文献翻译-生产体系的发展规则

附录一 英文科技文献翻译英文原文：The Evolutionary Rules of Production SystemZhonghua Zhao* Xueliang Pei*Abstract: The competition among modern enterprises has been converted from products to capability. As the basis of competition, production system cant win the market unless it takes advantage of its capability in competition. Here in this article, the evolutionary rules of production system contributing to the establishment, renovation, reform, invention and promotion of the production of modern enterprises are observed.Key words: production system rule evolution1. IntroductionManufacturing industry is the cornerstone of national economy and the source of national income. Especially, since 1980s, with the shift in business concepts and competition patterns from products to capabilities, the production system has been focused on manufacturing. The production system is the basis of competition among enterprises. Its vital for any enterprise to pay more attention to strengthen their own capabilities and qualities so as to take the lead in competition in the Age of Knowledge Economy and New Economy. The 21st century is typical of high-tech, in which the production, possession, division and consumption of knowledge mean everything. Inevitably, manufacturing is faced with challenges and opportunities as well, which indicates a revolution to come. It has been proved by economic and natural laws that the fittest survives. We cant be tomorrow-winner unless we prepare for the future. Here in this article, the evolutionary rules of production system are observed to contribute to the establishment, refreshment, renovation, invention and promotion of the production system of enterprises. Thats the sound way to lead the national economic development to move steadily and smoothly.2. The Rules of the Evolution of Production System2.1 The Expansion of Functions and Direction of MarketIn general, the production management is meant to plan, organize and control * Zhonghua Zhao(1970-), male, Ph.D. candidate of School of Management, Harbin Institute of Technology, associate prof. and Master supervisor of School of Economics and Management, Shenyang Ligong University; Main research fields: Optimization Address: School of Economics and Management, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China, Postcode: 110168; Tel: E-mail: .* Xueliang Pei, postgraduate of School of Economics and Management, Shenyang Ligong University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China, Postcode: 110168.production activities in order to put out qualified goods efficiently, low-costly, flexibly and punctually to serve customers. With the expansion of the function of modern production system, including the production of tangible commodities and intangible operations, like service, knowledge and information, the difference between manufacturing industry and service industry becomes dim. Most manufacturers are serving as supplies of services. Products in many industrial departments, in fact, are the integrity of hardware, software and services. The development of economy and technology in post-industrial society and Information Age made the demands in market less and less stable. Consequently, the status of mass production in competition declined increasingly. The changeable demands determined by customers disturbed the pattern of mass production and developed into variety and small scale.2.2 The Variety and Reasonability of Targets in Production SystemMarket investigations are performed when the production system is established, renovated and regulated in order to learn more about the demand, to set up practical goals and to regulate the specification, the output and the production speed of commodities. Some reasons for the variety and reasonability are shown as follows:(1) With the development of economy, consumers have converted their attention to various commodities and theyre keen on peculiar ones which are efficient and fashionable;Early target Transmitting target Modern targetHigh-efficiency High-efficiencyHigh-efficiencyLow-cost High-quality High-qualityLow-cost Low-costShort delivery period safe-productionSingle-product Multi-productBig lot-size Middle-small lot-size(2) New commodities occurred as soon as old commodities lose their marker and vanished quickly. In this circle, the life spans of product are so short that many up-to-date ones have to be developed and produced in time;(3) Because of the severe competition, how to increase the shares in the market becomes an important target. To take the lead, enterprises are supposed to put out more and more new commodities.2.3 The Flexibility of Production SystemThe assembly line production and mass production used to be of low-cost but they were limited because of the variety, changeability and short life span. So the law of “scale economy” is being challenged in its application. Single-product production system couldnt adjust to the changes in market and in the operation of enterprise. As a result, along with the shift to variety and mass production, GT (group technology), AM (Agile manufacturing), IMI (Independent Manufacturing island) and FMS (Flexible Manufacturing System) are adopted. Especially, consolidating manufacturing islands based on the integrated manufacturing system with computer and IMI technology, on the whole, increased the flexibility and contingency.2.4 The Automation, Integrity and Intellection of Production SystemThe automation technology, esp. information technology, computer technology and systematic technology, brought the advanced manufacturing industry into prosperity which prepared well enough to meet dynamic adaptability in terms of material and technological conditions. The 5th technology revolution that began in 1970s actually was a breakthrough in micro-electronic and computer technology. Generated from both of them, the advanced manufacturing technology and information technology come into being. In this way, the low cost in bottle materials and fuels, the high efficiency and the adaptability in modern enterprises are made possible. In theory, the profitable source of scale economy could be realized.