现代大学英语精读第二版book3unit4ppt课件

GilbertHighet DiogenesandAlexander DiogenesandAlexander Unit4 Questions Activities Check onPreview Objectives Warmingup DiogenesandAlexander Unit4 Warmingup Questions Activities WhatdoestheauthortellusaboutDiogenes Whowashe Whatwashisphilosophy Whatdidhethinkwastheproblemwithpeople Howdidheintendtohelpthem Whatwerethekeyvalueshepromoted How inhisopinion couldwefindtruehappiness WhatdoestheauthortellusaboutAlexander WhatdidthiskinghaveincommonwithDiogenes thebeggar WhywasAlexanderconsideredamanofdestiny Howwouldyoucontrastthetwocharacters WhydidAlexanderdecidetovisitDiogenes WhatdidDiogenesreallymeanwhenhesaidthatAlexanderwasblockingthesunlight Objectives 1 Content differencesandsimilaritiesbetweenDiogenesandAlexanderCynicismanditspresentsignificancephilosophyvs powerWriting comparisonandcontrastDiogenes AlexanderDiogenes otherbeggars hermits philosophersAlexander otherMacedonians officers officials Here thealternatingcomparison contrast subjectbysubject isused Warmingup Background Alexander Diogenes DiogenesandAlexander Unit4 Background Diogenes 1 WhowasDiogenes AbeggarAphilosopherAmissionaryDoctrine Cynicismthedoctrinethatscornedworldlyneedsandpleasuresandheldthatvirtuewasthekeytotheonlygoodhttp www iep utm edu d diogsino htm Background Cynicisminmodernsense thebeliefofacynic whomaintainsthatpeopleareallmotivatedbyselfishness thatnoonewillhelpothersforgoodandsincerereasons2 Whatarethemajortenets principles ofCynicism Doyoufindanyexpressionsoftheseprinciplesinthetext self sufficiencyshamelessnessoutspokennessperfectionofvirtue Diogenes 犬儒主义 Cynicism 是个外来词 中文里本来没有现成的对应词汇 通常将它理解为讥诮嘲讽 愤世嫉俗 玩世不恭 和玩世不恭恰恰相反 早期的犬儒是极其严肃的 狄奥根尼是一个激烈的社会批评家 他立志要揭穿世间的一切伪善 热烈地追求真正的德行 追求从物欲之下解放出来的心灵自由 狄奥根尼确实愤世嫉俗 他曾经提着一个灯笼在城里游走 说 我在找一个真正诚实的人 随着犬儒哲学的流行 其内涵开始发生了微妙的变化 一位名叫德勒斯的犬儒派 某富翁送给他一笔钱 他收下了 对富翁说 你慷慨大度地施舍给我 而我痛痛快快地取之于你 既不卑躬曲膝 也不唠叨不满 这里暗含的逻辑是 金钱本是无所谓的东西 我若拒绝你的馈赠 倒显得我把金钱看得太重 太当回事了 我若收下金钱又表示感谢 那也是把金钱看重了 当回事了 因此 正确的做法就是 只要你肯给 我就若无其事地收下它 早期的犬儒派是依据一种道德原则去蔑视世俗的观念 后期的犬儒派依然在蔑视世俗的观念但却失去了依据的道德原则 这就引出了一个始料不及的后果 既然无所谓高尚 也就无所谓下贱 既然没有什么东西是了不得的 因而也就没有什么东西是要不得的 不难想象 基于这种无可无不可的立场 一个人可以很方便地一方面对世俗观念做出满不在乎的姿态 另一方面又毫无顾忌地去获取他想要获取的任何世俗的东西 于是 对世俗的全盘否定就变成了对世俗的照单全收 而且还往往是对世俗中最坏的部分的不知羞耻的照单全收 于是 愤世嫉俗就变成了玩世不恭 犬儒一词的演变证明 从愤世嫉俗到玩世不恭 其间只有一步之差 一般来说 愤世嫉俗总是理想主义的 而且是十分激烈的理想主义 玩世不恭则是彻底的非理想主义 彻底的无理想主义 偏偏是那些看上去最激烈的理想主义反倒很容易转变为彻底的无理想主义 其间原因何在 因为 许多愤世嫉俗的理想主义者在看待世界时缺少程度意识或曰分寸感 对他人缺少设身处地的同情的理解 不承认各种价值之间的紧张与冲突 这样 他们很容易把世界看成一片漆黑 由此便使自己陷入悲观失望 再进而怀疑和否认美好价值的存在 最终则是放弃理想放弃追求 早期的犬儒是坚持内在的美德和价值 鄙视外在的世俗的功利 可是到后来 犬儒一词正好变成了它的反面 只认外在的世俗的功利 否认内在的德性与价值 王尔德说 犬儒主义者对各种事物的价钱一清二楚 但是对它们的价值一无所知 李银河 关于犬儒主义 他们行为上以怪异和反常的行为向现有的秩序 制度 观念 习俗挑战 精神上则躲进个人的心灵深处寻求宁静和快乐 在现时中国 一个理想主义者很容易变成非理想主义者 对面前的苦难 特别是别人的苦难 转过脸去 躲进个人的心灵深处去寻求宁静和快乐 在中国 犬儒主义者比古希腊更多一层好处 安全 这就是我们所面临的可悲现实 心灵深处的宁静和快乐正是我们想得到的 只可惜 理想主义的丧失成为我们为获得这种宁静和快乐所付的代价 Background Alexander MacedonianKing sonofPhilipTheThinker studentofAristotleTheConqueror Greece Asia EgyptWhydoyouthinkhewantedtobringsomanyregionsunderhisrule TextAnalysis DiogenesandAlexander Unit4 Diogenes thebeggar paras 1 3 TextAnalysis CharacterAnalysis cask astoragejarmadeofearthenware ahouse big withmanyrooms none beds chairs etc elaborate blanket half naked clothes