50组固定搭配助力你的英文论文写作

50组固定搭配，助力你的英文论文写作！ photo by fegari唧唧堂是和另外几个创业团队Share Office的， 其中最近的那个叫 italki, 小编昨天发现他们出了一个学术写作词汇的文章，觉得应该对大家有用，就转了。 恩，就借这个机会赞美一下这个 italki 吧。 italki 是一个学语言的网站（特别是口语），什么语言都可以，比如你想练英文口语，就可以在他们网站找一个外教，和外教约课，然后用skype上课。 小编曾经试过几十节，效果还不错，小编找的老师是一个澳大利亚老爷爷，非常intelligent, 什么都懂，上课也很认真，每次都会记很多笔记，课前给我找好ted视频，最最关键是，这些课很便宜，比如我的只要40，50人民币一个小时。 哦，对了，除了口语，我也常常让老爷爷帮我改文章。 好啦，赞美完毕，大家去了解下italki 吧， 下面的文章来自italki的外教，您也可以点击该页底部链接“阅读原文”和这个老师约课。50组固定搭配，助力你的英文论文写作！学术写作可能是英语精进的最难关之一。要掌握这项高级写作技能，需要有完美的英语的语法，精准的词汇和对主题深刻的理解。另外，学术写作还是一种专门的文体（正式和专业性），这一点对于英语非母语的作者来说可能比较难拿捏（甚至对英语母语的作者也一样很难！）。Academic writing can be one of the hardest things to perfect in English. This advanced skill requires perfect grammar, pin-point vocabulary usage and a deep understanding of the subject you are writing about. What it also requires is a very specific register (level of formality) which can be difficult to get right for non-native English speakers (and quite a few native speakers as well!).想要提升学术英语写作，其中一个方法就是学习一些有用的固定搭配，这样一来文章就会显得更自信、更专业，论文的专业度和正式性恰到好处。One way you can improve and transform your academic English writing is by learning some useful collocations which will make you sound self-assured, knowledgeable and bring just the right level of formality to your dissertation or thesis.下文我们会列举50个最有用的学术写作固定搭配，附有定义和例子，全都取材于真实的学术论文。This guide will give you 50 of the most useful academic collocations as well as definitions and some examples taken from genuine academic papers.学习要点：将下列固定搭配用到你写的文章中去。想一想语法上对不对？内容上说不说得通？把自己写的句子和下面的例子比较下，看看用得对不对。Study tip: Practice writing out your own sentences using each of the collocations listed here. Does the structure make sense grammatically? Do you understand the concept? Check your sentence against the example sentence for each collocation.Accurate assessmentcorrect and precise evaluation of something or someone准确评价：对某事或某人进行正确而精准的评估E.g. “Accurate assessment of head motion can be a useful tool in clinical studies”.例子：对头部运动的准确评价可以作为临床研究的有用手段。2. Address the issueconsider or deal with the matter at hand解决问题：考虑或者解决棘手的问题E.g. “To help address this issue, we have extended our previous study and examined in detail the”.例子：为了帮助解决问题，我们对之前的研究作了拓展，继续探究细节方面3. Adversely affectchange in a negative way产生不利影响：作出不良改变E.g. “A literature search was performed to determine whether non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) adversely affect the healing of stress fractures”.例子：经过文献检索，我们发现抗炎药（NSAIDs）是否对应力性骨折产生不良影响。4. Become apparentto be suddenly clear or obvious显性化：突然变得清晰或者明显E.g. “They become apparent, however, when a new molecular species is introduced into the atmosphere.”.例子：当一种新的分子种类进入大气层，分子们就成显性。5. Brief overviewa non-detailed look at the subject as a whole概述：对事物进行笼统的描述E.g. “This paper offers a brief but broad overview of the field of individual of language learning”.例如：这篇论文对某一种独立的语言学习进行了概述。6. Broad rangeof extensive scope广泛：涉及大面积领域E.g. “The colour produced from this reaction is stable and increases in a proportional fashion over a broad range of increasing protein concentrations”.例如：反应所产生的颜色很稳定，成比例地且大量增加了蛋白质的浓度。7. Causal linkone thing being responsible for another因果联系：两件事有因果联系E.g. “A causal link between high need for achievement and small business ownership is not found”.例如：我们并没有找到成功的高需求和小企业的拥有权之间的因果关系。8. Characteristic featurea feature which distinguishes or defines something or someone本质特征：能够体现或者定义某个人或某件事情的特征E.g. “The characteristic feature of the book is the effort to explain the mathematical origins of the most widely used statistical formulas in terms that persons with comparatively little mathematical training can easily follow”.例子：此书的本质特征旨在阐述最广泛应用的统计公式的数学起源，即便读者相对来说没有太多数学背景，也可以读懂此书。9. Deeply rootedfirmly implanted or established根深蒂固：深深地扎根或建立E.g. “This book describes efforts to develop an approach to teaching and teacher education that is deeply rooted in the study of practice”.例子：此书力求开发一种教学和教师教育手段，此方法源于实践深处。10. Detailed analysisan in-depth study细部分析：详细而深刻的研究E.g. “The major difference between my book and others at this level is its coverage of the detailed analysis of experiments”.