高一必修三语法(名词性从句).doc

必修3 语法Unit 1& Unit 2 Modal verbs情态动词(讲解详见P9194)1. 情态动词的语法特征:1) 情态动词不能单独做谓语, 除ought和have外, 后面只能接不带to的不定式。 2) 情态动词没有人称, 数的变化, 但有些情态动词, 如can, will也有一般式和过去式的变化。3）只作情态动词的: can / could, may / might, ought to, must可情态可实义的: need, dare 可情态可助动词的: shall / should, will /would相当于情态动词的: have to, used to2. 情态动词：can & could, may & might, will & would, shall & should, must/ can, ought to & ought not to, have to & dont have to, mustnt & neednt等注意事项：1. can 和 could 接动词的完成形式，表示可能已经做某事。can 用在否定和疑问句中, 表示不相信、怀疑等态度。Could have done 表示本可以做的事情但却没有做e.g. They cant have gone out because the light is still on.2. 以could或would提问时，不能再以could或would作答，而应该用can或will。如： Could I borrow your dictionary? Yes, of course you can.3. shall 可以用于第一、三人称的疑问句，表示征求意见或许可；还可用于第二、三人称的陈述句中，表示允诺、警告、命令或威胁等。如：You shall be punished if you break the rule.4. should 表示义务、建议、劝告，意为 “应该”。 “should + have + 过去分词表示本应该在过去做但没有做。 e.g. You should keep your promise. 你应该遵守诺言。 She should have passed the exam. 她应该通过考试的。5. must 用于一般问句中, 肯定回答用 must否定式用neednt 或 dont have to，做“不必”, mustnt 表示“禁止，不允许” MustIfinishallassignmentsatatime? Yes, you must. No,youneednt. must 表示“偏要, 硬要”, 指做令人不快的事情。Eg: He must come and worry her with question, just when she was busy cooking the dinner. Of course, after I gave her my advice, she must go and do the opposite.练一练：一、选择。1. I _ worry about my weekend I always have my plans ready before it comes. A. cant B. mustnt C. darent D. neednt 2. Hows your new babysitter? We _ ask for a better one. All our kids love her so much. A. should B. might C. mustnt D. couldnt 3. May I take this book out of the reading room? No, you _. You read it in here. A. mightnt B. wont C. neednt D. mustnt4. When I was young, I was told that I _ play with matches. (上海2008春)A. wouldnt B. needntC. mustnt D. darent5. Some aspects of a pilots job _ be boring, and pilots often _ work at inconvenient hours. A. can; have to B. may; can C. have to; may D. ought to; must6. Shall I inform him of the change of the schedule right now? I am afraid you _, in case he comes late for the meeting. A. will B. must C. may D. can7. It _ be the postman at the door. Its only six oclock. A. mustnt B. cant C. wont D. neednt8. I havent got the reference book yet, but Ill have a test on the subject next month. Dont worry. You _ have it by Friday. A. could B. shall C. must D. may二、用适当的情态动词翻译句子。1. 你应该更加注意你的书写。(pay attention to)2. 明天早晨，我们必须早起。3. 我本应该完成作业的，但昨晚我熬夜看足球赛了。(stay up late)4. 司机酒后严禁开车。5. 你不必太担心你的作文。Unit 3 5 名词性从句noun clauses1. 名词性从句定义：在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句。 (Noun Clauses)2. 名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语等。3. 因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句包括：主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。1）What he does is important.2) I dont like what he does everyday.3) This is what he does everyday.4) I dont know about the fact that he is a teacher.4. 名词性从句中的连接词有:连词: that / whether / as if (though)连接代词: what /who/which / whose / whatever / whoever / whomever / whichever连接副词: where / when / why / how / wherever / whenever Unit 3 名词性从句作宾语、表语（宾语从句&表语从句）1. 宾语从句：1）定义：跟在动词或介词后面的从句叫宾语从句。2）引导宾语从句的连接代词主要有: who, whom, what, which, whatever, whoever 等；连接副词主要有：where, when, how, why 等; 连词主要有that, if, whether。3) that 在引导宾语从句时无词义，也不充当任何成分，且通常可以省略。但如果含有两个或两个以上的并列宾语从句时，通常只有第一个从句的that可以省略，其余从句的that一般不能省略。如：My uncle said (that) he would come and that he would also bring his son.宾语从句中的连接词that在以下三种情况下不能省略： 当that 从句与另一名词性从句并列作宾语时, 第二个that不能省； 当that作介词宾语时, that不可省掉。The reason lies in that she works harder than the others do. 