 I was wondering if you could give me a lift.【结论2】某一动作发生时另一动作正在发生，其中一个在由when或while引导的时间状语从句中。过去进行时可以表示委婉语气。8. 现在完成时(has / havev.ed)【翻译句子】 (16)我已经看过这部电影了。(强调现在已经知道电影内容) I have seen the film already.【结论1】表示到现在为止已发生或完成的动作，强调结果的影响。【翻译句子】(17)过去的几年我们已经种了成千上万棵树。Weve planted thousands of trees in the past few years.(18)他们自2008年一直生活在这儿。 Theyve lived here since 2008.【结论2】表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在的动作或状态。常与since时间点，for时间段及介词短语during / in / over the last (past)few years (months, weeks), in recent years等连用。【疑难1】现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：I closed the door. (强调关门的动作曾发生在过去)I have closed the door. (强调现在门还是关着的)【疑难剖析1】虽然动作都发生在过去，但现在完成时强调对现在造成的影响，而一般过去时的动作与现在没任何联系了。【疑难2】 It is 3 weeks since I got here. This is the second time that I have played this game. 【疑难剖析2】 下列句型中常用现在完成时：It is (has been) 一段时间 since从句This(That / It)is the first(second)time that 完成时This(That / It)is the only that 完成时This(That / It)is the best / finest / most interesting that完成时【疑难3】Dont get off the bus until it has stopped. 【疑难剖析3】 在时间或条件状语从句中，现在完成时可以代替一般将来时。【疑难4】 I havent met him for two years. 试比较： I have bought the computer for a year. () I have kept the computer for a year. ()【疑难剖析4】非延续性动词leave, arrive, come, go, return, join, die, buy, borrow等的完成时态，在肯定句中不能与for 或since 等引导的时间段连用，要转化为相应意义的延续性动词才能与一段时间连用。其否定式可与这类时间状语连用。二、被动语态(一)常考时态的被动语态以下是常见的8种时态的被动语态： 时态结构例句一般现在时助动词(am / is / are) 动词的过去分词This kind of car is made in Shanghai. 一般过去时助动词(was / were) 动词的过去分词Was this novel written by his father？时态结构例句一般将来时will / be going to be 动词的过去分词The baby will be taken good care of in the hospital. 现在进行时助动词(am / is / are) being 动词的过去分词The problem is being discussed by the students. 过去进行时助动词(was / were) being 动词的过去分词The light was being fixed when the electricity was cut off. 时态结构例句现在完成时助动词(have / has) been 动词的过去分词She has been told the news. 过去完成时助动词(had) been 动词的过去分词The work had been done before I arrived. 过去将来时would (was / were going to)be动词的过去分词I did not say that the equipment would be changed. (二)被动语态的用法【完成例句】(19)新的课本将在下学期被使用。The new test book will be used next term.【结论1】动作的执行者不知道是谁或难以说明时常用被动语态。【完成例句】(20)这种自行车在我们店没有卖。 This kind of bicycle is not sold in our shop.(21)那个贼昨天被警察抓了。The thief was caught by a policeman yesterday. 【结论2】当动作的承受者比起动作的执行者来说更能引起人们的关心而需要加以强调时，要用被动语态。【完成例句】 (22)学生被钢琴家提了一些建议。Some advice was given to the pupils by the pianist. The pupils were given some advice by the pianist. 【结论3】含有双宾语的句子，主动句中的间接宾语或者直接宾语都可变为被动语态中的主语，另一个保留不变。变为主语的若是主动句中的直接宾语，间接宾语前则需加介词to 或for。【完成例句】(23)他们被老板强迫一天工作10小时。They were made to work ten hours a day by the boss. (24)他被看见进入房子。He was seen to enter the house. 【结论4】在主动语态句中动词make, have, let, see, watch, hear, feel等后接动词不定式作宾语补足语，动词不定式不加to。但变成被动语态时后面的不定式都须加上to。【完成例句】(25)众所周知纸最先被中国发明。It is known that paper was first made in China. (26)纸被认为最先被中国发明。Paper was known to be first made in China. 【结论5】当句子的谓语为say, believe, expect, think, know, write, consider, report等时，被动语态有两种形式：a. 谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。b. 用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面，用主语从句来表示。 类似句型有：It is said / known / suggested / believed / hoped / thought that (三)不能用被动语态的几种情况【完成例句】 (27)我的家乡近来发生了很大的变化。(take place) Great changes have taken place recently in my hometown.【结论1】所有的不及物动词或不及物动词词组不能用于被动语态之中。【完成例句】(28)他看起来像他父亲。 He looks like his father.【结论2】表示状态的谓语动词，如：hold, benefit, contain, equal, fit, join, mean, last, look like, consist of等不用于被动。【翻译句子】(29)这支笔属于Tom。 The pen belongs to Tom.【结论3】表示归属的动词，如：have, own, belong to等不用于被动。【翻译句子】(30)我想要些苹果。 I would like some apples.【结论4】表示“希望， 意图”的动词，如：wish, want, hope, like, love, hate等不用于被动。【完成例句】(31)小孩自己会穿衣服了。 The baby can dress himself now. 【结论5】宾语是反身代词或相互代词时