高考英语精准考点 阅读理解高分技巧

用心 爱心 专心1 高考英语阅读理解高分技巧高考英语阅读理解高分技巧 一 常见题型分析 一 主旨大意题 主旨大意题在阅读理解试题中所占比例及难度都相当大 主旨大意是作者在文章中要表达的主要内 容 是全文的核心 作者在文章中努力通过各种细节信息来阐明中心话题 因此 把握主旨大意对于正 确理解全文具有重要意义 要找出主旨大意 应采用快速阅读法浏览全文 阅读时要注意抓住表达中心 思想的句子 文章不同 中心句在文章中的位置也就不同 但一般情况下阅读时应特别留意文章的开头 结尾及各个段落的首句和尾句 因为它们往往包含文章的中心议题 常见的命题方式 What is the main idea of this passage What dose this passage mainly concern The main theme of this passage is The main point of the passage is Which of the following is the best title for the passage The title that best expresses the theme of the passage is The purpose of the writer writing this passage is Which of the following best describes the passage as a whole 文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现 有以下几种情况 1 题句位于句首 主题句出现在文首 开门见山 提出主题 随之用细节来解释 支撑主题句所表 达的主题思想 这是英语中最常见的演绎写作法 2 主题句位于段末 主题句出现在文章结尾是作者 采用了先摆事实 后作结论的手法 这种段落称作归纳型段落 这是英语中最常见的归纳写作法 3 主 题句首尾呼应 为突出主题 作者先提出主题 结尾时再次点出主题 这种首尾呼应的写作方法也较为 多见 通常 前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复 后面的表述往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味 4 主题句位于段落的中间 主题句出现在文章的中间 通常前面只提出问题 文章的主题由随之陈述的细 节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出 而后又作进一步的解释 说明或发展 5 主题句隐含在段意之中 全 文没有明确的主题句 其中心思想包含在各个句子中 在这种情况下 读者要把所有已知的细节综合起 来 进行逻辑推理 概括归纳出主题句 典例 1 The global energy crisis is approaching What can we do Here are some steps you can take Cooling puts the greatest stress on your summer energy bill and the power grid 电网 Just as a tune up for your car can improve your gas mileage a yearly tune up of your 用心 爱心 专心2 heating and cooling system can improve efficiency and comfort Clean or replaces filters monthly or as needed Drive the car that gets better gas mileage whenever possible if you own more than one vehicle If you drive 12 500 miles a year switching 10 percent of your trips from a car that gets 20 miles per gallon to one that gets 30 mpg will save you more than 65 per year Carpool The average U S commuter 乘车上班族 could save about 260 a year by sharing cars twice a week with two people in a car that gets 20 1 mpg assuming the three passengers share the cost of gas This passage is mainly about A energy saving tips B fuel saving tips C do it yourself tips D environment protecting tips 解析 本文主要介绍了如何节约能源 本文是一篇科普文章 主题很明显 文章一开始就点明了 主题 接下来整篇文章都是围绕如何 save energy 展开 而 save fuel 仅仅只是其中的一部分 故选 A 针对主旨大意类题目 应采用快速阅读法 Skimming 浏览全文 在阅读时 应特别注意文章的开头 结 尾及段落的段首句和段尾句 因为他们往往名包含文章的中心议题 典例 2 Domestic 驯养的 horses now pull ploughs race in the Kentucky Derby and carry police But early horses weren t tame 驯服的 enough to perform these kinds of tasks Scientists think the first interactions humans had with horses were far different from those today Thousands of years ago people killed the wild horses that lived around them for food Over time people began to catch the animals and raise them This was the first step in domestication The domestication of horses has had great effects on societies For example horse were important tools in the advancement of modern agriculture Using them to pull ploughs and carry heavy loads allowed people to farm more efficiently Before they were able to ride horses humans had to cross land on foot Riding horses allowed people to travel far greater distance in much less time That encouraged populations living in different areas to interact with one another The new from of rapid transportation helped cultures spread around the world The passage is mainly about A why humans domesticated horses 用心 爱心 专心3 B how humans and horses needed each other C why horses came in different shapes and sizes D how human societies and horses influenced each other 解析 本文以时间为顺序 记叙了人类对马的驯化以及马对人类的生活所产生的重要影响 本题 考查主旨大意 前四段说明 人类驯养了野马 使得马的种类繁多 这是人类社会对马的影响 最后一 段说明 