从目的论角度探讨陪同口译策略硕士学位论文.doc

学校代码：10254 密级： 论文编号：上海海事大学SHANGHAI MARITIME UNIVERSITY硕士学位论文MASTER DISSERTATION 论文题目： 从目的论角度探讨陪同口译策略 学位专业： 外国语言学及应用语言学 毕业设计（论文）原创性声明和使用授权说明原创性声明本人郑重承诺：所呈交的毕业设计（论文），是我个人在指导教师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的成果。尽我所知，除文中特别加以标注和致谢的地方外，不包含其他人或组织已经发表或公布过的研究成果，也不包含我为获得 及其它教育机构的学位或学历而使用过的材料。对本研究提供过帮助和做出过贡献的个人或集体，均已在文中作了明确的说明并表示了谢意。矚慫润厲钐瘗睞枥庑赖。作 者 签 名： 日 期： 指导教师签名： 日期： 使用授权说明本人完全了解 大学关于收集、保存、使用毕业设计（论文）的规定，即：按照学校要求提交毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版本；学校有权保存毕业设计（论文）的印刷本和电子版，并提供目录检索与阅览服务；学校可以采用影印、缩印、数字化或其它复制手段保存论文；在不以赢利为目的前提下，学校可以公布论文的部分或全部内容。聞創沟燴鐺險爱氇谴净。作者签名： 日 期： 学位论文原创性声明本人郑重声明：所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外，本论文不包含任何其他个人或集体已经发表或撰写的成果作品。对本文的研究做出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法律后果由本人承担。残骛楼諍锩瀨濟溆塹籟。作者签名： 日期： 年 月 日学位论文版权使用授权书本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定，同意学校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版，允许论文被查阅和借阅。本人授权 大学可以将本学位论文的全部或部分内容编入有关数据库进行检索，可以采用影印、缩印或扫描等复制手段保存和汇编本学位论文。酽锕极額閉镇桧猪訣锥。涉密论文按学校规定处理。作者签名：日期： 年 月 日导师签名： 日期： 年 月 日指导教师评阅书指导教师评价：一、撰写（设计）过程1、学生在论文（设计）过程中的治学态度、工作精神 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、学生掌握专业知识、技能的扎实程度 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、学生综合运用所学知识和专业技能分析和解决问题的能力 优 良 中 及格 不及格4、研究方法的科学性；技术线路的可行性；设计方案的合理性 优 良 中 及格 不及格5、完成毕业论文（设计）期间的出勤情况 优 良 中 及格 不及格二、论文（设计）质量1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格三、论文（设计）水平1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平 优 良 中 及格 不及格建议成绩： 优 良 中 及格 不及格（在所选等级前的内画“”）指导教师： （签名） 单位： （盖章）年 月 日评阅教师评阅书评阅教师评价：一、论文（设计）质量1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格二、论文（设计）水平1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平 优 良 中 及格 不及格建议成绩： 优 良 中 及格 不及格（在所选等级前的内画“”）评阅教师： （签名） 单位： （盖章）年 月 日教研室（或答辩小组）及教学系意见教研室（或答辩小组）评价：一、答辩过程1、毕业论文（设计）的基本要点和见解的叙述情况 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、对答辩问题的反应、理解、表达情况 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、学生答辩过程中的精神状态 优 良 中 及格 不及格二、论文（设计）质量1、论文（设计）的整体结构是否符合撰写规范？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、是否完成指定的论文（设计）任务（包括装订及附件）？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格三、论文（设计）水平1、论文（设计）的理论意义或对解决实际问题的指导意义 优 良 中 及格 不及格2、论文的观念是否有新意？设计是否有创意？ 优 良 中 及格 不及格3、论文（设计说明书）所体现的整体水平 优 良 中 及格 不及格评定成绩： 优 良 中 及格 不及格（在所选等级前的内画“”）教研室主任（或答辩小组组长）： （签名）年 月 日教学系意见：系主任： （签名）年 月 日A Study on Escort Interpreting from the Perspective of Skopos TheoryByChen RongUnder the Supervision of Associate Professor Shi YanyanA Thesis Submitted to the College of Foreign Languages of 彈贸摄尔霁毙攬砖卤庑。Shanghai Maritime Universityin Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the MA Degree Shanghai Maritime UniversityJune, 2009A Study on Escort Interpreting from the Perspective of Skopos TheoryACKNOWLEDGEMENTSI would like to take this chance to extend my deep appreciation to all those who contribute to the successful completion of this thesis.謀荞抟箧飆鐸怼类蒋薔。My most sincere gratitude goes to my supervisor, Associate Professor Shi Yanyan, for her valuable suggestions and her patience in making revisions and corrections of this thesis. Without her enlightening guidance, the completion of this paper would have been impossible.厦礴恳蹒骈時盡继價骚。I am also indebted to all the teachers in the College of Foreign Languages, Shanghai Maritime University for their inspiring and interesting lectures, which have been of great value to me, and what I learned from their courses and lectures has laid the foundation for my research work. Special Thanks to Professor Wang Dawei, whose profound knowledge and enthusiasm in teaching aroused my interest in the study of interpreting.茕桢广鳓鯡选块网羈泪。Last but not least, I would like to extend my thanks to my family and friends for their understanding, support, and encouragement all through the years. 鹅娅尽損鹌惨歷茏鴛賴。