expensive bitsoffoodbeggedfromothers drinkingfromhishollowedhands elaborate none horses servants bankaccounts anxious alifebychoice outofprinciple natural healthy independent alifeasslavesoftheirpossessions artificial anxious lossofvirtue Diogenes thebeggar paras 1 3 Therearecontrastswithinthebroadcontrast HowdidDiogenescontrastwithordinaryhomelesspeople TextAnalysis CharacterAnalysis Diogenes thephilosopher para 4 ASocratesgonemad repositioningofconventionbelownatureandreason2 Threekeyprinciples livinginaccordwithnaturetotaldisregardofconventionindependence freedom beingtheonlytrue lastinggood TextAnalysis CharacterAnalysis Diogenes themissionary para 5 1 ComparisonwithordinaryhermitsSimilarities Bothgrewtiredofhumansocietywithitscomplicationsandwantedtolivesimply Differences TextAnalysis hermitswentawaytolivesimply onasmallfarm inaquietvillageoracave Diogeneshadasenseofmission deliberatelychosetoliveinthebusystreetsinAthensorCorinth inordertoconvertpeople CharacterAnalysis Diogenes themissionary para 5 2 Whatwashismission torestampthecurrency callpeoplebacktothenaturalwayoflife truelife TextAnalysis CharacterAnalysis Diogenes waysofteaching para 6 HowdidDiogenesdifferfromotherphilosophersofhistime Plato taughthisprivatepupilsinhisAcademy whichhefoundedasoneoftheearliestcentersofadvancedlearningintheworld Aristotle taughthisownprivatepupilsbytheuseoflaboratory instruments andspecimens Diogenes taughtallthosewhowouldcaretolistenbyhisownexampleorbytakingpeoplearoundhimforexamples TextAnalysis CharacterAnalysis Diogenes waysofteaching para 6 Hecarriedalightedlampinbroaddaylightandinspectedthefaceofeveryonehemet TextAnalysis Whenyouareallsobusy IfeelIoughttodosomething CharacterAnalysis Alexander citizenoftheworld paras 11 13 1 King differentfromotherMacedoniansdrinking women fighting 2 Thinker Aristotle spupil helearnedculturephilosophyprinciplesofscientificresearch3 ConquerortookcommandoftheLeagueofGreekStatescommander in chiefofanewexpeditionagainstold rich corruptAsia TextAnalysis CharacterAnalysis Standtooneside You reblockingthesunlight TheDramaticEncounter paras 14 17 Thedifferencesandsimilaritiesbetweenthetwohistoricalcharacters DifferencesSimilarities TextAnalysis CharacterAnalysis Differences TextAnalysis CharacterAnalysis high treatedwithrespect greetedwithabowandacclamation lyingonthebareearth shoeless bearded half naked likeabeggar adog handsomeface fieryglance strongbody purpleandgoldcloak airofdestiny philosopher missionary greatmonarch conqueror low treatedwithcontemptanddisapproval none rejectingpossessionorpower landandabsolutepower restampthecurrency tocallpeoplebacktothesimpleandnaturallife truevalue bringpeopleofthewholeworldtothelightofcivilization Bothweregreatthinkers Bothhadasenseofmission Bothwere citizensoftheworld admiringtheheroicfigureofHercules wholaboredformankind Bothwerefree Similarities TextAnalysis CharacterAnalysis TextAnalysis Structure 1 Paras 1 10Diogenes life philosophy mission waysofteaching 2 Paras 11 13Alexander aphilosopherkingwithaninquiring noblemind 3 Paras 14 17theirdramaticencounter Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander SentenceParaphrase1 