语言学教程(第四版)练习-第4章

Chapter Four From Word to Text 2013 级英语本科 2 4 班专用 LIUMING 1 8 Chapter Four From Word to Text I Mark the choice that best completes the statement 1 Which of the following term does NOT mean the same as the relation of substitutability A Associative relation B Paradigmatic relation C Vertical relation D Horizontal relation 2 Clauses can be used as subordinate constituents and the three basic types of subordinate clauses are complement clauses adjuncts clauses and A relative clauses B adverbial clauses C coordinate clauses D subordinate clauses 3 Names of the syntactic functions are expressed in all the following terms EXCEPT A subjects and objects B objects and predicators C modifiers and complements D endocentric and exocentric 4 In English case is a special form of the noun which frequently corresponds to a combination of perception and noun and it is realized in all the following channels EXCEPT A inflection B following a preposition C word order D vertical relation 5 In English theme and rheme are often expressed by and A subject object B subject predicate C predicate object D object predicate 6 Phrase structure rules have properties A recursive B grammatical C social D functional 7 Which of the following is NOT among the three basic ways to classify languages in the world A Word order B Genetic classification C Areal classification D Social classification 8 The head of the phrase the city Rome is A the city B Rome C city D the city Rome 9 The phrase on the shelf belongs to construction A endocentric B exocentric C subordinate D coordinate 10 The sentence They were wanted to remain quiet and not to expose themselves is a sentence A simple B coordinate C compound D complex II Mark the following statements with T if they are true or F if they are false 1 The relation of co occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations partly to paradigmatic relations 2 One property coordination reveals is that there is a limit on the number of coordinated categories that can appear prior to the conjunction 3 According to Standard Theory of Chomsky deep structure contain all the information necessary for the semantic interpretation of sentences 4 In English the object is recognized by tracing its relation to word order and by inflections of pronouns 5 Classes and functions determine each other but not in any one to one relation 6 Usually noun phrases verb phrases and adverbial phrases belong to endocentric types of constriction 7 In English the subject usually precedes the verb and the direct object usually Chapter Four From Word to Text 2013 级英语本科 2 4 班专用 LIUMING 2 8 follows the verb 8 In the exocentric construction John kicked the ball neither constituent stands for the verb object sequence 9 A noun phrase must contain a noun but other elements are optional 10 In a coordinate sentence two or more S constituents occur as daughters and co heads of a higher S III Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word The first letter of the word is already given 1 The subordinate constituents are words which modify the Heads and consequently they can be called m 2 John believes that the airplane was invented by an Irishman The part in the bracket is a c clause 3 In order to account for the case of the subject in passive voice we have another two terms p and n 4 There is a tendency to make a distinction between phrase and w which is an extension of word of a particular class by way of modification with its main features of the class unchanged 5 Recursiveness together with o is generally regarded as the core of creativity of language 6 Traditionally p is seen as part of a structural hierarchy positioned between clause and word 7 The case category is used in the analysis of word classes to identity the s relationship between words in a sentence 8 Clause can be classifies into FINITE and NON FINITE clauses the latter including the traditional infinitive phrase p and gerundial phrase 9 Gender displays such contrasts as masculine feminine n 10 English gender contrast can only be observed in g and a small number of l and they are mainly of the natural gender type IV Explain the following concepts or theories 1 Syntax 2 IC analysis 3 Relation of co occurrence 4 Category 5 Recursiveness V Match each term in Column A with one relevant item in Column B A B 1 syntactic relationa number gender and case 2 grammatical constructionb conjoining and embedding 3 syntactic functionc syntagmatic relation 4 categoryd substitutability 5 recusivenesse coordination and subordination 6 positional relationf hypotactic and paratactic relations 7 associative relationg conjunction ellipsis reference Chapter Four From Word to Text 2013 级英语本科 2 4 班专用 LIUMING 3 8 8 sentential connectionh subject predicate and object 9 cohesionI finite and non infinite 10 clausej paradigmatic relation VI Answer the following question 1 What are endocentric construction and exocentric construction 2 What are the basic functional terms in syntax VII Essay question 1 Explain an comment on the following sentence a and b a John is easy to please b John is eager to please 2 Comment on the statement Linguistic structure is hiearchical I Mark the following statements with T if they are true or F if they are false 1 The syntactic rules of any language are