8853平米十二层旅馆计算书、建筑、结构图 英文原文

Underground Space Utilization and Structural AnalysisThe rapid growth of world civilization will have a significant impact on the way humans live in the luiure. As the global population increases and more countries demand a higher standard of living, the world must provide more food and greater energy and mineral resources to sustain this growth. The difficulty of doing this is compounded by three broad trends: the conversion of agricultural land to development uses* the increasing urbanization of the worlds population; and growing concern for the maintenance and improvement of the environment, especially regarding global warming and the impact of population growth. Underground space utilization, as this chapter describes, offers opportunities for helping address these trends.By moving certain facilities and functions underground, surface land in urban areas can be used more effectively, thus freeing space for agricultural and recreational purposes. Similarly, the use of terraced eurth sheltered housing on steeply sloping hillsides can help preserve precious arable flat land in mountainous regions. Using underground space also enables humans to live more comfortably in densely pupulated areas while improving the quality of live.On an urban or local level, the use of underground facilities is rising to accommodate the complex demands of todays society while improving the environment. For example, both urban and rural areas are requiring improved transportation, utility, and recreational services. The state of traffic congestion in many urban areas of the world is at a critical level for the support of basic human living, and it is difficult if not impossible to add new infrastructure at ground level without causing an unacceptable deterioration of the surface environment or an unacceptable relocation of existing land uses and neighborhoods.On a national level in countries around the world, global trends are causing the creation and extension of mining developments and oil or gas recovery at greater depths and in more inaccessible or sensitive locations. These trends have also led to the development of improved designs for energy generation and storage systems as well as national facilities for dealing with hazardous waste (including chemical, biological, and radioactive waste), and improved high-speed national transportation systems. All these developments involve use of the underground.Land Use PressuresPlacing facilities underground is a promising method for helping ease land use pressures caused by the growth and urbanization of the worlds population. Although the average population density in the world is not large, the distribution of population is very uneven. A map of population density indicates that large areas of the world are essentially uninhabited. These areas are for the most part deserts, mountainous regions, or regions of severe cold that do not easily support human habitation.If one examines China, for example, the average populationdensity is approximately 100 persons per square kilometer, but the vast majority of the one billion-plus, population lives on less than 20 percent of the land area. This is the fertile land that can support food production. However, due to populationGrowth, urbanization,and economic growth, this same land must now support extensive transportation systems, industrial and commercial developments, and increasing demands for housing. As the population and economy grow, the land available for agriculture shrinks, and the problems of transporting food and raw materials to an urban population increase. By the year 2000 it is estimated that 70 percent of the worlds population will inhabit urban areas. The same trends are evident in Japan, where approximately 80 percent of the land area is mountainous, 90 percent of the population lives on the coastal plains, and economic development is concentrated in relatively few economic centers. The fiat-lying land is generally the most fertile and is historically the region of settlement. Other factors adding to population density include the traditional building style, which is low-rise, and Japanese laws that contain strong provisions for maintenance of; rcess to sunlight. Also, to retain domestic food production capability, the Japanese government has elected agricultural land from development. The combination of these historical and political factors nether with a strong migration of businesses and individuals to the economic centers has created:irmous land use pressures. The result is an astronomicaliy high cost of land in city centers (as high as $ 500,000 per square meter) and difficulty in providing housing, transportation, and utility services for the population. Typical business employees cannot afford to iive near the city center where they work and may have to commute one to two hours each way from an affordable area. To service the expanding mtropolitan area, public agencies must upgrade roads and build new transit lines and utilities. Land costs for such work are so high that in central Tokyo, the cost of land may represent over 95 percent of the total ncost of a project. The problems of land use pressures and the related economic effects of high land prices are of great crest in the study of the potential uses of underground space. When surface space is fully utilized, underground space becomes one of the few development zones available. It offers the possibility of the adding needed facilities without further degrading the surface environment. Without high land prices, however, the generally higher cost of constructing facilities underground is a significant deterrent to their use. When underground facilities are not economically competitive, they must be justified on aesthetic, Wronmental, or social groundsluxuries which many developing nations