Hehadopenedhiseyes donehisbusinesslikeadogattheroadside eatenthemsquattingontheground andwashedthemdownwithafewhandfulsofwaterscoopedfromthespring 1 ful isusedasanounsuffix liftedoutasifwithaladle hadanswerednature scalllikeadog goto2 Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander SentenceParaphrase2 Everybodyknewhimorknewofhim 1 wasfamiliarwith goto3 wastoldorreadorheardabouttheperson know and knowof areusedtogethertoshowthecontrast Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander SentenceParaphrase3 Sometimestheythrewbitsoffood andgotscantthanks sometimesamischievouspebble andgotashowerofstonesandabuse 1 Apebble asmallroundstone indicatingtheteasingmannerofthepitcher issharplycontrastedwithashowerofstones Apebbleplayfullythrownbyanaughtyperson Repetition thesecondisfollowedbyaparalleledstructure goto4 Sometimestheythrewbitsoffood andgotscantthanks sometimesamischievouspebble andgotashowerofstonesandabuse para 1 Sometimespeoplewouldthrowbitsoffoodtohim buthehardlythankedthematall Sometimestheywouldthrowapebbleathimforfun butgetashowerofstonesandastreamofabuseinreturn PartI Paraphrase TextAnalysis DetailedAnalysis Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander SentenceParaphrase4 Itwasnotahouse notevenasquatter shut 2 Acrudeormakeshiftdwellingorshelter Ageneraltermforadwellingplaceforamanorhisfamily Hedidnotliveeveninadesertedhut goto5 Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander SentenceParaphrase5 Hespentmuchofhislifeintherich lazy corruptGreekcityofCorinth mockingandsatirizingitspeople andoccasionallyconvertingoneofthem 2 Hechosetoliveamongthewealthy lazyanddishonestcitizensofCorinth spentmuchofhistimeridiculingthemandoccasionallypersuadedoneofthemintoadoptinghisbelief Appositivephrase goto6 Moreexamples Tobecontinuedonthenextpage Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander SentenceParaphrase apieceofbitsofafewhandfulsofacrowdofaquantityofalargecorpsofhundredsof backto5 airofdestinymanofthecenturymanofthehourfigureofHercules useof of thetroubleofkicking thecityofCorinth amount typicalof thatis citizensoftheworld possession Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander SentenceParaphrase6 Hewasnotthefirsttoinhabitsuchathing 3 Hewasnotthefirstmanwhohadlivedinsuchastoragejar the ordinalnumberusedasanoun goto7 Moreexamples Tobecontinuedonthenextpage Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander SentenceParaphrase Buthewasthefirstwhoeverdidsobychoice outofprinciple Comeandplaybridgewithus Weneedafourthinthegame backto6 Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander SentenceParaphrase7 Buthewasthefirstwhoeverdidsobychoice outofprinciple 3 Basedonaprinciple Buthewasthefirsttodosobecausehewantedto goto8 Moreexamples Tobecontinuedonthenextpage Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander SentenceParaphrase backto7 Iopenedtheboxoutofcuriosity Shebegantolearntocookoutofinterest notoutofnecessity Hepaidavisitoutofrespect Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander SentenceParaphrase8 Livewithoutconventions whichareartificialandfalse escapecomplexitiesandextravagances onlysocanyouliveafreelife 4 