finite in number but they are capable of yielding an infinite number of sentences 2 Although a single word can also be uttered as a sentence normally a sentence consists of at least a subject its predicate and an object 3 The sentences are linearly structured so they are composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order 4 a John his upon an idea b An idea hit upon John In the above sentences the subject and object constituent by the sentences switch their position Although sentence b is absurd it is still grammatical because John and an idea are of the same phrasal category 5 Though they are of a small number the combinational rules are powerful enough to yield all the possible sentences and rule out the impossible ones 6 In a sentence like Mary likes flowers both Mary and flowers are not only Nouns but also Noun Phrases 7 The recursive property can basically be discussed in a category based grammar but not in a word based grammar 8 An XP must contain an X which is called the phrasal head 9 In the phrase this very tall girl tall girl is an obligatory element and the head of the phrase 10 a The man beat the child b The child was beaten by the man In the above sentences the movement of the child from its original place to a new place is a WH movement 11 Tense and aspect the two important categories of the verb nowadays are viewed as separate notions in grammar 12 The structuralists regard linguistic units as isolated bits in a structure or system 13 IC analysis can help us to see the internal structure of a sentence clearly and it can also distinguish the ambiguity of a sentence 14 Structural linguists hold that a sentence does only have a linear structure but it has a hierarchical structure made up of layers of word groups 15 In Saussure s view the linguist cannot attempt to explain individual signs in a piecemeal fashion Instead he must try to find the value of a sign from its relation to others or rather its position in the system Chapter Four From Word to Text 2013 级英语本科 2 4 班专用 LIUMING 4 8 16 The theme rheme order is the usual one in unemotional narration which is a subjective order 17 What is new in Halliday is that he has tried to relate the functions of language to its structure 18 Sentence is a basic unit of structure in functional grammar 19 The interpersonal function of language refers to the idea held by Halliday that language serves ot establish and maintain social relations 20 Finite is a function in the clause as a representation both the representation of outer experience and inner experience 21 The relations of co occurrence partly belong to syntagmatic relations partly to paradigmatic relations 22 According to Chomsky grammar is a mechanism that should be able to generate all and only the grammatical sentences of a language 23 In English the subject of a sentence is said to be the doer of an action while the object is the person or thing acted upon by the doer Therefore the subject is always an agent and the patient is always the object 24 In English the object is recognized by tracing its relation to word order and by inflections of pronouns 25 Classes and functions determine each other but not in any one to one relation 26 The syntactic rules of a language are finite in number and there are a limited number of sentences which can be produced 27 Structuralism views language as both linearly and hierarchically structured 28 Phrase structure rules provide explanations on how syntactic categories are formed and sentences generated 29 UG is a system of linguistic knowledge and a human species specific gift which exists in the mind of a normal human being 30 Tense and aspect are two important categories of the verb and they were separated in traditional grammar II Fill in each of the following blanks with an appropriate word s 1 As is required by the a noun phrase must have case and case is assigned by verb or preposition to the position or by auxiliary to the position 2 Adjacency condition states that a case and a case should stay adjacent to each other 3 The general movement rule accounting for the syntactic behavior of any constituent movement is called 4 The phrase structure rules with the insertion of the lexicon generate sentences at the level of 5 The application of syntactic movement rules transforms a sentence from the level of to that of 6 In English there are two major types of movement one involving the movement of an NP is called movement and the other a WH word is called movement 7 a The boy ate the apple c The apple was eaten by the boy In Sentence b the boy and the apple are moved from their original positions in Chapter Four From Word to Text 2013 级英语本科 2 4 班专用 LIUMING 5 8 Sentence a to new positions with the boy to the right and the man to the left 8 In the sentence the man was bitten by a dog the man is both the subject and the object 9 The decision on where to make the cuts in IC analysis relies on whether a sequence of words can be substituted for a single word and the structure remains the same 10 IC Analysis is different from the traditional parsing in that IC emphasizes the function of the level word group seeing a hierarchical structure of the sentence as well 11 The subordinate constituents are words which modify the head and consequently they can be called 12 John