用it做形式宾语的宾语从句，把真正的宾语从句后置I think it necessary that you should read English aloud.5) whether 和 if 都意为“是否”，通常情况下，二者都可以引导宾语从句；但在介词之后或与 or not 连用时，只能用whether。6) 在第一人称 I, we 与动词 think, expect, believe, guess, suppose 等连用，后接宾语从句时，通常将从句的否定转移到主句谓语动词，形成否定前移。如：I dont suppose youre used to this diet. 7)一些含有假设、猜想、建议等意思的动词后面的宾语从句要用“should +动词原形”结构（虚拟语气）, should 可以省略。这类动词有: advise, arrange, command, demand, desire, insist, order, propose, require, request, suggest等。如： I suggested that he (should) study harder. 2. 表语从句1）定义: 跟在系动词后面的从句叫表语从句2）系动词：be, like, get, become, turn, keep, remain, grow, smell, look, sound, sense, feel, taste等。3）that 引导表语从句，只起连接作用，没有意义，不作句子成分，但不可省（三不原则）。引导表语从句的连词有 that, whether, as if。引导表语从句的连接代词有 what, who, which。引导表语从句的连接副词有when, where, how, why。Eg: What I want to say is that we should spare no efforts to protect our environment.4）当主句的主语为 reason 或是由 why 引导的主语从句时，与它相关的表语从句的连词要用 that 而不能用because。The reason why I like books is that it can broaden our horizon.练一练：1. His writing is so confusing that its difficult to make out _ it is he is trying to express.A. that B. how C. who D. what2. Im afraid hes more of a talker than a doer, which is _ he never finishes anything. A. that B. when C. where D. why3. Weve offered her the job, but I dont know _ shell accept it. A. where B. what C. whether D. which4. We havent discussed yet _ we are going to place our new furniture. A. that B. which C. what D. where5. How much one enjoys himself travelling depends largely on _ he goes with, whether his friends or relatives. A. what B. who C. how D. why6. Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copperfield, was _ it was rather closely modeled on his own life. A. what B. that C. why D. whether7. I prefer shutting myself in and listening to music all day on Sundays. Thats _ I dont agree. You should have a more active life. A. where B. how C. when D. what8. Cindy shut the door heavily and burst into tears. No one in the office knew _ she was so angry. A. where B. whether C. that D. why二、判断从句，选词填空。1. Parents are taught to understand _(how/that)important education is to their childrens future.2. Are you still thinking about yesterdays game? Oh, thats _(what/that) makes me feel excited.3. His question is _(that/when) and where the party will hold.4. Im very interested in _(how/what) he has improved English so fast.5. He asked me _(what/when) I had bought in the supermarket.6. I cant understand _(that/why) they insist on going out in such a cold night.7. I am sure _(that/what) my mom will agree with me.8. Chinese are proud of _(how/what) they had achieved in the past 20 years. Unit 4 名词性从句做主语（主语从句）1. 主语从句定义：在复合句中作句子的主语2. 主语从句的引导词:有从属连词that, whether, if；连接代词who, whoever, whom, what, whatever, whose, which；连接副词when, where, how, why等。3. 观察下列例句，指出其中所包含的主语从句及引导词:1）. What is needed for a trip is careful preparation.该句中主语从句是 _，引导词为 _。2）. That Jay Zhou will come to my city excites everybody.该句中主语从句是 _，引导词为 _。3）. Whether we will travel abroad or not has not been decided.该句中主语从句是 _，引导词为_。4）. It remains a puzzle why dinosaurs died out suddenly long time ago.该句中主语从句是 _，引导词为_。注意：当一个句子主语过长时，可以用it作形式主语，而把真正的主语或主语从句后移至句子末尾，以保持句子的平衡。如例4.练一练：判断下列句子类型1）. It is not clear how the accident happened.2）. I didnt understand why he did so at that time.3）. It is a pity that you should have made such a careless mistake.难点: what 与 that 引导主语从句4. 观察下列例句，试着翻译例句并总结其规律。 (1) That more and more students are admitted into universities is true.译为：_(2) What is needed for the program is more wisdom. 译为：_小结：从上面例句可以看出，that引导主语从句时，在句中具有“两不”原则：一、不作句子成分；二、没有实际意义。当它引导的主语从句置于句首时，that不能省略；如果用it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时， that可以省略。