例子：在这个层面上，我的书和其他人的区别就在于对于实验的细部分析。11. Essential componenta vital part of something重要组成部分：某事物的重要部分E.g. “We show here that these proteins are an essential component of the cell surface receptor”.例子：我们这里显示，这些蛋白质是细胞表面受体的重要组成部分。12. Establish a relationshipto prove or show a link between two things建立联系：证明二者之间有关系。E.g. “Our aim was to establish the relationship between aortic stiffness and stroke death in hypertensive patients”.例子：我们的目标是证明主动脉硬化和中风死亡在高血压患者中存在联系。13. Existing researchprevious academic work on the same subject现有研究：对同一问题先前做的研究。E.g. “This working paper reviews the existing research evidence about the additional costs or deprivation that disabled people face”.例子：这篇研究审议了关于残疾人面临的额外开支和贫困状况的现有研究。14. First impressioninitial thought on a subject, prior to any detailed analysis最初观点：在任何细节分析之前，对一个主题的最先的看法。E.g. “Our first impression was strengthened by the fact that we were aware a condition existed in Povoa de Varzim”.例子：我们发现曾经出现在波瓦珍的病情，这印证了我们的最初观点。15. Frequently citedoften quoted or referred to in reference to something频频引用：多次被引用E.g. “It should be recognized that other systems are frequently cited, particularly in engineering literature”.例子：我们应该认识到，其他的系统经常被引用，尤其在工程学得文献中。16. Fundamental principleprinciple from which other principles can be derived基本原理：最最基础的原理，其他原理从其中得来。E.g. “The authors argue for the restoration of beneficence to its place as the fundamental principle of medical ethics”.例子：作者论证指出，医学伦理的基本原理在于对善心的重建归位。17. General consensusthe majority opinion on a topic普遍认同：对此话题的普遍意见E.g. “There is a general consensus that forward exchange rates have little, if any power as forecasts of future spot exchange rates”.例如：大家普遍认同，远期汇率对预测未来现汇汇率几乎没有影响。18. Gain insightachieve a more profound understanding获得真知灼见：得到更深刻的理解E.g. “Through this comparison we hope to gain insight into the way they perform specific tasks”.例如：通过此次对比，我们希望对他们进行这次实验有更深刻的认识。19. Hierarchical structurea system where elements are subordinate to other elements阶层结构：在系统中一个要素与另一个要素呈现下属关系。E.g. “After reviewing their theoretical approach, the authors present four kinds of hierarchical structure in music”.例如：在探讨理论手段后，作者提出了在音乐中有4种阶层结构。20. Highly controversialtending to provoke fierce disagreement高度争议：可能会产生强烈的不认同E.g. “A highly controversial issue in financial economies is whether stocks overreact”.例如：在金融经济中有一个具有高度争议的话题，就是股票是否反应过激。21. Immediately apparentobvious and clear at that moment立即显现：当即变得明显、清晰E.g. “The reasons for this are not immediately apparent and deserve further investigation”.例如：对此的理由没有立刻显现出来，需要进一步调查22. Increase the likelihoodto make more likely or plausible几率增加：变得更可能E.g. “Numerous high school students engage in behaviours that increase their likelihood of death from these four causes”.例子：无数的高中学生都会做这些事情，从这四件事中他们死亡的几率会增加。23. Key elementa main or fundamental component重要元素：重要的基础的组成部分E.g. “Provisional restorations represent a key element in the realization of extensive esthetic rehabilitations”.例子：暂时修复代表了大规模审美的修复的重要元素。24. Largely confinedfocussed in a particular area主要限于：专注于某一领域E.g. “The metabolic syndrome is largely confined to overweight and obese adults”.例如：代谢综合征主要限于肥胖和超重的成人之中。25. Literal interpretationa non-metaphorical or figurative reading字面解释：没有隐喻或比喻含义的解释E.g. “In Experiment 2, targets were phrases that could be given either an idiomatic or a literal interpretation”.例如：在实验2中，实验对象是词组，这些词组可以看作为习语，也可以只做字面含义解释。26. Major challengea large or fundamental problem主要困难：很大和根本的问题E.g. “Keeping up with the population increase is a major challenge for urban areas”.例如：城市地区的主要问题在于很难跟上人口的增长。27. Markedly differentnoticeably distinct显著不同：明显的不同E.g. “The spectrum of pyridine coordinately bonded to the surface is markedly different from that of the pyridinium ion”.例如：吡啶的光谱与表面的协调度和吡啶离子有显著不同。28. Negative connotationsuggesting something bad or wrong负面暗示：暗指不好的意思E.g. “The label placebo was avoided because of its negative connotation”.例子：“安慰剂”这个标牌并未被使用因为它有不好的含义。29. Newly emergingnovel or original concept first being introduced新产生的：新的或者原创的概念E.g. “This is a book about a newly emerging area of research in instructional technology”.