马作为交通工具加速了人类文化传播的进程 故文章的主题应是 D 所说的内容 此主题句出现 在文章的最后一段 如果文章没有明确的主题句 文章的中心思想往往包含在各个段落中 考生可采取 提纲挈领的方法 通过分析细节把文章的要点归纳出来 概括出全文的中心思想 选择标题属主旨大意题 是阅读理解题常考的题型之一 那么怎么样选择文章的标题 选择文章标 题属深层次理解题 它要求考生在通读全文的基础上 认真分析主人公的特定心态 文章大意及作者写 作意图 在此基础上 所选出的标题还应做到概括性 针对性 醒目性的有机结合 1 概括性原则 要求标题应在最大限度上覆盖全文 囊括文章的主要内容 体现文章的主旨 标题 实际上是文章主题的一种确认方式 前面我们提到 通过寻找主题句 往往很容易确定短文的标题 但 大多数文章的主题句并不明显 需要我们通过体会字里行间蕴含的意思从整体上把握文章的主旨 从全 局的角度概括归纳出文章的标题 要防止本末倒置 主次不分 以点代面 以偏概全 2 针对性原则 针对性原则是对标题外延的一种界定 概括性原则要求文章标题包括文章的主要内 容 但如果标题过大 就违背了针对性原则 针对性原则要求标题不能太过于概括 而是要直接指向文 章的主旨 即标题不能太大也不能太小 要量体裁衣 大小适度 3 醒目性原则 标题是文章的点睛之笔 是文章的灵魂 标题的好坏往往会影响文章的可读性 读 者往往从标题上决定文章的阅读取舍 故标题往往比较醒目 甚至比较离奇 目的是为了吸引读者的注 意力 唤起读者对文章阅读的兴趣 所以在标题选择的过程中 在满足概括性和针对性的条件下 还要 考虑标题的醒目性 二 推理判断题 推理判断题是指在理解原文字面意义的基础上 通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示 作出一 定的判断和推理 从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义的过程 推理判断题在阅读中属于难度较高的题 型 通常占总题数的 15 30 它主要考查考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力以及考生的识别能力 推理 判断题所涉及的内容可能是文中某一句话 也可能是某几句话 要求考生在遵循原文意义的基础上 对 文章字面信息进行分析 挖掘 逻辑推理 揭示其深层含义 常出现的推理题有逻辑推理 知识推理等 这类考题中常出现的词有 infer imply suggest indicate conclude learn from probably most likely can could might may 等 常见的命题方式 From paragraph one we can infer that What can be inferred from the passage We can infer from the text that 用心 爱心 专心4 What can we learn from We can conclude from the passage that The last sentence of the first paragraph most probably implies that The author implies that This passage would most likely be found in The author s attitude toward is 推理判断题要在阅读理解整体语篇的基础上 掌握文章的真正内涵 1 要吃透文章的字面意思 从 字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索 这是推理的前提和基础 2 要对文字的表面信息进行挖掘加工 由表 入里 由浅入深 从具体到抽象 从特殊到一般 通过分析 综合 判断等 进行深层处理 符合逻辑 地推理 不能就事论事 断章取义 以偏概全 3 要忠实于原文 不能主观臆想 更不能以自己的观点 代替作者的观点 4 要把握句 段之间的逻辑关系 了解语篇的结构 要体会文章的基调 揣摩作者的 态度 摸准逻辑发展的方向 悟出作者的弦外之音 典例 1 Michael Fish may soon be replaced as a weather forecaster by something truly fishier the shark 鲨鱼 Research by a British biology student suggests that sharks could be used to predict storms Lauren Smith 24 is close to completing her study on shark s ability to sense pressure If her studies prove the theory scientists may be able to monitor the behaviour of sharks to predict bad weather It has been discovered that a shark senses pressure using hair cells in its balance system At the Bimini Shark Lab in the Bahamas Miss Smith fixed hi tech sensors to sharks to record pressure and temperature while also tracking them using GPS Global Positioning System technology In Aberdeen she was able to study the effects of tidal 潮汐的 and temperature changes on dogfish none of which were harmed She also used a special lab which can mimic 模拟 oceanic pressure changes caused by weather fronts She is due to complete her study and graduate later this year She says she will be looking for a job which will give her the chance to enrich her experience of shark research 2008 天津卷 用心 爱心 专心5 44 The passage is most probably taken from A a short story collection B a popular science magazine C a research paper D a personal diary 45 What do we learn from the first four paragraph of the passage A Sharks may be used to predict bad weather B Sharks behaviour can be controlled C Michael Fish is not qualified for his job D Lauren Smith will become a weather forecaster 如 Mary is due to leave at two o clock 解析 本文为科普类文章 介绍了一位英国生物系学生对于鲨鱼来预测暴风雨的研究 44 B 推理判断题 本题适宜用排除法 由文章内容来看这是一篇科普文 A D 可删除 由文章的 语言来看 并未出现大量的专业术语 可删除 C a research paper 科研论文 45 A 推理判断题 由第一段和第四段可知 前四段所要表达的含义为 If her studies prove the theory scientists may be able to monitor the behavior of Sharks to predict bad weather 科学家们可以通过监视鲨鱼的行为来预测不好的天气 故 A 项正确 细节推断题要求学生 根据语篇关系 推断具体细节 如时间 地点 人物关系 人物身份 事件等 一般可根据短文提供的 