英语特殊句型

非谓语动词 否定式非谓语动词的否定式通常是就在非谓语动词之前加 not 或 never。Try not to make a noise. He told the children not to play in the street. He apologized for his not being able to arrive on time. Not having finished his work, he could not leave the office. Not having met him, I cannot tell you what he is like. 注意之点当前面有逻辑主语时，要放在逻辑主语与非谓语动词之间。Im surprised at your not having noticed. Jennys not having been trained as a dancer is her one regret. 动词不定式动词不定式：（to）+do，具有名词、形容词、副词的特征。 否定式：not + (to) do 以do为例，动词不定式的构成如下： 时态/语态主动语态被动语态一般时to do to be done进行时to be doing完成时to have doneto have been done完成进行时to have been doing（1）一般式：不定式的一般式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生或发生在谓语动词动作之后. He seems to know a lot. 他看起来懂得很多。 We plan to pay a visit. 我们计划花钱去参观。 （2）进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生，例如： He seems to be reading in his room. 看起来他正在他的房间里面读书。 （3）完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前， I happened to have seen the film. 我偶然看过这部电影。 He is pleased to have met his friend. 他很高兴能遇上他的朋友。 动名词动名词的形式： V-ing 否定式：not + 动名词 一般式 （谓语动词同时发生）doingbeing done完成式 （谓语动词发生之前）having donehaving been done （1）一般式： Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。 （2）被动式： He came to the party without being invited他未被邀请就来到了晚会。 （3）完成式： We remembered having seen the film. 我们记得看过这部电影。 （4）完成被动式： He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old. 他忘记五岁时曾被带到广州去过。 （5）否定式：not + 动名词 I regret not following his advice. 我后悔没听他的劝告。 （6）复合结构：物主代词（或名词所有格）+ 动名词 He suggested our trying it once again. 他建议我们再试一次。 His not knowing English troubled him a lot. 他不懂英语给他带来许多麻烦。 过去分词： 过去分词只有一种形式：规则动词由动词原形加词尾-ed构成。 1过去分词作定语： Our class went on an organized trip last Monday. 上周一我们班开展了一次有组织的旅行。 Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。 注意当过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。 2过去分词作表语： The window is broken. 窗户破了。 They were frightened at the sad sight. 他们对眼前悲惨的景象感到很害怕。 注意：be + 过去分词，如果表示状态是系表结构，如果表示被动的动作是被动语态。区别： The window is broken.（系表） The window was broken by the boy.（被动） 有些过去分词是不及物动词构成的，不表示被动，只表示完成。如： boiled water（开水） fallen leaves（落叶） newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳） the changed world（变了的世界） 这类过去分词有：gone, come, fallen, risen, changed, arrived, returned, passed等。 3过去分词作宾语补足语： I heard the song sung several times last week. 上周我听见这首歌被唱了好几次。 有时过去分词做with短语中的宾语补足语： With the work done, they went out to play. 工作做完了，他们出去玩去了。 4过去分词作状语： Praised by the neighbours, he became the pride of his parents. 受到邻居们的表扬，他成为父母的骄傲。（表示原因） Once seen, it can never be forgotten. 一旦它被看见，人们就忘不了。（表示时间） Given more time, Ill be able to do it better. 如果给予更多的时间，我能做得更好。（表示条件） Though told of the danger, he still risked his life to save the boy. 虽然被告之有危险，他仍然冒生命危险去救那个孩子。（表示让步） Filled with hopes and fears, he entered the cave. 非谓语动词重要句式归纳why not句式why not后习惯上接动词原形，不能接带to不定式或现在分词，主要用于表示同意、赞成、劝诱等，其意为“为什么不呢”。如：Why not try again? 干嘛不再试呢?If you have to go to the dentist, why not go at once and get it over? 你要是必须去看牙医，为什么不马上就去，一了百了呢?非谓语动词重要句式归纳would rather句式1. “would rather+动词原形” 意为“宁愿做某事”，其中的动词原形不能改为不定式或分词。如：Wed rather stay at home. 