高三英语二轮复习 专题八 科普知识型阅读理解精品课件 新课标.ppt

专题八科普知识型阅读理解 专题八科普知识型阅读理解 专题八 专题导读 科普说明文的特征1 结构严谨 逻辑性强 科普类文章属于解释类说明体裁 和叙事类文章不同 它有明确的主题 论证主题的事实以及严谨的逻辑结构 层次分明 段落清晰 一般由导语 introduction 背景 background 主体 mainbody 和结尾 ends 四部分构成 在段首和段尾常出现主题句 专题八 专题导读 2 从词汇角度来看 在科普类文章中 词汇的意义比较专一 稳定 简明 不带感情色彩 具有单一性和准确性的特点 它没有文学英语中常采用的排比 比喻 夸张等修辞手段 一词多义的现象也并不多见 由于科普类文章读者对象是大众 所以语言上力求浅显易懂 用通俗的语言解释某种科学现象和科学道理 但其中有些词汇仍带有很强的术语性的烙印 但通过上下文解释考生可以推定词义 从而顺利解题 因此 科普类文章中尽管有专业词汇和术语 但可以通过上下文意 构词法等来理解题目 猜出词义 专题八 专题导读 3 从语法和句子结构方面看 句子结构较复杂 长难句较多 语法分析较困难 为了描述一个客观事物 准确地表达自己的思想 作者经常会使用集多种语法现象于一体的长句 4 常用下列一些结构形式 1 常使用被动语态 定语从句等 2 虚拟语气经常出现 因为科学家在对事物和现象进行研究 探讨和论证时 总是避免武断 因此很多解释和陈述都要用虚拟语气 专题八 专题导读 科普说明文的解题技巧1 在阅读时 考生需先通读短文 把握文章大意 了解该短文是解释何种科学现象或科学道理 抓住体现本文主题的关键词和关键句 提高阅读速度 2 要做好科普类文章试题 考生还要掌握这类文章的特点及结构 真正读懂并理解它 在阅读这类文章时要遵循此类文章的一般结构 导语 背景 主体和结尾 导语一般位于文章的首段 背景交代一个事实的起因 主体则对导语所概括的事实进行详细叙述 结尾往往也是中心思想的概括 并常常与导语相呼应 阅读时 要注意短文的开头和结尾 它们往往提出或归纳某一要点或中心思想 专题八 专题导读 3 在了解全文大意和结构的基础上 学会解决what how why等一类的问题 它们是文章的关键 如能带着这些问题去阅读 将会更迅速地抓住文章的主题 另外 还要多读些科普类文章 比如有关以下主题的文章 太空与海洋 保护环境 创造与发明 动物世界等 这样长期坚持 既开阔了视野 又能正确迅速地做好此类试题 专题八 真题典例 2011 北京卷 astherailroadsandthehighwaysshapedtheamericanwestinthepastcenturies anewelectricalgenerating 发电 andtransmission 输送 systemforthe21stcenturywillleavealastingmarkonthewest forbetterorworse muchoftherealsignificanceofrailroadsandhighwaysisnotintheirdirectphysicaleffectonthescenery butinthewaysthattheyaffectthesurroundingcommunity thesameistrueofbigsolarplantsandthepowerlinesthatwillbelaiddowntomoveelectricityaround 专题八 真题典例 the19thcenturysawlandgrants 政府拨地 offeredtorailroadcompaniestobuildthetranscontinentalrailroads leavingpubliclandinbetweenprivatelyownedland inmuchofthewest someoftherailroadsectionsweredevelopedwhileothersremainedundeveloped andinbothcasesthelandownershiphaspresenteduniquechallengestolandmanagement withthecompletionoftheinterstatehighwaysystem manyofthesmalltowns whichsprangupasrailwaystopsanddevelopedwell havelosttheirlifebloodanddied 专题八 真题典例 bigsolarplantsandtheirpowerlineswillalsohaveeffectsfarbeyondtheirdirectfootprintinthewest thisisnotanargumentagainstbuildingthem weneedalternativeenergybadly andtoreadilytakeadvantageofitweneedtobeabletomoveelectricityaroundfarmorereadilythanwecannow sotrade offswillhavetobemade somescenicspotswillbesacrificed somespecieswillbeforcedtomove orwillbecarefullymovedtospecialaccommodations dealswillbestrucktoreducetheimmediateeffects 专题八 真题典例 thelastingeffectsofthesetrade offsareanothermatter the21stcenturydevelopmentoftheamericanwestasanidealplaceforalternativeenergyisgoingtothrowoffalotofpowerandmoneyintheregion therearechancesforthatpowerandmoneytodoalotofgood butitisjustaslikelythattheywillbespentwastefullyandwillleavenewproblemsbehind justliketherailroadsandthehighways 专题八 真题典例 themoneysetasideinnegotiatedtrade offsandtheinstitutionsthatcontrolitwillshapethewestfarbeyondtheimmediatefootprintofpowerplantsandtransmissionlines solet sremembertheeffectsoftherailroadsandthehighwaysasweconstructthesenewpowerplantsinthewest 解析 这是一篇科普类的说明文 对比高速公路 铁路建设对美国西部的影响 作者探讨了可替代能源建设在开展时对该地区的影响 