cannot afford at present and which developed nations are reluctant to undertake except in areas of special significanc. Planning of Underground SpaceEffective planning for underground utilization should be an essential precursor to the development of major underground facilities. This planning must consider long-term needs while providing a framework r reforming urban areas into desirable and effective environments in which to live and work. If iderground development is to provide the most valuable long-term benefits possible, then effective inning of this resource must be conducted. Unfortunately, it is already too late for the near-surface nes beneath public rights-of-way in older cities around the world. The tangled web of utilities commonly ind is due to a lack of coordination and the historical evolution in utility provision and transit system development.The underground has several characteristics thai make good planning especially problematical: #Once underground excavations are made, the ground is permanently altered. Underground structures are not as easily dismantled as surface buildings. #An underground excavation may effectively reserve a larger zone of ground required for the stability of the excavation.#The underground geologic structure greatly affects the types, sizes, and costs of facilities that can be constructed, but the knowledge of a regions subsiyface can only be inferred from a limited number of site investigation borings and previous records.# Large underground projects may require massive investments with relatively high risks of construction problems, delays, and cost overruns.#Traditional planning techniques have focused on two-dimensional representations of regions and urban areas. This is generally adequate (or surface and aboveground construction but it is not adequate or the complex three-dimensional geology and built structures often found underground. Representation of this three-dimensional information in a form that can readily be interpreted for planning and evaluation is very difficult.In Tokyo, for example, the first subway line (Ginza Line) was installed as a.shallow line (10 meters deep) immediately beneath the existing layer of surface utilities. As more subway lines have been added, uncluttered zones can only be found at the deeper underground levels. The new Keiyo JR line in Tokyo is 40 meters deep. A new underground super highway from Marunouchi to Shinjuku has been proposed at a 50-meter depth- For comparison, the deepest installations in London are at approximately a 70-meter depth although the main complex of works and sewers is at less than 25 meters. Compounding these issues of increasing demand is the (act that newer transportation services (such as the Japanese Shinkanscn bullet trains or the French TGV) often require larger cross-section tunnels, straighter alignments, and flatter grades. If space is not reserved for this type of use, very inefficient layouts of the underground beneath urban areas can occur.Environmental BenefitsAnother major trigger for underground space usage is the growing international concern over the environment, which has led to attempts to rethink the future of urban and industrial development. The major concerns in balancing economic development versus environmental degradation and world natural resource limitations revolve around several key issues. These are:#The increasing consumption of energy compared to the limited reserves of fossil fuels available to meet future demand.#The effect on the global climate of burning fossil fuels.#The pollution of the environment from the by-products of industrial development.#The safe disposal of hazardous wastes generated by industrial and military activities. Preserving the environment and extending the life of the worlds resources whilepromoting economic growth and maintaining individual life styles will be complex if not impossible. However, a high standard of living and high gross domestic product (GDP) do not have to be proportionately dependent on resource consumption and environmental degradation. Underground space utilization can help solve the environmental/resource dilemma in several ways. Underground facilities are typically energy conserving in their own right. More importantly, by using underground space, higher urban densities can be supported with less impact on the local environment. In addition to the obvious benefit of preserving green space and agricultural land, there is strong evidence that higher urban density can lower fuel resource consumption. The Future of Underground Space DevelopmentAlthough existing underground facilities throughout the world provide some models for future development, they are all limited in scale, in use, or in their lack of a comprehensive vision for the total city environment. As a complement to more detailed planning and research studies, it is useful to examine the visions of extensive underground complexes, even entire cities, that have been proposed by futuristic planners and designers.Geotech 90, a conference and exhibition held in Tokyo in April 1990, was a major forum for the underground industry in Japan. More than a dozen underground concepts were displayed, ranging from the typical transit and utility uses to underground corridors that are envisioned as places for a communication network protected during disasters. Such corridors could also effectively transport both waste and energy between substations in the city and central generation and disposal sites outside the city. This approach not only relieves congestion but also can provide more efficient eneygy generation and recycling of waste materials. These concepts are all intended to permit a major upgrade of the city infrastructure that will eventually enable the surface to rebuilt with more open space and a more efficient, attractive