信息 或者借助生活常识进行推理判断 解答此类题 不仅需要我们有一定的社会基础知识 而且还需 要对细节以及有关背景知识有一个充分的理解 典例 2 It had been some time since Jack had seen the old man College carrier and life itself got in the way In fact Jack moved clear across the country in pursuit of the dreams There in the rush of his busy life Jack had little time to think about the past and often no time to spend with his wife and son He was working on his future and nothing could stop him Over the phone his mother told him Mr Belser died last night The funeral is Wednesday Memories fleshed through his mind like an old newsreel as he sat quietly remembering his childhood days Inside he found these words carved Jack Thanks for your time Harold Belser 用心 爱心 专心6 Oh My God This is the thing he valued most Jack held the watch for a few minutes then called his assistant and cleared his appointments for the next two days Why his assistant asked I need some time to spend with my son he said 69 Why did Jack say he needed some time to spend with his son A He was very tired of his work and wanted to have a good rest B He had promised to spare more time to stay with his son C He had missed his son and his family for days D He came to realize the importance of the time with his family 解析 本文属于记叙文 文章由邻居之死而引出一个不容忽视的社会主题 友情 亲情才是最重 要的 69 D 推理判断题 由文中可知 Belser 的遗言对 Jack 触动很大 同时也使他开始领悟到 只有亲 人 朋友才是生活中最重要的 因果推断题要求考生根据已知结果推测导致该结果产生的可能原因 考 生要准确掌握文章的内涵 理解文章的真正含义 回答推理判断题的试题时 考生一定要牢记 能够直 接从文中找到的选项不是正确选项 因为与原文一样的句子不叫推理 只有那些没有在文中直接出现 但根据文中的信息经过推断可以得出的才是符合题意的正确选项 典例 3 As kids my friends and I spent a lot of time out in the woods The woods was our part time address destination purpose and excuse If I went to a friend s house and found him not at home his mother might say Oh he s out in the woods with a tone 语气 of airy acceptance It s similar to the tone people sometimes use nowadays to tell me that someone I m looking for is on the golf course or at the gym or even away from his desk For us ten year olds being out in the woods was just an excuse to do whatever we feel like for a while It was in a tree too that our days of fooling around in the woods came to an end By then some of us has reached seventh grade and had begun the rough ride of adolescence 青春 期 In March the month when we usually took to the woods again after winter two friends and I set out to go exploring We climbed a tree and all of a sudden it occurred to all three of us at the same time that were really were rather big to be up in a tree Soon there would be the spring dances on Friday evenings in the high school cafeteria 55 How does the author feel about his childhood A Happy but short B Lonely but memorable C Boring and meaningless D Long and unforgettable 用心 爱心 专心7 解析 本文描述了小时侯玩耍的 树林 对与 我 和朋友们的意义 主要讲述了我们在 树林 中所从事的活动 探索 以及之后随着年龄的增长 不再去那里的过程 55 A 从全文看 作者在 树林 里过的很愉快 又由最后一段可知 当我们一部分人上了七年级之后 我们在 树林 中的玩 耍就结束了 很短暂 因此 正确选项为 A 做这一类题时一定注意 1 由表及里地准确把握字里行间 的意思 切勿用自己的主观想法或观点代替作者的思想观点 2 要特别注意那些描写环境气氛的语言 以及表达感情 态度观点的词语和作者在文章中的措辞 尤其是感情色彩的形容词 3 能结合自己平时 积累的有关英语国家的文化传统 风俗习惯等背景知识来识别评价 三 词义推测题 该题型主要考查考生根据上下文推测词义和语义的能力 突出考查对语境的分析和把握能力 近几 年的高考阅读理解题越来越重视对猜词悟义能力的考查 试题中有一到两个小题是直接考查词义猜测的 从考查内容看主要有猜测某个生词 熟词 短语或句子的意思以及猜测代词的指代等 常见的命题方式 Which of the following is the closest in meaning to the word The word could best be replaced by In the paragraph the word means refers to According to the passage probably means The authors uses the word to mean The word is most likely to mean 典例 1 Parents and kids today dress alike listen to the same music and are friends Is this a good thing Sometimes when Mr Ballmer and his 16 year old daughter Elizabeth listen to rock music together and talk about interests both enjoy such as pop culture