ABSTRACTEscort interpreting is probably the most frequently practiced form of interpreting today. Whenever people need to make a conversation but do not speak a common language, escort interpreting would occur. Moreover, the increasingly flourishing tourism industry of China, in which escort interpreting is most often conducted, has raised a greater demand for escort interpreters. The World Expo 2010 in Shanghai will certainly require more qualified escort interpreters. Though important as a profession, very little attention has been given to escort interpreting. Scholars seem to overlook the fact that escort interpreting has a much larger number of audiences, and hence it plays a significant role in cross-cultural communication. 籟丛妈羥为贍偾蛏练淨。In order to further the study of escort interpreting as well as to improve the quality of escort interpreters in China, this dissertation intends to disclose the basic principles of escort interpreting and puts forward some practical strategies under the guidance of Skopos Theory. The key notion of this theory is that the prime principle determining any translation process is the purpose (Skopos) of the overall translation activity. It thus provides theoretical support for the interpreters to take any appropriate strategy needed to realize the intended purpose of interpreting. 預頌圣鉉儐歲龈讶骅籴。This dissertation falls into five chapters: Chapter One briefly introduces the two basic concepts of this dissertation: escort interpreting and Skopos Theory, so as to clarify the theme of this dissertation, and then further illustrates the significance of exploring this topic. Chapter Two reviews the existing studies on escort interpreting. The limited number of existing researches reveals the fact that, escort interpreting has not gained much academic concern, although it is in hot demand. Chapter Three starts with an overview of the development of functionalism, and then analyzes Skopos Theory in details from its basic aspects: Skopos, translation brief, the rules of Skopos Theory, as well as the two principles of translation in Skopos Theory-adequacy and equivalence. Chapter Four first introduces the features shared by all forms of interpreting, and then explores the distinctive features of escort interpreting. Taking the unique features into consideration, the author proposes that escort interpreters should always bear the initiator in mind, try to be informative, flexible, concise, providing as much information about the target culture as possible, thus to offer satisfactory services for the guests. In Chapter Five, based on Skopos Theory, the author suggests some basic quality criteria of escort interpreting performance, and accordingly offers five possible strategies to achieve the specific purpose of escort interpreting under different circumstances: foreignization, amplification, omission, paraphrase, and adaption. 渗釤呛俨匀谔鱉调硯錦。The innovation of this thesis lies in that some of the examples are based on the authors personal experience as an escort interpreter. It is hoped that this thesis can arose more academic concern on escort interpreting, and give some insights to the improvement of present escort interpreting in China.铙誅卧泻噦圣骋贶頂廡。Key words: escort interpreting, Skopos Theory, features, principles, strategies擁締凤袜备訊顎轮烂蔷。摘 要陪同口译可以说是目前使用频率最高、范围最广的口译形式。只要对话者之间所说的语言不同，陪同口译就会出现。并且，由于用到陪同口译最多的是旅游业，随着中国旅游业的蓬勃发展，对陪同口译人才的需求将越来越大。尤其是2010年上海世博会的召开，无疑需要更多的高水平陪同口译译员。尽管陪同口译十分重要，当前的口译研究关注更多的是会议口译，而很少有学者在陪同口译方面进行探讨。事实上，陪同口译涉及到的受众更为广泛，因而在文化交流中扮演着主要角色。贓熱俣阃歲匱阊邺镓騷。本文试图运用目的论的观点阐释陪同口译的口译原则并提出相应的口译策略，旨在促进陪同口译的研究和译员水平的提高。目的论的核心是：决定翻译过程的最主要因素是整体翻译行为的目的。这一观点为口译员根据不同状况下口译的目的灵活地选择口译策略提供了理论基础。坛摶乡囂忏蒌鍥铃氈淚。全文共分为五章：第一章简要介绍了本文的两个基本概念：陪同口译和目的论，以明确本文主题，并阐述了本文所研究课题的重要性。第二章回顾了现有的对陪同口译的研究。现有的在陪同口译方面的研究数量非常有限，说明陪同口译应该得到更多学术上的关注。第三章首先扼要接着通过介绍目的论的几个基本概念详细分析目的论的观念，包括目的，翻译要求，目的论三个主要法则,即目的法则,连贯法则和忠实法则以及其之间的紧密联系，以及目的论的两个翻译标准：充分，对等。第四章首先介绍陪同口译与其它形式的口译共有的特点，并探讨了其独有的特征。根据这些特点，笔者提出陪同口译应该遵循以下几项口译原则：考虑口译客户的目的，灵活，有趣，简洁，并尽可能保留中国特有文化。在第五章里，以目的论为指导，笔者总结出陪同口译的质量标准，并据此提出为达到不同场合下陪同口译的具体目的可以采取以下五种翻译策略：异化，增词，减词，解释及改写。蜡變黲癟報伥铉锚鈰赘。本文的创新点在于，文中的部分实例来源于笔者作为陪同口译译员的实际经验。本文的目的在于引起学术界对陪同口译研究的更多关注，并且希望能够为目前中国陪同口译水平的提高起到一定作用。買鲷鴯譖昙膚遙闫撷凄。关键词：陪同口译，目的论，特点，原则，策略IVTable of ContentsChapter One Introduction.11.1 Definition of Escort Interpreting.2綾镝鯛駕櫬鹕踪韦辚糴。