overall environment. When completely new cities are envisioned for the future, the underground often is a major component, as illustrated by the work of the architect Paolo Soleri over the last 30 yeas. In science fiction,future cities often are depicted as self-contained, cilmate-controlled units frequently located underground for protection from the elements and possibly from a hazardous or polluted environment. In this case, underground cities on earth differ little from bases created on the moon or other isolated environments.Although there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general, spectacular achievements have been made in the design and construction of ultrahigh-rise buildings.The early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel framing. Reinforced concrete and stressed-shin tube systems have since been economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes. The high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are the result of innovations and development of new structural systems.Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable limit. Excessive lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions, ceilings, and other architectural details. In addition, excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because of their perception of such motion. Structural systems of reinforced concrete, as well as steel, take full advantage of the inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore do not require additional stiffening to limit the sway.In a steel structure, for example, the economy can be defined in terms of the total average quantity of steel per square foot of floor area of the building. Curve A in Fig. 1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing numbers of stories. Curve B represents the average steel weight if the frame is protected from all lateral loads. The gap between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam frame. Structural engineers have developed structural systems with a view to eliminating this premium.Systems in steel. Tall buildings in steel developed as a result of several types of structural innovations. The innovations have been applied to the construction of both office and apartment buildings.Frames with rigid belt trusses. In order to tie the exterior columns of a frame structure to the interior vertical trusses, a system of rigid belt trusses at mid-height and at the top of the building may be used. A good example of this system is the First Wisconsin Bank Building (1974) in Milwaukee.Framed tube. The maximum efficiency of the total structure of a tall building, for both strength and Stiffness, to resist wind load can be achieved only if all column elements can be connected to each other in such a way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or rigid box in projecting out of the ground. This particular structural system was probably used for the first time in the 43-story reinforced concrete DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building in Chicago. The most significant use of this system is in the twin structural steel towers of the 110-story World Trade Center building in New York.Column-diagonal truss tube. The exterior columns of a building can be spaced reasonably far apart and yet be made to work together as a tube by connecting them with diagonal members intersecting at the center line of the columns and beams. This simple yet extremely efficient system was used for the first . time on the John Hancock Center in Chicago * using as much steel as is normally needed for a traditional 40-story building.Bundled tube. With the continuing need for larger and taller buildings, the framed tube or the column-diagonal truss tube may be used in a bundled form lo create larger tube envelopes while maintaining high efficiency. The 110-story Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building in Chicago has nine tubes, bundled at the base of the building in three rows. Some of these individual tubes terminate at different heights of the building, demonstrating the unlimited architectural possibilities of this latest structural concept. The Sears tower, at a height of 1450 ft (442 m), is the worlds tallest building.Stressed-skin tube system. The tube structural system was developed for improving the resistance to lateral forces (wind or earthquake) and the control of drift (lateral building movement) in high-rise building. The stressed-skin tube takes the tube system a step further. The development of the stressed-skin tube utilizes the facade of the building as a structural element which acis with the framed tube, thus providing an efficient way of resisting lateral loads in high-rise buildings, and resulting in cost-effective column-free interior space with a high ratio of net to gross floor area.Because of the contribution of the stressed-skin facade, the framed members of the tube require less mass, and are thus lighter and less expensive. All the typical columns and spandrel beams are standard rolled shapes, minimizing the use and cost of special built-up members. The depth requirement for the perimeter spandrel beams is also reduced, and the need for upset beams above floors, which would encroach on valuable space, is minimized. The structural system has been used on the 54-story One Mellon Bank Center in Pittsburgh.Systems in concrete. While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early start, development of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate lo provide a competitive challenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings.Framed tube. As discussed above, the first framed tube concept for tall buildings was used for the 43-story DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building. In this building, exterior columns were spaced at 5. 5-ft (1. 68-