he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenager I would never have said to my mom Hey the new Weezer album is really great How do you like it says Ballmer There was just a complete gap in taste Music was not the only gulf From clothing and hairstyles to activities and expectations earlier generations of parents and children often appeared to move in separate orbits 41 The underlined word gulf in Para 3 most probably means A interest B distance C difference D separation 解析 本文讲述 代沟 的发展 变化 以 40 岁左右为分界线 之前和之后与子女间的关系在改 变 虽然代沟越来越窄 但仍没有消失 家庭研究专家提醒新的平等关系也会导致子女对父母的不尊重 用心 爱心 专心8 41 D 由上文中提到的 he remembers his more distant relationship with his parents when he was a teenager 以及 There was just a complete gap in taste 可知 gulf 应表示两代人 之间关系的 代沟 separation 指 分开 分离 猜测词义时更多用到的方法是 结合上下文的意 义 线索 内在逻辑关系 一般情况下 上下文所提示的意义与所考词汇通常是同义 反义或针对性解 释的关系 可直接确定词义 根据上下文意义很难作出判断的 就考虑用句法和内在逻辑方法去判断 符合句法和内在逻辑的可能为正确答案 反之则排除 典例 2 Dear Hamilton We are fortunate that in such a large high pressure office we all get along so well You are one of the people who keep the social temperature at such a comfortable setting I don t know anyone in the office who is better liked than you You can perhaps help with this The collection of contributions towards gifts for employees personal life events is becoming a little troubling Certainly the group sending of a gift is reasonable now and then In the past month however there have been collections for two baby shower gifts one wedding shower gift two wedding gifts one funeral 葬礼 remembrance four birthday gifts and three graduation gifts It s not only the collected from who are growing uncomfortable and poor but the collected for feel uneasy receiving gifts from people who don t know them outside the office who wouldn t even recognize their graduating children their marrying daughters and sons or their dead relatives This is basically a kind gesture and one that people think well of you for but the practice seems to have become too wide ranging and feels improper in today s office setting Thank you for understanding 63 The underlined word contributions probably means A money B suggestions C reports D understanding 解析 这是一篇书信 作者提出办公室里存在一种不好的现象 无论有什么事 办公室里所有人 都凑份子钱 作者对这种做法提出质疑 说这种风气不好 并希望收信人能够关注此事 63 A 第二段 说凑份子是为了买礼物庆祝职员个人生活中的大事 比如婚礼 葬礼等 结合选项判断 画线部分的 contributions 指 money 故选 A 做题时 首先要仔细看单词来确定词性 是名词 动词 形容词还是 副词 如上面的高考题中的 contributions 根据 tion 我们可以推知该词应该是名词 然后好好研究 含有生词的从句或句子与其他的句子或段落之间的关系 或跟相邻单词或句子的关系 它们之间可能出 现因果 比较 时间 例证等关系 有时候标点符号也可以提供线索 最后还要根据上下文检测猜测结 果的正确性 四 细节理解题 用心 爱心 专心9 细节理解题在高考阅读理解题中占有相当大的比例 从 2007 全国各地的试题来看 细节理解题占 全部阅读理解题的 50 还多 细节理解题一般是根据短文提供的信息和事实提问的 细节题可分为两种类 型 一种是答案几乎可以直接出短文中获得 正确答案和原文中含相关信息的句子也几乎相同 另一种 细节题要复杂一些 有时在原文中找不到同正确选项相近的词 正确答案可能是原文某一事实的结果 原因 前提等 细节理解题的特点是 要选择的答案一定要在短文中找到相关的词 短语 句子或段落 选择的依据必须是短文本身提供的信息 而绝不是根据自己的主观假设或推测或是自己的观点来决定 在阅读过程中对一些涉及到 who what when where how why 等常考的细节内容做适当标记 以便于 解题时迅速 准确的查找 常见的命题方式 According to the author who what when where which why how Which of the following statements is true not true The statement made by the author is based on the evidence example fact that Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the text The author states all of the following EXCEPT 当问题中含有 not except but 等表示否定 排除等意义的词时 需要进行逆向思维 因此 一定要 保持思维清晰 认真审题 不要武断 典例 1 Despite the fact that it has never been seen almost everyone is familiar with the legendary unicorn 独角兽 Descriptions of unicorns have been found dating from ancient times The great philosopher Aristotle theorized that there were two types of unicorn the so called Indian Ass and the Oryx a kind of antelope Unicorns are often used in the logo of a noble family town council or university as their special sign Even Scotland is represented by a