1.2 Brief Introduction of Skopos Theory4驅踬髏彦浃绥譎饴憂锦。1.3 The Significance of Escort Interpreting5猫虿驢绘燈鮒诛髅貺庑。Chapter Two Literature Review72.1 Present Studies on Escort Interpreting.7锹籁饗迳琐筆襖鸥娅薔。2.1.1 Research from the Perspective of Intercultural Communication.7構氽頑黉碩饨荠龈话骛。2.1.2 Research from the Perspective of Functionalism.8輒峄陽檉簖疖網儂號泶。2.1.3 Research from Other Perspectives9尧侧閆繭絳闕绚勵蜆贅。2.2 Inadequate Academic Concern.10识饒鎂錕缢灩筧嚌俨淒。Chapter Three General Introduction of Skopos Theory12凍鈹鋨劳臘锴痫婦胫籴。3.1 Development of Functionalism.12恥諤銪灭萦欢煬鞏鹜錦。3.1.1 Katharina Reiss: Functionalist Translation Criticism12鯊腎鑰诎褳鉀沩懼統庫。3.1.2 Hans J. Vermeer: Skopos Theory13硕癘鄴颃诌攆檸攜驤蔹。3.1.3 Justa Holz-Mnttri: Theory of Translational Action14阌擻輳嬪諫迁择楨秘騖。3.1.4 Christiane Nord: Function plus Loyalty15氬嚕躑竄贸恳彈瀘颔澩。3.2 Basic Aspects of Skopos Theory16釷鹆資贏車贖孙滅獅赘。3.2.1 Skopos163.2.2 Translation Brief173.2.3 Rules of Skopos Theory and Their Relations19怂阐譜鯪迳導嘯畫長凉。3.2.4 Adequacy and Equivalence203. 3 Contribution of Skopos Theory21谚辞調担鈧谄动禪泻類。Chapter Four Application of Skopos Theory to Escort Interpreting23嘰觐詿缧铴嗫偽純铪锩。4.1 Features of Escort Interpreting23熒绐譏钲鏌觶鷹緇機库。4.1.1 Features of Interpreting23鶼渍螻偉阅劍鲰腎邏蘞。4.1.2 Distinctive Features of Escort Interpreting24纣忧蔣氳頑莶驅藥悯骛。4.1.2.1 Varied Working Settings244.1.2.2 Always with a Clear Skopos25颖刍莖蛺饽亿顿裊赔泷。4.1.2.3 Several Operating Modes.264.1.2.4 Multiple Roles of Escort Interpreter.28濫驂膽閉驟羥闈詔寢賻。4.1.2.5 Heavily Culture-loaded.304.2 Basic Principles of Escort Interpreting Guided by Skopos Theory31銚銻縵哜鳗鸿锓謎諏涼。4.2.1 Taking the Initiator into Consideration31挤貼綬电麥结鈺贖哓类。4.2.2 Being Informative and Attractive32赔荊紳谘侖驟辽輩袜錈。4.2.3 Conciseness334.2.4 Flexibility354.2.5 Maintain Chinese Culture37塤礙籟馐决穩賽釙冊庫。Chapter Five Strategies Recommended for Escort Interpreting39裊樣祕廬廂颤谚鍘羋蔺。5.1 Quality Criteria for Escort Interpreting.39仓嫗盤紲嘱珑詁鍬齊驁。5.1.1 Popular Quality Evaluation Criteria for Interpreting39绽萬璉轆娛閬蛏鬮绾瀧。5.1.2 Quality Criteria for Escort Interpreting Under Skopos Theory40骁顾燁鶚巯瀆蕪領鲡赙。5.2 Strategies Recommended for Escort Interpreting42瑣钋濺暧惲锟缟馭篩凉。5.2.1 Foreignization425.2.2 Amplification445.2.3 Omission455.2.4 Adaption485.2.5 Paraphrase505.3 Summary51Conclusion52Bibliography54Chapter One IntroductionThe dynamic development of China has endowed the country with ever increasing international communications. Interpreting, an indispensable part in this process, has gained more and more attention. The study on interpreting, which is often subsumed into the general concept of translation, has experienced a profound development since the Second World War when simultaneous interpreting first came into being. However, it is still a relatively new area of research, and is still in the process of establishing itself as an independent discipline. With the booming of international business and the frequent contact among people of different cultures, interpreting is becoming a prosperous service industry. For example, demand on interpreters outstrips the supply in the present market, especially for conference interpreting as well as for simultaneous interpreting. Hence, scholars and practitioners are gearing their attentions to researches on conference interpreting and simultaneous interpreting. However, the author would like to devote her effort and time to the study of escort interpreting, which is worthy of similar exploration as that of conference as well as simultaneous interpreting but often left neglected. 鎦诗涇艳损楼紲鯗餳類。As is known to all, interpreting, simply defined as “immediate oral translation”, is about communication. Whenever people need to make a conversation but do not speak a common language, escort interpreting occurs, thus making it probably the most frequently practiced form of interpreting. Though playing a significant role in cross-cultural communications, escort interpreting has not obtained enough academic concern. Conference interpreters are often considered more professional, owing to the stringent requirements of kills in simultaneous interpreting or consecutive interpreting. Escort interpreters, on the other hand, are often taken part by tour guides or anyone that speaks both languages. Yet escort interpreting demands no less cultural knowledge or diversity of words. Escort interpreters are responsible for promoting a countrys culture and establishing a countrys image. It is therefore urgent to facilitate the study on escort interpreting so as to improve the standard of escort interpreting in China.