我们宁愿呆在家里。I would rather not tell him. 我宁愿不告诉他。Which would you rather do, go to cinema or stay at home?你是去看电影还是待在家。2. “would rather+动词原形+than+动词原形” 意为“宁愿做某事而不愿做另一事”。如：He would rather listen to others than talk himself. 他宁愿听别人谈而不愿自己谈。He would rather deal with a man than with a woman. 他愿意和男人打交道而不愿和女人打交道。3. “would +动词原形+rather than+动词原形” 意为“宁愿做某事而不愿做另一事”。如：I would do anything rather than let him get off. 我愿做任何事而不愿让他跑掉。Id take the slowest train rather than go there by air. 我宁可乘最慢的火车去也不愿坐飞机去。非谓语动词重要句式归纳-prefer句式1. prefer+不定式+rather than+动词原形其意为“宁愿做某事而不愿做另一事”。如：I prefer to walk there rather than go by bus. 我宁愿走着去，而不愿坐公共汽车去。He prefers to read rather than watch television. 他喜欢 读书而不喜欢看电视。注：若语义明确，有时可以有所省略。如：I prefer to travel by day rather than (travel) by night. 我宁愿白天旅行而不是在夜间旅行。2. prefer+动名词+to+动名词其意为“宁愿做某事而不愿做另一事”。如：He prefers swimming to riding as a sport. 作为一项运动项 目，他更喜欢游泳而不是骑马。注：这类结构的 prefer 前有时也可用 would, should 等。如：Wewould prefer playing outdoors to watching television. 我们宁愿在外面玩而不愿看电视。接不定式和接动名词意义不同的动词或短语 英语中，接不定式和接动名词意义不同的动词或短语主要有：remember to do(记住去做) remember doing(记得做过) forget to do(忘记去做) forget doing(忘记做过) regret to do (遗憾地做) regret doing(后悔做了) try to do(设法做) try doing(试做) go on to do(接着做另一事) go on doing(继续做同一事) mean to do(打算做) mean doing(意味着) stop to do(停下来去做) stop doing(停止做) cant help to do(不能帮助做) cant help doing(情不自禁做) Please remember to post this letter for me. 请记住帮我寄信。I remember posting the letter for you. 我记得帮你寄了那封信。Dontforget to ask Tom. 别忘记去问汤姆。Have you forgotten meeting her? 你忘记了曾见过她吗?You really must try to overcome your shyness 你确实需要努力克服你的腼腆。Try holding your breath to stop sneezing. 试着屏住呼吸以止住打喷嚏。We two stopped talking. 我们两人停止谈话()。They stopped to listen, but there was no sound. 他们停下来听，却没有声音。特殊连词总结一 . 由动词转化成的连词1. suppose （如果，假使）引导条件状语从句。Suppose it rains， what shall we do？Suppose a lion should come out of the forest？2. save （除了，只是）引导状语从句，表示伴随状况。A similar timetable has been used， save that the morning break is shorter.二 . 由分词转化成的连词1. 现在分词由现在分词转化成的连词有 seeing （考虑到）， supposing （假定） ， providing （如果的话）， considering （考虑到）等，可用来引导条件状语从句。例如：He can stay here providing he works.Supposing that youve made some progress， you should not be proud.Considering they are newcomers， theyve done very well.2. 过去分词由过去分词转化成的连词有 provided （如果的话；以为条件）， granted （假定；即使）等，可用来引导条件状语从句。You may go， provided your work is done.Granted that he has enough money to buy the house， it doesnt mean hes going to do so.三、由副词转化成的连词directly, constantly, immediately 均表示“一就，马上，立刻”的意思，可用来引导时间状语从句。例如：Directly I had done it， I knew I had made a mistake.I came immediately Id eaten.四 . 由名词转化成的连词由名词转化过来的连词，前面一般都有定冠词。1. the moment， the instant， the minute , the second这几个词组都表示“一就，马上，立刻”的意思，可用来引导时间状语从句。I will meet you the instant you arrive.The moment you leave， please tell me. 2. the morning (afternoon, evening ), the night, the day, the week, the year, the spring(summer, autumn, winter)等一些表示时间段的名词短语引导时间状语从句时，可以表示on the morning when, at the night when, on the day when, in the year when, in the spring when等。