believes that the airplane was invented by an Irishman The part in the bracket is a clause 13 In order to account for the case of the subject in passive voice we have another two terms and 14 English gender contrast can only be observed in and a small number of and they are mainly of the natural gender type 15 There is tendency to make a distinction between phrase and which is an extension of word of a particular class by way of modification with its main features of the class unchanged 16 Recursiveness together with is generally regarded as the core of creativity of language 17 Normally a sentence consists of at least a subject and a predicate which contains a verb or a verb phrase 18 The sequential order of words in a sentence suggests that the structure of a sentence is 19 The starting point of an utterance which is known in the given situation and from which the speaker proceeds is named 20 structure can become the sole responsible structure for semantic interpretation by the introduction of the trace theory III Mark the choice that best completes the statement 1 The sentence John likes linguistics but Mary is interested in history is a sentence A simple B coordinate C complex D relational 2 In the sentence Mary told Jane that John liked linguistics the introductory word that is called A coordinating conjunction B conjunction C subordinator D embedded word 3 The student likes the new linguistics professor The above segmentation truthfully reveals the nature of sentence structure A hierarchical B linear C horizontal D parallel 4 The sentence The tall man and women left can be illustrated by tree diagram A 1 B 2 C both 1 and 2 D neither 1 2 S NP VP Det Adj NP V The tall man and women left S NP VP NP Conj NP V The tall man and women left Chapter Four From Word to Text 2013 级英语本科 2 4 班专用 LIUMING 6 8 5 According to the following three diagram V can only be replaced by A sat B brought C pushed D none 6 a John likes linguistics the most b It was linguistics that John liked the most Which of the following statements about the two sentences a and b given above is NOT true A In both sentence a and sentence b John is the logical subject B In structural concept John is the structural subject of a sentence C It in sentence b is the structural subject of the matrix clause D John is the structural subject in both a and b 7 The conclusion that a set of principles or rules govern language use is based on the observation that A Speakers make acceptability judgment about sentences they have never heard before B Speech is a habit structure C Imitation accounts for language acquisition D Phonological information must form part of syntactic movement 8 The symbol N indicates a an A lexical category B phrasal category C intermediate category D lexical insertion rule 9 Of the following combination possibilities can NOT be generated from the following rule NP Det Adj N PP S A NP N B NP Det Adj S C NP Det N D NP Det Adj N PPS 10 An advantage of X bar syntax over phrase structure syntax is that X bar A avoid a ploliferation of redundant intermediate categories B allows us to identify indefinitely long embedded sentences C allows as to postulate categories other than lexical and phrasal D forces us to conclude that the ambiguity of phrases like the English King is lexical rather than structural 11 Which set of rules generates the following tree structures S NP VP V PP The boy in the chair S NP VP NP NP V NP N N NP PP P NP N Chapter Four From Word to Text 2013 级英语本科 2 4 班专用 LIUMING 7 8 A S NP VP B NP VP NP N PP NP NP NP PP VP V NP VP V NP PP PP P NP PP P NP NP N NP N C S VP VP D S NP VP NP NP PP NP NP NP PP VP V NP VP V NP PP P NP PP P NP NP N NP N 12 a It seems they are quite fit for the job b They seem quite fit for the job Sentence b is a result of movement A NP B WH C AUX D None 13 The head of the phrase underneath the open window is A underneath B the C open D window 14 The following statements are in accordance with Hallliday s opinion on language EXCEPT A The use of language involves a network of systems of choices B Language is never used as a mere mirror of reflected thought C Language is a system of abstract forms and signs D Language functions as a piece of human behavior 15 Chomsky is more concerned with relations in his approach to syntax A syntagmatic B structural C paradigmatic D transformational 16 is a type of control over the form of some words by other words in Certain syntactic constructions and in terms of certain category A Concord B Government C Binding D Co command 17 Clauses can be used as subordinate constituents and the three basic types of subordinate clauses are complement clauses adjunct clauses and A relative clauses B adverbial clauses C coordinate clauses D subordinate clauses 18 Names of the syntactic functions are expressed in all the following terms EXCEPT A subjects and objects B objects and predicators C modifiers and complements D endocentric and exocentric 19 In English case is a special form of the noun which frequently corresponds to a combination of preposition and noun and it is realized in all the following channels EXCEPT A inflection B following a preposition C word order D vertical relation 20 Clauses can be classified into finite and non finite clauses including the traditional infinitive phra