例子：这本书是关于在教育科技研究这个新兴领域的。30. Offer insightpresent a deep or original analysis提出深刻的原创的分析E.g. “This study reveals what those practices are and may offer insight for howthey fit into future workplaces”.例子：这份研究指出这个方法到底是什么并且对在未来这些方法应用到工作领域作深刻的分析。31. Organisational structurethe way groups are arranged组织结构：组织是如何安排的E.g. “This paper models the inner workings of relationship lending, the implications for bank organisational structure, and the effects of shocks to the economic environment on the availability of relationship credit to small businesses”.例子：这篇论文以如下几方面为模板：关系型贷款的内部运作，银行组织结构的含义，经济环境的影响冲击对于小型企业贷款关系的可得性的影响。32. Particular emphasisstressing one aspect of something特别强调：强调事物的某一方面E.g. “The first chapter, a review of some of the principal social surveys carried out in the last half-century or so, with particular emphasis on British experience, has been entirely rewritten”.例子：第一章审议了在上半个世纪流行的主要社会调查，特别强调了英国的经验，但这一章已经重新改写过了。33. Perceived importancethe opinion that something is particularly important or relevant感到某一观点特别重要和相关E.g. “We examined whether employees perceived importance of the training program would be one variable that mediates the relationship between training assignment and training motivation”.例如：我们研究过员工是否感觉培训项目的重要性，这是协调培训作用和培训动机的变量。34. Pioneering workwork which explores previously uncharted territory创举：史无前例，探索从未有人的领域E.g. “Hans-Paul Schwefel has responded to rapidly growing interest in Evolutionary Computation, a field that originated, in part, with his pioneering work in the early 1970s”.例如：Has-Paul Schwefel回应了对进化计算这一热点领域，该领域有一部分是在二十世纪70年代发源的。35. Positive featuresomething good积极特征：好的方面E.g. “The great chemical diversity is a positive feature in that it indicates the likelihood that a variety of approaches can be made to prevention”.例如：伟大化学方面的多样性是一大积极特征，显示了各种防治手段可以人为的可能性。36. Qualitatively differentdifferences relating to quality as opposed to quantity质的不同：质量上的不同而非数量上的不同E.g. “Current methods for generating qualitatively different plans are either based on simple randomisation of planning decisions”.例如：目前我们产生质的不同的计划是基于简单的计划决定的随机性37. Quantitative studya study which focuses on aspects of quantity定量研究：一项专注于数量的研究E.g. “Qualitative and quantitative studies were performed on pulmonary blood vessels in lung tissue obtained by biopsy, pneumonectomy, or autopsy”.例如：通过活体组织切片、肺切除手术和尸检，定量和定性研究都对于肺部组织的肺血管进行。38. Raise a questionnecessitates an obvious enquiry提出质疑：提出一个明显而必要的疑问E.g. “At the same time, it also raises the question of whether a single reform can meet the very different objectives of different supporters”.例如：同时，这也对我们提出了质疑，是否单个的改革可以针对不同的支持者的对象。39. Rapid expansionto grow larger at a fast rate快速扩张：大规模快速增长E.g. “It has been suggested that the rapid expansion could be the result of human activities causing habitat disturbances or stresses such as pollution”.例如：有人提出，快速的扩张可能是由人类活动导致的，从而引起了居住的不适、压力譬如污染。40. Reach a consensusdevelop a general agreement达成共识E.g. “A consensus conference was organized to evaluate the data and reach a consensus on optimal treatment protocols”.例如：组织召开了一次共识会议，会上评估了数据，对最佳治疗方案达成共识。41. Reciprocal relationshipbenefiting both parties equally互惠关系：双方受益E.g. “The aim of the present study is to examine the reciprocal relationship between parental attachment and adolescent internalising and externalising problem behaviour”.例如：当前研究的目的是为了探究亲子依恋和成人内化和外化问题行为的互惠关系。42. Seem plausibleappear possible or likely似乎有道理：貌似可行E.g. “Again, even though the results seem plausible, they are hard to interpret in the absence of a theory”.例如：即便结果似乎有道理，没有理论就很难解释。43. Specific examplesfocussed examples特例E.g. “The specific examples used are shown to have a substantial biasing effect on diagnostic accuracy”.例如：我们使用的特例显示我们对诊断的精确性有显著的偏差。44. Theoretical approachfocussing on theories rather than practical application理论研究方法：专注于理论而非实践E.g. “A new theoretical approach to language has emerged in the past 1015 years that allows linguistic observations about formmeaning pairings, known as constructions, to be stated directly”.例如：在过去10-15年间产生了新的研究语言的方法，这种方法允许对语言的形式（含义配对）进行观察研究，称作“结构主义”，如果直接表