英语句法精要.doc

英语句法精要 -金浩链一、英语的谓语形式a 单个动词的一般现在时、一般过去时，如 am，were，has，do，look，cameb 助动词+动词原形，如 can be， will do， should prepare，must learnc be + 非谓语动词，如 am/are/is/was/were + doing/done/to dodhave + 非谓语动词, 如 have/has/had + gone/to go二、非独立谓语动词(基本形式)形式to-ing -ed例词to doto bedoingbeingdonebeen动态词性名/形/副名/形/副形/副基本情态意义要能应须主动做被动做构谓形式原形be to do/behave to do/bebe doingbe donehave done/been三、最基本的三种句型 1.主语 + 动词 Mike lives here.麦克住在这里。 The children came running towards me.孩子们朝着我跑过来。 She is in Shanghai.她在上海。 2.主语 + 动词 + 表语 Tom is a student.汤姆是一个学生。 He became a teacher.他成了一名教师。 She looks happy.她显得高兴。 The matter is of importance.这件事很重要。 3.主语 + 动词 +（介词）+ 宾语 Mike likes books.麦克喜欢书。 Have you finished talking?你们谈完话了吗？ We shall begin to work.我们要开始工作。 Do you know how to do it?你知道怎么做吗？ She is fond of this game.她对这个游戏感兴趣。He enjoys playing tennis.他爱玩网球。* it 作主语的无人称句（这种 it 无明确词义） It was late autumn.那是晚秋。 It began to snow.天开始下雪。 How many kilometers is it from the school to your factory?从学校到你们厂子有多少公里？ Itll be lovely in the park today.今天公园里一定很美丽。 * There 引导句 英语存现句常用 there （个别情况用here ）来引导。主语出现在存现动词之后，而状语一般放到句子的尾部。这种结构中的 there 只起引导的作用，本身没有词义。 There arent any students in the classroom.教室里没有学生。 There came a knock at the door.响起敲门声。* It 引导句 A. It（有时 that 也可） 作形式主语 It is our duty to attend to this matter.关心这件事是我们的责任。 Its no use talking to him about it.告诉他这件事没用。 It doesnt matter whether you get there late or early.你到那里早晚都没关系。 It seems that he was late for school.好像他上学迟到了。 Thats great that you were there for him today.今天你在那儿对他来说太重要了。 B. It 作形式宾语 He found it very difficult to answer the question.他发现这个问题很难回答。 I think it no use telling them.我认为告诉他们没用。* 被动句 Football is played all over the world.足球是普及全球的运动。 The date is expected to be announced soon.估计有关资料即将公布。 It was considered a shame to cheat in exam.考试作弊被认为是可耻的行为。 She was advised to take the medicine.有人建议她吃这种药。* 不定式的主语 It was rare for a poor boy to go to college.穷人家的孩子上大学是罕见的事情。 It was wise of you to refuse her invitation.你拒绝她的邀请太聪明了。* 动名词的主语 Her chief worry was her lacking in experience.她主要担心自己缺乏经验。 She insisted on my staying there for supper.她坚持要我留下来吃晚饭。四、主从句连接方式 A.疑问句直接作成分 英语中以 WH- 疑问词开头的句子可以直接充当成分。例如： When well have our sports meet is still a question.我们何时开运动会，还没定下来。 He was not conscious of what an important discovery he had made.他没有意识到他的发现有多重要。 B.同位揭示连接陈述式同位从句通常用 that 连接：Can you produce any evidence that he was not at home that night? 你能提供证据来说明那天夜里他没在家吗？ That he is the most suitable person for the work is agreed.他最适合做这项工作这一点，大伙都公认。 She knew nothing besides that he was there.除了知道他在那儿外，她什么也不知道。 I dont doubt (that) they will be able to overcome the difficulties.我相信他们能够战胜这些困难。 有时同位语不紧跟在它说明的名词后面，而被别的词隔开： The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.他想到很可能敌人已经逃离了城市。