The morning I was walking along the lake, I met an old friend. Marys brother joined the army the year she went to college.3. the first （或 second， next， last ） time （或 moment ）表示“在某一次的时候”，可用来引导时间状语从句。I liked her the first time I met her. Every time we come to Beijing , we go to visit the Monument to the Peoples Heroes with respects .五 . 由介词短语转化成的关联连词由介词短语转化成的关联连词很多，而且还在不断增加。常见的有 for fear that （唯恐）， in case that （假使）， in order that （为了）， on condition that （如果）， with the result that （结果）等，可用来引导条件、目的或结果状语从句。例如：He hurried home for fear that he might miss his guests.In case Im late， start without me.I was in the bath with the result that I didnt hear the telephone.They flew there in order that they might be in time to attend the opening ceremony. 英语特殊句型之There be存在句There be 句型又叫存在句。存在句把there 作为句子的形式主语，而把实际主语至于动词之后。There have been great changes since the policy of opening-up to the outside world was carried out. 自对外开放政策实施以来有了很大变化。There is going to be a heavy snow this evening. 今晚将有大雪。1 here 后面的动词除了be 动词外，还有seen，appear，exist，lie，sit，stand，remain，come，go，walk，enter，follow，arrive，happen，occur，emerge，rise，raise。例如：There appears to be no doubt about the question.似乎对这一问题没有疑问。Do you think there remains nothing to be done? 你以为没有什么可以做了？There came the angry voice of the manager from office. 办公室传来了老板愤怒的声音。There once occurred an earthquake in Shanghai. 上海曾发生过一次地震。There must be something wrong with this machine, for it doesnt work. 机器一定出毛病了，它不行了。2 There be+名词的结构（1）There is no+ n. +to do句型There is no need/doubt/possibility to do sth. /that 从句（2）There is no +名词+in doing.。.句型There is no use/good/harm/hurry/sense/point + （in） doing sth.There is no use waiting. He wont turn up.3. there be 句型比较特殊，虽然它是一个倒装句，there 表示主句，主语是be动词之后的名词形式，但是在独立主格结构中there却占据主格的位置，即there + being.如：There being no bus, we had to go back to home on foot.因为没有公共汽车，我们不得不步行回家。 英语特殊句型之 替代注意的问题替代是指用替代词代替上文中出现过的词语或整个句子，是避免重复、连接上下文的手段之一。通常有三种：名词性替代、动词性替代和从句性替代。1 名词性替代词 主要是one/ones, the one/ones, that, it。I like the green coat instead of the blue one.Mr. Zhang gave the textbooks to all the pupils except the ones who bad already taken them.Another theme of his plays is that of love being created and destroyed.The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Nanjing.I bought a pen yesterday and gave it to her.2 动词性替代用动词等表示的替代现象叫做动词性替代。主要用法如下：（1） 用do 来替代实义动词，若及物，须跟宾语，如：She plays the piano better than Mary does. (plays the guitar.)（2）用do so 来替代动宾结构或动状结构，如：Oceans are able to clean themselves, but certain seas are not able to do so. (clean themselves)do 可以代替前面已出现过的行为动词，以免重复，但它的形式应按照人称、时态的需要而变化。3 从句性替代（1）so可以代替句子，和believe，think，expect，imagine， suppose， hope， hear， be afraid， fear，call，tell等词连用。（2）not 可以用来代替一个否定结构的从句或谓语，用于上述动词之后。请看下列各句：Drop the gun. If not, youll be sorry. Is she well? I think so.(that she is well)I believe / expect / fear / hope / imagine / suppose / think not.4 动词不定式to的替代动词不定式to替代承前的内容，多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中。为了避免重复，作宾语或主补、宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略（只保留to即可）。可用于下列结构中：（1）形容词：afraid，glad，happy，be willing to，be able to，etc.