《英语简单句》PPT课件

英语句子概论,一、句子成分,（一）句子成分的定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。,1.句子的成分,主语:(Subject)表示句子说的是什么人或什么事.是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：,1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls。4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.,（名词）,（代词）,（数词）,（不定式）,（动名词）,（名词化的形容词）,7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.,（主语从句）,（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）,谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffattenoclock.,2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.（2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如：DoyouspeakEnglish？Theyareworkinginafield.Hehascaughtabadcold.（3）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。,2._Ourchalkhasrunout.Onhearingthenews,hecheered.高考经常考查的不及物动词:“发生”_;_;_;_“用完,用光”_;_.不及物动词的用法:无_,无_,主语+谓语(S+V),happenoccur,takeplacecomeabout,breakout,runoutgiveout,宾语,被动语态,e.g.“过去的几年里我们学校发生了很大的变化”Ourschoolhastakenplacegreatchangesinthelastfewyears._.Doyouknowwhatwashappenedyesterday?(改错),(),Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinourschoolinthelastfewyears.,表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：,1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）2.Isityours?（代词）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）4.Thespeechisexciting.（分词）5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）,6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（动名词）8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.（介词短语）9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）,注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。,1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：Heisateacher.2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：Heseems(tobe)verysad.,注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。,4）感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：Theriverwasbeginningtorundry.6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达结果是;证明是，之意，例如：Therumorprovedfalse.Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.,系动词的用法:(注意三点)+_作表语;无_;无_;e.g.Thedish_.(尝起来好吃)Thestory_.(听起来有趣).,adj.,宾语,被动语态,tastesdelicious,soundsinteresting,宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.Heisdoinghishomework.2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.,（名词）,（代词、动名词）,（名词、数词）,4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.5.Hepretendednottoseeme.6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.,（名词化形容词，名词）,（不定式短语）,（动名词短语）,（宾语从句）,宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.to:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.for:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.,下列动词只能接不定式做宾语ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等，如：Herefusedtolendmehisbike.,下列动词只能接动名词做宾语admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等，如：Johnhasadmittedbreakingthewindow.,下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。forgettodo表示“未发生的动作”，forgetdoing表示“已完成的动作”。如：Dontforgettocomehereearliertomorrow.(还没来)Iforgotreturningthebooktohim.(书已还给他了),宾语补足语（ObjectComplement）用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach，ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：,1.HisfathernamedhimXiaoming.2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.3.Letthefreshairin.4.Youmustntforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.,（名词）,（形容词）,（副词）,（不定式短语）,（现在分词）,（介词短语）,（从句）,以上的成分称为基本句子成分。完整的句子一般至少包含2-4个基本成分。,定语：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语定语可由以下等成分表示：Guilinisabeautifulcity.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.Therearethirtywomenteachersisourschool.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.Tomisaboywholikesmusicverymuch.,（形容词）,（分词）,（名词）,（代词）,（不定式）,（动名词）,（介词短语）,（从句）,状语：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。通常有副词，介词短语和从句充当状语种类如下：Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（时间状语）Lastnightshedidntgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因状语）Ishallgothereifitdoesntrain.（条件状语）MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地点状语）,Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.方式状语Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.伴随状语Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.