* “itthat +从句”同位连接： Its not your fault that this has happened.发生这样一件事情不是你的过错。 It happened that I wasnt there that day.偏巧那天我没在哪儿。 I heard it said that he has great concern for his friends.我听说他很关心他的朋友们。 You may depend upon it that they will support your proposal. 你可以相信他们将支持你的意见。* “so/suchthat + 从句”同位连接： The box was so heavy （that）I couldnt lift it.那箱子重得我抬不动。 She is such a lovely girl (that) everybody likes her.她非常可爱，大家都喜欢她。D.关系代词连接 a.被指代词是具体名词 The man who is standing by the door is our teacher.靠门站着的人就是我们的老师。 This is the boy whose mother is a physician.这就是那个孩子，他的妈妈是内科医生。 The first thing that we should do is to send for a doctor.我们应该做的第一件事是请医生。 The only thing that we must do is asking the police station for help.我们的当务之急是请警察局帮忙。 b.被指代词是 TH- 类概括词 This is that which we want.这就是我们希望得到的。I was surprised at that which he said.他说的使我惊讶。 *现代英语习惯上用一个 WH- 类指代词代替上面的 TH- + WH- 结构, 构成双向联系: What you say is quite true.你说的完全符合事实。 I was surprised at what he said.他说的使我惊讶。 Thats where we differ.这就是我们的分歧所在。 Make a mark where you have any questions.有问题的地方做个标记。 That was how they were defeated.他们就这样被打败了。 基本句型的扩展 1.主动宾句型的扩展 It will do you a lot of good.它会对你很有用的。 She put the flowers in the vase.她把花插进花瓶里。 They found Mike (to be) a good friend.他们感到麦克是好朋友。 He regards you as a friend.他认为你是他的朋友。 Susan made his parents happy.苏珊使她的父母高兴。 He likes the children to be quiet.他喜欢孩子们肃静。 I cant understand Tom behaving so foolishly.我无法理解汤姆的这种愚蠢行为？ * 主语 + 动词 + （宾语）+ 状语 He awoke to find himself in a hospital.他醒来发现自己躺在医院里。 He opened the door for the cat to come in.他打开门让猫进来。 He doesnt want there to be any trouble.他希望不出现麻烦。 2.主动表句型的扩展 * 主语 + 动词 + 表语 + 表语宾语 He is not afraid to go alone.他不怕一个人走路。 His parents are anxious for him to receive a good education.他的父母急于让他受到良好教育。 English is hard to learn.英语不好学。 * 主语 + 动词 + 表语 + 表语状语 The weather is sure to be fine.天气一定不错。 He was unwise to accept her offer.他接受她给的好处是不明智的。 The book is too difficult for him to read.这本书对他来说是太难了。 Will you be so kind as to lend me your book?您愿意把您的书借给我用吗？ *类主动表结构 He appeared to enjoy the concert.他在音乐会上显得很高兴。 This seems to be an important point.这好象很重要。 V. It 引导的强调结构句 英语中有时通过 it 引导来形成强调结构。构成模式是： .It is we who have a TV set in the classroom.教室里放着电视机的是我们。 .It is a TV set that we have in the classroom.我们在教室里放着的是电视机。.It is in the classroom that we have a TV set.我们放着电视机的是教室里。 VI 支配形式 动词词组做非谓语成分和形容词词组做非表语成分，是造成句子繁化的主要原因之一。 The man talking with Mary is my brother.跟玛莉谈话的是我哥哥。 Entering the dining room, he saw his mother in white clean overalls.走进餐厅，他看见妈妈穿着干净的白色工装裤。下面列举三十类较典型的支配方式。1.want to do 2.teach how to do 3.teach us to do 4.tell you how to do 5.suggest spending 6.like playing/to play 7.insist on doing 8.give me something 9.find story interesting 10.make him captain 11.be a doctor 12.kind of you to do 13.sorry to