Onlywhenyoulivewithoutartificialandfalseconventionsandavoidcomplexlivescanyouliveafreelife goto9 Invertedorder Moreexamples Tobecontinuedonthenextpage Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander SentenceParaphrase backto8 OnlyinthiswaycanwelearnEnglishwell Onlyifalltheirconditionsaremetwillthestrikersgobacktowork Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander SentenceParaphrase9 Inordertoprocureaquantityoffalse perishablegoodshehassoldtheonlytrue lastinggood hisownindependence 4 Peoplegetonlysomefalseandeasilyspoiledmaterialgoodsatthecostoftheirowneverlastingindependence Antonymstoshowcontrast antonyms goto10 Rootrepetition 2 Hislife saimwascleartohim itwas torestampthecurrency totakethecleanmetalofhumanlife toerasetheoldfalseconventionalmarkings andtoimprintitwithitstruevalues para 5 Hispurposeinlifewascleartohim itwas toreprintthecoins Humanlifecanbetakenasthecleancoinswhichareimprintedwithfalsemarkings Hewastoremovethefalsemarkingsandprintthetruevaluesonit Inotherwords hisaiminlifewastocallonpeopletorejectthefalse conventionalwayoflifeandreturntothesimpleandnaturallife PartI Paraphrase TextAnalysis DetailedAnalysis Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander SentenceParaphrase11 TheothergreatphilosophersofthefourthcenturyB C suchasPlatoandAristotle taughtmainlytheirownprivatepupils 6 OtherGreekphilosophersofthetime suchasPlatoandAristotle gavelessonsonlytotheirownpupils goto12 ContrastingtheotherphilosophersofhistimewithDiogeneshimself Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander SentenceParaphrase12 Diogenestookhisoldcaskandbegantorollitupanddown Whenyouareallsobusy hesaid IfeelIoughttodosomething 9 WhentheCorinthianswerebusypreparingforthecomingwar Diogenesrolledhiscaskupanddowntoridiculetheirsillybehavior TheendofSentenceParaphrase SharpcontrastbetweenDiogenesandtheCorinthianpeople sattitudesandbehavior Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander WordStudy 17 hollow a a havingagap orspacewithinb sunken curvedinwardordownc dullandechoingd devoidoftruthorvalidity Examples ahollowwallahollowcheekshollowfootstepsShemadehollowpromises Shemadepromisesshewouldnotkeep B T L E W Havingnoworktogotoandnofamilytoprovide hewasfree para 1 providefor givesbthethingsthattheyneedtolive suchasfood clothingTranslation他要供养他年迈的父母以及两个正在上学的妹妹 Hehastoprovideforhisagedparentsandtwosisterwhoarestillatschool 道路被切断 无法给部队提供给养 Theroadwascutoffandsuppliescouldnotbeprovidedforthetroops for PartI Words Expressions TextAnalysis DetailedAnalysis 2 Asthemarketplace upwithshoppersandmerchantsandslavesandforeigners hehad throughitforanhourortwo para 1 Translation中间还有两个小时 因此她逛了一趟商业中心 Therewerestilltwohourstogo soshestrolledthroughtheshoppingmall 漫步海边 感觉太好了 It swonderfultotakeastrollalongtheseaside strolled filled PartI Words Expressions TextAnalysis DetailedAnalysis Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander WordStudy 24 stroll v togoforaleisurelywalkExamples Westrolledthroughthepark Myfriendlikestostrollaroundthefleamarketonthechanceofpickingupsomethingofvalue TheendofWordStudy B T L E W 3 Hethoughteverybodylivedfartoo expensively anxiously Whatgoodisahouse para 2 