建议在建设中要采取审慎的态度 专题八 真题典例 1 whatwastheproblemcausedbytheconstructionoftherailways a smalltownsalongtherailwaysbecameabandoned b somerailroadstopsremainedunderused c landinthewestwashardtomanage d landgrantswentintoprivatehands 解析 c细节理解题 由第二段的 andinbothcasesthelandownershiphaspresenteduniquechallengestolandmanagement 可以看出 铁路修建的问题造成了西部土地的管理难度加大 专题八 真题典例 2 whatisthemajorconcerninthedevelopmentofalternativeenergyaccordingtothelasttwoparagraphs a thetransmissionofpower b theuseofmoneyandpower c theconservationofsolarenergy d theselectionofanidealplace 解析 b细节理解题 由倒数第二段的 asanidealplaceforalternativeenergyisgoingtothrowoffalotofpowerandmoney 以及最后一段第一句的叙述 可以看出 在可替代能源的开发中最大的问题就是 moneyandpower 专题八 真题典例 3 whatistheauthor sattitudetowardsbuildingsolarplants a cautious b approving c doubtful d disapproving 解析 a观点推测题 由文章结构来看 作者首先分析了发展可替代能源 太阳能的重大意义 并提出了 anewelectricalgenerating 发电 andtransmission 输送 systemforthe21stcenturywillleavealastingmarkonthewest forbetterorworse 然后分析了该项目的问题 moneyandpower 由此可以推出作者的态度是谨慎的 专题八 真题典例 4 whichisthebesttitleforthepassage a howtherailwayshaveaffectedthewestb howsolarenergycouldreshapethewestc howtheeffectsofpowerplantscanbereducedd howtheproblemsofthehighwayshavebeensettled 解析 b主旨大意题 文章的主题出现在第一段 anewelectricalgenerating 发电 andtransmission 输送 systemforthe21stcenturywillleavealastingmarkonthewest forbetterorworse 最后一段又进行了升华概括 willshapethewestfarbeyond 由此可知答案 专题八 新题预测 一 scientistsatharvarduniversityandbatescollegefindfemalechimpanzees 黑猩猩 appeartotreatsticksasdolls carryingthemarounduntiltheyhavechildrenoftheirown youngmalesengageinsuchbehaviormuchlessfrequently thenewworkbysonyam kahlenbergandrichardw wrangham describedthisweekinthejournalcurrentbiology providesthefirstevidenceofawildnon humanspeciesplayingwithdolls aswellasthefirstknownsexdifferenceinawildanimal schoiceofplaythings 专题八 新题预测 thetworesearcherssaytheirworkaddstoagrowingbodyofevidencethathumanchildrenareprobablybornwiththeirownideasofhowtheywanttobehave ratherthansimplymirroringothergirlswhoplaywithdollsandboyswhoplaywithtrucks dollplayamonghumanscouldhaveitsoriginsinobject carryingbyearlierapes 猿类 theysay suggestingthattoyselectionisprobablynotdueentirelytosocialization inhumans thereareobvioussexdifferencesinchildren stoyplay andtheseareremarkablysimilaracrosscultures sayskahlenberg whilesocializationbyeldersandpeershas 专题八 新题预测 beentheprimaryexplanation ourworksuggeststhatbiologymayalsohaveanimportantroletoplayinactivitypreferences in14yearsofdataonchimpanzeebehavioratthekibalenationalparkinuganda kahlenbergandwranghamcountedmorethan100examplesofstick carrying someyoungchimpanzeescarriedsticksintothenesttosleepwiththemandononeoccasionbuiltaseparatenestforthestick wehaveseenjuvenilesoccasionallycarryingsticksformanyyears andbecausetheysometimestreatedthemratherlikedolls wewantedtoknowifingeneralthisbehaviortendedtorepresent 专题八 新题预测 somethinglikeplayingwithdolls sayswrangham aprofessoratharvard ifthedollhypothesis 假设 wasright wethoughtthatfemalesshouldcarrysticksmorethanmalesdo