【巩固练习】 用 what 或 that 填空。(1) _ he told us this morning was just a lie.(2) _ is important to us is enough time.(3) It worries my mom _ she is beginning to get a little fat.(4) _ we cant get seems better than _ we have.5. whether 与 if 引导主语从句 如果主语从句置于句首，不能用if引导，此时，需用whether。但如果用it作形式主语，而把主语从句放在句末时，也可以用if引导。Eg: Whether well go camping tomorrow depends on the weather.It was doubtful whether/ if Tom really saw Sharon.6. 其它引导词连接代词who, which, whom, whose有各自的具体意义，起连接作用，同时在从句中充当主语、宾语、表语、定语等；whoever, whatever, whichever在意义上更为强调，常译为“无论”；连接副词when, where, why, how等也有各自的意义，起连接作用，并在从句中作状语。练一练;（改错）1. Light travels faster than sound is common knowledge.2. If shes coming or not doesnt matter much.3. That the professor said is of great importance.4. Where will the trees be planted has not been decided.5. No matter who breaks the rule will be punished.6. When and where the meeting will be held still remain a question.7. It was requested that everyone made a speech at the meeting. 8. What were your problems a year ago has now become mine. Unit 5 名词性从句作同位语（同位语从句）同位语从句 (noun clauses as the appositive)1. 定义：在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。eg. The news that our team won the first prize excited all of us.2. 功能：同位语从句对名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容。3. 用法：1）引导同位语从句的that在从句中不充当任何成分，无任何具体意思，一般不省略。（三不原则）2） 同位语从句常用that引导，与其同位的名词常有：news, fact, hope, idea, word, suggestion, promise, thought, doubt, belief信任/信仰, truth, request, proposal提议/建议, demand等抽象名词。(此类名词可以涵盖一定的内容）Eg: The fact that he died in the car accident made everyone sad.3) 同位语从句还可用 whether, how , when, where, why等引导。 eg: I have no idea how he did it.注意：除 that外， 其余连词在从句中都具有各自的意义和成分。 eg: He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 状语 You have no idea how worried I was. 状语练一练：1. The fact _ she works hard is well known to us all. A. that B. what C. why D. which 2. The fact _ he was successful proves his ability. A. that B. what C. which D. why 难点:(定语从句与同位语从句的区别)1. 从词类上区别 同位语从句前面的名词只能是idea, fact, news, possibility, promise, word, order等有一定内涵的名词，而定语从句的先行词可以是名词,代词,主句的一部分或是整个主句。（判断下列的句子哪句是定语从句，哪句是同位语从句。）Eg: Word came that he had been abroad. 据说他已经出国了。Our team has won the game, which made us very happy. 我们的队赢了, 这让我们很高兴。2. 从性质上区别 定语从句是从句对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴;而同位语从句是从句对前面抽象名词的进一步的说明和解释,属于名词性从句的范畴，如: Eg: The news that our team has won the game was true. 我们队赢了那场比赛的消息是真的。 (同位语从句, 补充说明news到底是一个什么消息) The news that he told me yesterday was true. 昨天他告诉我的那个消息是真的。 (定语从句, news在从句中作told的宾语) 3. 引导词that引导定语从句时, 在从句中一般作主语或宾语 (指物时还可以用which代替), 并且作宾语时常常省略，that在同位语从句中仅起连接作用, 不充当任何成分, 并且不能省略, 也不能用which来代替，如: I had no idea that you were here （that引导同位语从句，不能省略)Have you got the idea（that）this book gives you of life in ancient Greece？ （that引导定语从句，作宾语，可以省略） 练一练：1. 填上适当的连接词。1). I have no idea _ he will be back. 2). We heard the news _ our team had won. 3). There arose the question _ we could get the loan . 4). The suggestion _ the plan (should) be delayed will be discussed tomorrow. 5). Have you heard the news _ Mary will be back soon? 2. 判断下列哪些含有同位语从句，哪些含有定语从句。1) The news that we had successfully sent up another communication satellite spread throughout the world.2) Thats the best piece of news Ive heard.3) Is there any hope that he will be home at 7?4) Ive no hope that my parents have been expecting to me.5) The possibility that you referred to doesnt exist at all.6) There is a strong possibility that we may be in France for the next week.7) The problem that they discussed the other day had been settled.8) Well discuss the problem whether the sports meeting will be held on time.9)