Translation彼得制定了一个非常详尽的计划来筹措资金 Peterworkedoutanelaborateschemeforraisingthefund 他们为局长准备了一桌精美的饭菜 结果被狠狠批评了一顿 Theypreparedaveryelaboratemealforthebureauheadonlytobeseverelycriticized elaborately PartI Words Expressions TextAnalysis DetailedAnalysis 4 Nooneneedsbedsandchairsandsuchfurniture theanimals andsleepontheground Allwerequire sincenaturedidnotdressusproperly isonegarmenttokeepuswarm andsomeshelterfromrainandwind para 2 Translation这名警察死时很年轻 但他的一生过得很有意义 Thepolicemandiedyoung buthelivedameaningfullife 作为一个探险者 他的一生充满了冒险 Asanexplorer helivedanadventurouslife livehealthylives PartI Words Expressions TextAnalysis DetailedAnalysis hespentmuchofhislifein Corinth mockingandsatirizingitspeople andoccasionally oneofthem para 2 convert tomakesbchangefromonereligionorbelieftoanotherAnnhasconvertedtoIslamrecently Marxistliteratureconvertedhimintoastaunchrevolutionary tomakesthchangefromoneform systemtoadifferentoneThisispartoftheprocessofconvertingironintosteel tochangefromoneobjectintoanotherIcan tseehowthisplasticsheetconvertsintoatent PartI Words Expressions TextAnalysis DetailedAnalysis converting Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander WordStudy v tothrowaway rejectExample Shebundleduptheclothesshewoulddiscard 7 discard B T L E W 6 Hewasnotthefirstto suchathing Buthewasthefirstwhoeverdidso choice principle para 3 inhabitSomeoftherarespeciesinhabitthearea bychoiceShetookthejobintheWestbychoice outofJustoutofcuriosity whydidyoutakethatjob PartI Words Expressions inhabit by TextAnalysis DetailedAnalysis outof Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander WordStudy 6 convention n allhabitsortraditionsExamples Itistheconventionformentowearsuitsonformaloccasions Byconvention northisatthetopofmostmaps B T L E W 7 They him Heistheirslave Inordertoprocureaquantityoffalse perishablegoodshehassoldtheonlytrue lastinggood hisownindependence para 4 Cf Whatpossessedhimtosayastupidthinglikethat Sheseemedpossessed Nobodycouldtalkheroutofit PartI Words Expressions TextAnalysis DetailedAnalysis possess Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander WordStudy 21 perish v topassfromexistence disappeargradually Examples Manwillgodownintothepit andallhisthoughtswillperish Flowersperishwhenfrostcomes B T L E W 8 Therefore hechosetoliveinAthensorCorinth wheretravelersfromallovertheMediterraneanworldconstantlycameandwent And design hepubliclybehavedinsuchwaysastoshowpeoplewhatreallifewas para 6 Translation世界是有意缔造的呢 还是偶然形成的呢 Wastheworldmadebydesignordiditcomeintoexistencebychance PartI Words Expressions by TextAnalysis DetailedAnalysis Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander onpurpose deliberately intentionallyExample Didyouphonemeonmybirthdaybyaccidentorbydesign 2 bydesign PhrasesandExpressions B T L E W Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander WordStudy 20 neglect v topaylittleornoattentionto failtoheed disregardn habituallackofcare Examples Ifyouneglectthisproperty itwilldepreciate Feedplantsandtheygrow neglectthemandtheysuffer 人勤地生宝 人懒地长草 Hewascriticizedforhisneglectofduty B T L E W Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander WordStudy 2 content a a