栉缏歐锄棗鈕种鵑瑶锬。Since the author is inspired by personal experiences, which are mostly escort interpreting of daily conversations or business talks, this thesis will accordingly focus on the discussion of daily escort interpreting.辔烨棟剛殓攬瑤丽阄应。To have a better understanding of the theme of this dissertation, first of all, it is necessary to know what escort interpreting is and what Skopos Theory is about. This chapter is to give a brief introduction to some key concepts related to the topic and the significance of exploring this topic. 峴扬斕滾澗辐滠兴渙藺。1.1 Definition of Escort Interpreting To define escort interpreting, we need to know, first of all, what interpreting is. Interpreting is a term used to refer to the oral translation of a spoken message or text (Shuttleworth & Cowie, 2004:83). In Skopos Theory, which is taken as the theoretical basis of this paper, interpreting is defined as “the translation of a source-language text, presented only once, usually in oral form, into a target-language text which is very difficult to check and can hardly be corrected because of the lack of time” (Nord, 2001:104). It means that interpreters are required to create a finished product under time constraints without the possibility of going back to make any repair or improvement. In other words, interpreting is non-correctable and non-verifiable (Shuttleworth & Cowie, 2004:84). This might be the most distinctive difference between translating and interpreting, and further determines other characteristics of interpreting. 詩叁撻訥烬忧毀厉鋨骜。Theoretically, interpreting can be distinguished into different types from different perspectives. According to the context in which it occurs, there are community interpreting, conference interpreting and court interpreting; according to the way in which it is carried out, there are consecutive interpreting, liaison interpreting, simultaneous interpreting and whispered interpreting (Shuttleworth & Cowie, 2004:84). 则鯤愜韋瘓賈晖园栋泷。However, in real situations, because interpreting is a complicated activity, and is usually not conducted in a single form, it would be impossible and unnecessary to draw a clear borderline between different types of interpreting (梅德明, 2006:18). That explains why interpreting is classified into different types by different scholars, and why a considerable amount of overlap is found between some of the categories. 胀鏝彈奥秘孫戶孪钇賻。According to Professor Chen Gang (2008), professional interpreting usually includes three kinds: conference interpreting, business interpreting and escort interpreting. Escort interpreting is liaison interpreting, a type of interpreting in which an individual who speaks two languages mediates in a conversation between two or more individuals who do not speak each others tongue (Keith, qtd. Shuttleworth & Cowie, 2004:93). Escort interpreting almost stretches to all walks of life that involve international communication, including medical consultations, teacher/parent interviews, court cases, business negotiations, receptions, business presentations and many more.鳃躋峽祷紉诵帮废掃減。The origin of the word “interpreting” may help us understand better the main task of escort interpreting. The verb “interpret” came from the Latin word interpretari, which means “explain”; interpres, the noun form of interpretari, means “a negotiator” (刘宓庆, 2003:2). In this statement, the role of escort interpreter is well demonstrated. Different from conference interpreting, escort interpreting often takes place in less official settings, such as in business talks, sight-seeing tours and education or cultural contacts. As a result, the expressions and diction used in escort