unicorn According to the legend anyone attempting to catch a unicorn had to be extremely cautious as it has a reputation for being very fierce A clever trick suggested by unicorn trappers in order to catch this magnificent beast without being hurt by its horn was for the hunter to stand in front of a tree and then to move quickly behind it as the unicorn charged Hopefully the creature could then be captured when its horn was stuck in the tree 56 Which of the following is TRUE of the unicorn A It was not historically recorded B Its horn was first used in France C It was similar to the Indian Ass and the Oryx 用心 爱心 专心10 D It could be the symbol of a university 57 To catch a unicorn the unicorn trappers had to try all of the following EXCEPT A tempting the unicorn to attack B making use of the tree as a protection C hiding quickly behind the unicorn D having the unicorn horn stuck in the tree 解析 本文为一篇说明文 主要介绍了传说中的独角兽 如何捕捉 以及独角兽角的用途等 56 D 细节理解题 A 项错误是因为与第一段第二句不吻合 B 项错误是因为与第三段中的事实不符 文中只 提到了 the French court 用了 unicornhorn 时间是 the French Revolution in 1789 并未说这是第 一次使用 C 项错在与第一段不符 文中只提到了 Aristotle 的理论阐述 并没有说人们对 the Indian Ass 和 the Oryx 熟悉 D 项与第一段倒数第二句内容吻合 对细节考查通常涉及一些长难句 对此 不 要惊慌 首先判断是简单句还是复合句 若是简单句 先找句子的主 谓 宾 理解其主要意义 再加 附属成分的意义 若是复合句 先判断从句 再分析各自的意义 最后联合整句意义 对于细节理解题 要认真 周全考虑方能选取正确答案 这种题的正确选项往往是原文意义的不同表现形式 干扰项常是 以下几种情况 选项本身正确 但不符合题干要求 选项本身错误或原文根本没有提到 选项中含有原 文信息 但其中个别词描述的不准确 这种选项的干扰性最强 考生在答题时要十分注意 57 C 细节理解题 A 项正确是因为与第二段中提到的 the hunter 的诱捕行为吻合 即 stand in front of a tree 来引诱 unicorn 的攻击 其目的就是 catch a unicorn B 项正确是因为 the hunter 引诱 unicorn 来攻击而后 move quickly behind it the tree 其目的就是利用 the tree 作为掩护 而 不是躲到 unicorn 的后面 所以 C 项错误 D 项正确是因为与第二段最后一句吻合 问题中有时含有 NOT EXCEPT BUT 等表示否定 排除等意义的词语 需要进行逆向思维 因此 一定要保持思维清晰 认真审题 不宜匆忙武断 典例 2 Young adult filmmakers all hope to show their works in international festivals like Sundance and Toronto But what about really young filmmakers who aren t in film school yet and aren t strictly speaking even adults They are at the heart of Wingspan Arts Kids Films Festival tomorrow in a setting any director might envy Lincoln Center Complete with red carpet interviews and various awards the festival has much in common with events for more experienced moviemakers except for the age of the participants about 8 to 18 What s really exciting is that it s film for kids by kids said Cori Gardner managing director of Wingspan Arts a nonprofit organization offering youth arts programs in the New York area This year the festival will include films not only from Wingspan but also from other city organizations and one from a middle school in Arlington Virginia We want to make this a national event Ms Gardner added 用心 爱心 专心11 The festival will end with an open reception at which other films will be shown These include a music video and full length film whose title is Pressures 56 Wingspan Arts Kids Film Festival A is organized by a middle school B is as famous as the Toronto Festival C shows films made by children D offers awards to film school students 57 Which of the following is true of Wingspan Arts A It helps young filmmakers to make money B It provides arts projects for young people C It s a media arts and leadership training group D It s a national organization for young people 60 At the end of this film festival there will be A various awards B red carpet interviews C an open reception D a concert at Lincoln Center 解析 本文主要讲述了由孩子们拍摄的电影 并在电影节上展示的事情 56 C 细节理解题 由 第二段最后一句话和第三段第一句话 the festival has much in common with events for more experienced moviemakers except for the age of the participants about 8 to 18 What s really exciting is that it s film for kids by kids 可知 Wingspan Arts Kids Films Festivals