andthatthechimpanzeesshouldstopcarryingstickswhentheyhadtheirfirstchild wehavenowwatchedenoughyoungchimpanzeestoprovebothpoints 解析 本文是科普阅读 研究发现 雌性黑猩猩喜欢把棍子当作自己的玩具娃娃 专题八 新题预测 1 whatdoesafemalechimpanzeedowithsticks a shegivesthemtoherchildtoplaywith b shetreatsthemasdolls c shemakesusefultoolsfromthem d shetreatsthemasweapons 解析 b细节理解题 从文章第一段可知 雌性黑猩猩把棍子当作自己的玩具娃娃 专题八 新题预测 2 whatcausesthedifferenttoyselectionofchimpanzees accordingtothepassage a sexdifference b socialization c environment d culturaldifference 解析 a细节理解题 综合分析文章可知 性别差异是导致黑猩猩玩具选择差异的主要原因 专题八 新题预测 3 wecaninferfromthefourthparagraphthat a socializationhasnothingtodowithhuman schoiceofplaythingsb sexdifferenceistheonlyfactorinhuman schoiceofplaythingsc thebiologyfactormayalsoinfluencetoychoiced peoplechoosedifferenttoysindifferentcultures 解析 c推理判断题 从第四段可知 这两位科学家的研究表明生物学因素也可能影响对玩具的偏好 专题八 新题预测 4 wranghamprobablybelievesthat a observingsomanychimpanzeeshasbeenenoughforthemtomakeaconclusionb thestudyproveshumanbeingshaveevolved 进化 fromchimpanzeesc allchimpanzeestreatthesticksasdollsd childrenplayingwithsticksareabnormal 解析 a推理判断题 从第五段最后一句可知答案 专题八 新题预测 5 itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat a bothhumansandchimpanzeeschoosetheirplaythingsduetosexdifferenceb differentfactorscausehumansandchimpanzeestochoosedifferentplaythingsc onlyfemalechimpanzeeshaveplaythingsd chimpanzeesusuallychooseplaythingsfortheirchildren 解析 a推理判断题 综合文章信息可知 无论是人类还是黑猩猩 性别是导致玩具选择差异的重要原因 专题八 新题预测 二 forallthedinnertable aglassofmilkseemstobeaconstant atleastitwaswheniwasgrowingup itwaswidelybelievedthatmilkwasintegralinbuildingstrongbonesandteeth there snodoubtthatdairyproducts 乳制品 andmilkinparticular arehighinproteinandcalcium andmostmilkproductsaresupplementedwithvitamindanda whileit swellknownthatourbonesneedcalcium somestudiessuggestthathighcalciumintakedoesn tnecessarily 专题八 新题预测 loweraperson sriskforfractures 骨折 aharvardstudyfoundthatpeoplewhodranktwoormoreglassesofmilkhadnogreaterprotectionfrombreakingabonethanthosewhodrankaglassorlessaweek there snodoubtthatweneedcalcium someanti dairysupportersclaimthatdairycanleadtoheartdisease muchofthisclaimisbasedonhighfatandhighdairyproducts likecheesesandcreams whichmayindeedcontributetocardiovascularproblems somestudieshavelinkedhighmilk 专题八 新题预测 intakeswithariskofprostatecancer thisseemstobecausedbyhigh fatdairyproducts notdairyingeneral althoughmilkwasalwaysregardedasoneofthemostimportantthingweneedforourbones yetleastpromoted factorsinvolvedinstrengtheningbones perhapsweshouldthinkofdairyaslesslikeanutrientandmorelikeafood ifyoulikeit eatit ifnot findsome others becausesomeclaimsmaynotbecompletelytrue whenieatacream i mnotthinkingaboutcalcium protein oranysuchthing i mthinkingdelicious 专题八 新题预测 1 whichofthefollowingistrueonthemilk a themoremilkyoudrink themoreriskforfracturesyoumightbe b themoremilkyoudrink thelessriskforfracturesyoumightbe c thelessmilkyoudrink thelessriskforfracturesyoumightbe d thereisnolinkbetweenthem 专题八 新题预测 解析 d细节理解题 根据第二段的aharvardstudyfoundthatpeoplewhodranktwoormoreglassesofmilkhadnogreaterprotect