satisfiedb willingv tomakesatisfiedn a somethingcontainedb subjectmatterofawrittenworkc substantiveormeaningfulpartd proportionofaspecifiedsubstance B T L E W Wordformation contentedcontentmentdiscontented becontenttodobecontentwithcontentoneselfwithtoone sheartcontent Collocation Tobecontinuedonthenextpage Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander WordStudy Examples Shewascontenttostepdownafterfouryearsaschiefexecutive Sheiscontentwithverylittle Hecontentedhimselfwithonepieceofcake Thebrainishungrynotformethodbutforcontent B T L E W 1 Thelittlesquarebegantofillwithpeople pageboys soldiers theyallgraduallyformedacirclearoundDiogenes Helookedthem asasobermanlooksatacrowdoftotteringdrunks andshookhishead para 11 lookover here examine scrutinizeMoreexampleswith over thinkover talkover readover goover PartII Words Expressions over TextAnalysis DetailedAnalysis Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander WordStudy 22 realm n a anareaofinterestoractivityb acountryruledbyakingorqueenExamples Thedifferencesareprofoundintherealmofideology Anewbuildingfortheschoolisnotwithintherealmsofpossibility Thematterwashotlydebatedintherealm B T L E W Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander WordStudy 23 restrain v a toholdbackorkeepincheck controlb todepriveoffreedomorliberty limitorrestrictExamples Sheneverrestrainedthemfromgoing Ican trestrainmyangerwhenIhearofpeoplebeingcrueltoanimals B T L E W Wordformation restraint Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander WordStudy 11 emulate v tostrivetoequalorexcel especiallythroughimitation Example Youmustworkhardtoemulateyourbrother ssuccess B T L E W Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander abodyofpersonsactingtogetherorassociatedundercommondirectionExample Acorpsoftechniciansis areaccompanyingthebandontheirtour 1 a large corpsof PhrasesandExpressions Similarphrases acrowdofalargequantityof B T L E W Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander PhrasesandExpressions 4 seekout tolookforsomethingandfinditExample Afterthemeetinghesoughtoutthepersonwhohadspokenabouttheplan B T L E W Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander WordStudy v a tocomplimentexcessivelyandofteninsincerelyb portrayfavorablyExamples Whatreallyflattersamanisthatyouthinkhimworthflattering Thephotographflattersitssubject 16 flatter B T L E W Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander WordStudy 13 expedition n ajourneyundertakenbyagroupofpeoplewithadefiniteobjective Examples ascientificexpeditiontotheSouthPoleThebuilderspromisedtoexpeditetherepairs expeditev tospeeduptheprogressof facilitate B T L E W Withhishandsomeface hisf glance hisstrongbody hispurpleandgoldcloak andhisairofd hemovedthroughthepartingcrowdtowardtheDog sk para 14 Lookingatthepoorbrokencask thesingler garment andtheroughfigurelyingontheground hesaid IsthereanythingIcandoforyou Diogenes para 15 moreexamples belovedwife blessedmorning awickedman myagedparents PartIII Words Expressions TextAnalysis DetailedAnalysis iery estiny ennel agged Unit4 DiogenesandAlexander WordStudy fieryhairafierysunsetfierycheeksafieryboilafierytemperafie