目的状语Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.结果状语Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.让步状语Iamtallerthanheis.比较状语,同位语:对其前面的名词代词做进一步解释.ThatisMr.Chen,ourEnglishteacher.插入语:对一句话作一些附加的解释.Tobehonest,Idontquiteagreewithyou.,定语，状语，同位语及插入语可以称为附属句子成分。,LastweekIwenttothesupermarket.LastweekIwenttothesupermarket.状主谓状Theplaywasveryinteresting.Theplaywasveryinteresting.主系状表Icanthearaword.Icanthearaword.主谓宾Theyweretalkingloudly.Theyweretalkingloudly.主谓状,分析句子成分,ItwasSunday.ItwasSunday.主系表InevergetupearlyonSundays.InevergetupearlyonSundays.主状谓状状Ilookedattheyoungmanandtheyoungwomanangrily.Ilookedattheyoungmanandthe主谓宾youngwomanangrily.宾状,Ireadafewlines,butIdidntunderstandaword.Ireadafewlines,butIdidnt主谓定宾连主谓understandaword.谓宾Myholidayspassedquickly,butIdidntsendcardstomyfriends.Myholidayspassedquickly,butI主谓状连主didntsendcardstomyfriends.谓宾状,Igotupearlyandboughtthirtycards.Igotupearlyandboughtthirtycards.主谓状连谓定宾HeisworkingforabigfirmandhehasalreadyvisitedagreatnumberofdifferentplacesinAustralia.Heisworkingforabigfirmandhehas主谓状连主谓alreadyvisitedagreatnumberofdifferent状谓定定placesinAustralia.宾定,2.简单句基本句型,英语五种基本句型列式如下：基本句型一:+（主谓）基本句型二:+（主系表）基本句型三:+（主谓宾）基本句型四:+O1+2（主谓间宾直宾）基本句型五:+(主谓宾宾补),基本句型一+（主谓）,此句型中动词是不及物动词,能表达完整意思。主语可有修饰语-定语，谓语可有修饰语-状语，如，Theredsunrisesintheeast.,2._Ourchalkhasrunout.Onhearingthenews,hecheered.高考经常考查的不及物动词:“发生”_;_;_;_“用完,用光”_;_.不及物动词的用法:无_,无_,主语+谓语(S+V),happenoccur,takeplacecomeabout,breakout,runoutgiveout,宾语,被动语态,e.g.“过去的几年里我们学校发生了很大的变化”Ourschoolhastakenplacegreatchangesinthelastfewyears._.Doyouknowwhatwashappenedyesterday?(改错),(),Greatchangeshavetakenplaceinourschoolinthelastfewyears.,基本句型二+（主系表）,此句型中谓语动词都不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。系动词有三类：1.表示特征和存在状态的：be,seem,appear,feel,look,smell,sound,taste2.表状态延续的：remain,stay,keep,continue,stand3.表状态变化的：become,get,turn,go,run,fall,come,grow,基本句型三+（主谓宾）,此句型中的谓语动词是及物动词，必须跟一个宾语，才能使意思完整，而宾语成分的多样化使这一结构异常复杂。,基本句型四+IO+（主谓间宾直宾）,此句型中的谓语动词必须有两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者（多指物），另一个是动作的间接宾语（多指人）。若要先说出直接宾语，后说间接宾语，则要借助与介词to或for。Heboughtmeabeautifulskirt.Heboughtabeautifulskirtforme.,用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。用for侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：（需借助to的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask等（需借助for的）buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing等。,基本句型五+（主谓宾宾补）,此句型中谓语动词除了跟一个宾语外，还需跟一个补充成分来不足宾语，才能使意思完整。,注意：用it做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，是英语常用句型。,即主语+谓语+it+宾补+真正宾语。如，Ifounditverypleasanttobewithyourfamily.,常用于此句型的动词有:think,believe,consider,suppose,find,feel,make,使用it当形式宾语翻译下面的句子1.他感到很难跟你交谈。2.我认为有可能用另一种方法解题。3.学校定了一条规则，开始上课时学生要起立。4.我认为与那个人谈话是无益的。,1.Hefeltitverydifficulttotalkwithyou.2.Iconsideritpossibletoworkouttheprobleminanotherway.3.Theschoolmadeitarulethatthestudentsshouldstandupwhenclassbegins.4.Ithoughtitnousetalkingwiththatman,Youaresittingonthetrainhome.Therecomesthebus!Theegospotentialforexpansionislimitless.BreckenridgehoststheinternationalSnowSculptureChampionships.Ourneighborsgaveusababybirdyesterday.Wethinkitourdutytostudywell.,主+谓（S+V）,主+谓（S+V）,主+系+表（S+V+P）,主+动+宾（SVO）,主+动+间宾+直宾（SVOiOd）,主+动+宾+补（SVOC）,判断下列句子属于何种句式,Exercises:,更正下列句子的错误,Exercises:,1.Hecametheroom.2.Themusicsounds.3.Ihaveseen.4.Hegaveapenme.5.Thebossmadetheboytoworkhard.6.Myfatherboughtabooktome.,1.Hecameintotheroom.2.Themusicsoundswonderful.3.Ihaveseenthefilm.4.Hegaveapentome.5.Thebossmadetheboyworkhard.6.Myfatherboughtabookforme.,Exercises:,翻译下列句子并分析句子结构：,1.我经常在早晨读英语。2.玛丽是个聪明的学生。3.我的老师交给我一封信。4.我母亲经常叫我努力学习。5.我们叫我们的老师王先生6.他正在房里做家庭作业。,1.IoftenreadEnglishinthemorning.,2.Maryisacleverstudent.,3.Myteachergavemealetter.,4.Mymotheroftenasksmetostudyhard.,5.WecallourteacherMr.Wang.,6.Heisdoinghishomeworkintheroom.,主+谓+宾,主+系+表,主+谓+双宾,主+谓+宾+宾补,主+谓+宾+宾补,主+谓+宾,英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。,3.句子的分类,1）她喜欢集邮.,2）食物很精美,但他却没什么胃口.,3）我们到达电影院的时候,电影已经开演了.,Sheisfondofcollectingstamps.,Thefoodwasgood,buthehadlittleappetite.,Thefilmhadbegunwhenwegottothecinema.,翻译下列句子：,判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：1.WeoftenstudyChinesehistoryonFridayafternoon.2.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.3.Thereisachairinthisroom.4.MybrotherandIgotoschoolathalfpastseveninthemorningan