（2）动词：like，love，expect，manage，try，hope，pretend，wish，refuse，agree，want，afford，fail，forget，remember， used to，have to，etc.（3）带补语的动词：tell，ask， allow，permit，expect，wish，force，warn，forbid，persuade，etc. Would you like to go to the film with me? Yes, Id like to.I wanted to play football after class, but mother asked me not to.注意：若承前省略的不定式内容是be或作助动词用的have时，to后要保留be或Have。如： Are you a college student? No, but I want to be. 虚拟语气真实条件句真实条件句用于陈述语气，假设的情况有可能发生。各种结构参见下表：句型条件从句主句一般现在时shall/will + 动词原形祈使句情态动词一般现在时If he comes, he will bring his violin. 如果他来，会带小提琴来的。The volleyball match will be put off if it _.A. will rain B. rains C. rained D. is rained注意：1）在真实条件句中，主句不能用be going to表示将来，该用shall, will.（错） If you leave now, you are never going to regret it.（对） If you leave now, you will never regret it.2）表示真理时，主句谓语动词不用shall （will） +动词原形，而直接用一般现在时的动词形式。注意：在条件状语从句中，通常要用一般现在时表示将来意义，而不能直接使用将来时态。不过，有时表示条件的 if之后可能用 will，但那不是将来时态, 而是表示意愿或委婉的请求(will为情态动词)。如：If you will sit down for a few moments, Ill tell the manager youre here. 虚拟语气非真实条件句1）虚拟语气可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况，时态的基本特点是时态往后推移。a. 与现在事实相反的假设条件从句主句一般过去时（be用were）should（would）等 +动词原形If they were here, they would help you. 含义：They are not here, they cant help you.b. 与过去事实相反的假设条件从句主句过去完成时should（would）等+ have+ 过去分词If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it. 含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.c. 表示对将来不大可能发生的事情的假想条件从句主句一般过去时should/would等 + 动词原形were+ 不定式should+ 动词原形If you succeeded, everything would be all right.If you should succeed, everything would be all right.If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.含义：You are not likely to succeed, everything will be what it is now. 虚拟语气混合条件句有时，主句与从句的动作发生在不同的时间，主句从句谓语动词的虚拟语气形式因时间不同而不同，这种条件句叫做混合条件句。例如：If you had asked him yesterday， you would know what to do now.（从句与过去事实相反，主句与现在事实相反。）If it had rained last night（过去）， it would be very cold today （现在）。 虚拟语气虚拟条件句的倒装虚拟条件句的从句部分含有were， should， 或had时， 可省略if，再把were， should或had 移到从句的句首，实行倒装。Were they here now, they could help us. =If they were here now, they could help us.他们现在在的话，就会帮助我们了。Had you come earlier, you would have met him. =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.。Should it rain, the crops would be saved. =Were it to rain, the crops would be saved. 虚拟语气特殊的虚拟语气词should1）在主语从句中的应用It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that等结构的主语从句，谓语动词用should 加动词原形，should 可省略。It is 可用的词有三类that（should）dosuggested, ordered, required, proposed, demanded, requested, insisted等important, necessary, natural, imperative, strange等a pity, a shame, no wonder等2）在宾语从句中的应用在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中，像order， suggest， propose， require， demand， request， insist， command， insist + （should） do等。例如：I suggest that we （should） hold a meeting next week. 我建议下周召开个会议。He insisted that he （should ） be sent there.他要求被派到那儿去。注意：如suggest， insist不表示建议 或坚持要某人做某事时，即它们用于其本意暗示、表明、坚持认为时，宾语从句用陈述语气。判断改错： （错） You pale face suggests that you（should）be ill.（对） Your pale face suggests that you are ill.（错） I insisted that you（should）be wrong.（对） I insisted that you were wrong.3）在表语从句，同位