(1) In traditional patterns, it took high price to acquire knowledge and information, so mass production was the solution. When CIMS, MRP, ERP, Internet, Intranet among enterprisers and extranet of enterprises occurred, the information of designing and management was stored in software. The cost of using and regulating information was so low that mass production wasnt the solution any more; (2) The intellectual and automatic manufacturing equipment took up the repetitive task and work efficiently only if following the order from the central computer. The accumulated experiences dont mean much here, the so-called mass production experience and process of learning no longer existed; (3) In traditional patterns, manufacturing equipments and tools were specialized and efficient, which are suitable for mass production to increase the productivity and to lower the cost. But modern equipments are more often than not multi-functional. They are adaptable to many manufacturing procedures, which ensure the high productivity without mass production; (4) In modern advanced manufacturing technology, the production of one kind of commodities in certain quantity costs almost as much as that of other kinds but in the same quantity. But itll cost much less when manufactured in the same factory than in different factories; (5) With the technology of CAE, CAD, CAPP, CAM and FMS, the designing and manufacturing of new commodities can be completed soon and the delivery period is also shortened with improved quality.2.5 Emphasis on PeopleThe Main Factor in the Production SystemPeople who are in charge of manufacturing activities are faced with new requirement with regard to their role status, knowledge and capability. Its due to the change of production means and the expansion of production activities.(1) The ultimate factor in manufacturing activitiespeople: The automation of manufacturing system was ever the center of international manufacturing research. And “no one factory” pattern, that is, auto-operated factory was expected. The early CIMS was based on this imagination. But only a few enterprises achieved what they had expected. Most of them failed in fulfilling their goals in some developed industrial countries. In comparison with the large investment, the profit was too far from being satisfactory. Finally, CIMS in many countries have been laid off. Peoples role in the modern manufacturing system was not undercut but strengthened. It has drawn unusual attention of many developed countries to cultivate skilled workers and executives who are competent in this system. Thus the even higher standard is set for workers and executives; (2) The strengthening of peoples knowledge and capability: Modern manufacturing technology evolved from integrated technology. It is characteristic of multi-subject, so the technicians are supposed to have a solid specialty, not only the expertise but also much knowledge in the advanced researches is concerned. At the same time, its very important to learn much about the subjects involved so as to widen view, to refresh the knowledge and to accept new concepts. The initiative of definition and the capability of integrity are expected.2.6 The Production System Tends to Be Labor-intensiveTo get the similar effect in production in a fixed quantity to in a large quantity, high efficiency and regional economy are being targeted. A stable and balanced production is to eliminate ineffective work and waste, to shorten the process of producing, to lower the cost and avoid stocking too long. Labor-intensive and elastic labor organizing should be executed soon. Consequently, the management converts from the one by individuals and departments to the whole production system based on man.3. ConclusionFinding out the rules of evolution production system, in a sense, contributes to the establishment, refreshment, innovation and promotion of the system itself and also support the functional target set for it and its construction strategy. For the progress in quality and competitiveness in contingency, all the enterprises are supposed to follow the rules, in the view of production strategy and competition advantages.References:1. Qingshan Zhang, Guoqing Jiang. Modern Production Management, Northeast University Publishing House, 1998.052. Kesheng Zhang, Songqian Zhang. The Evolution of Manufacturing Modes in US & Japan, Enterprise Management, 1998(1)3. Ying Tao. The New Tendency of Foreign Enterprises Management and Its Implication, Modernization of Management, 1997(6)(Edited by Ann and Royaig)中文翻译：生产体系的发展规则赵中华 裴学良摘要：现代企业之间的竞争已经从产品的数量转换到了产品的质量。在竞争的基础上，生产体系除非充分利用其质量为竞争，否则将不能赢得市场。在这篇文章中，生产体系的发展规则有助于建立、革新、改革、发明和促进现在企业所关注的生产。关键词：生产体系 规则 演变1.导言生产业是国民经济的基石，更是国家税收收入的主要来源。特别是从 20 世纪 80 年代以来，随着经营理念和竞争模式从产品到能力的转变，生产体系已着重于生产。生产系统已成为企业之间竞争的基础。如果一个企业要想他们在知识经济和新经济时代的竞争中起到领先的地位，注重对于自身勇力和素质的加强是很重要的。二十一世纪是典型的高科技时代，生产、分配、分工和消费，知识意味着一切。不可避免地，生产业正面临着挑战和机遇，这也意味着一场革命将要到来。经济和自然法则已曾证明优胜劣汰。我们如果不为未来做好准备，就不能成为明天的赢家。在这篇文章中，对生产系统发展规则的观察，有助于建立、更新、改造、创造和促进企业的生产系统。这是一个引领国民经济平稳、顺利的发展的可靠方式。2.生产体系的发展规律2.1 功能扩展和市场导向一般来说，生产管理是指计划、组织和控制生产活动，从而能生产出合格的产品，高效、低价、灵活和准时的提供给客户。随着现代生产体系的扩展，生产将包括有形商品的生产和无形的服务，像服务，知识和信息等，制造业和服务业之间的差异将日益暗淡。大多数制造商提供像服务商一样的服务。在许多工业部门的产品，事实上，包括完整的硬件、软件和服务。后工业社会和信息时代经济和技术的发展使市场的需求越来越不稳定。因此，大规模生产的地位在竞争中日益下降。消费者多变的需求使大规模生产已不再适合，制造已转向多品种和小规模的生产。2.2 生产系统的品种多样性和可行性生产体系建立、革新和调节时就应进行市场调查，以便更多地了解需求，设定切合实际的目标和调节产品的规格，产量和生产速度。品种多样性和可行原因如下：(1) 随着经济的发展，消费者已将注意力转移到那些奇特、高效率并且时尚的各种商品上；早期目标 传播的目标 现代目标高效率低成本高效率高质量低成本高效率高质量低成本交付快安全产品产品单一大批量生产多品种中、小型批量生产(2) 新产品迅速出现同时旧的产品失去市场并迅速消失。在这个循环里，产品的生命期是这么短，因而许多新式的产品要加紧研制和生产；(3) 由于激烈的竞争，如何增加在市场上的占有率成为一个重要的环节。企业为了成为领头羊就要推出更多的新产品。2.3 柔性制造系统装配线生产和大规模生产方式用于低成本生产，但他们因品种多样性和寿命的短期生而受限。因此，规律的“规模经济”在应用领域中受到挑战。单一产品生产体系无法调整以适应市场的变化和企业管理。结果，随着转向品种多样化和大量生产，GT(成组技术)，AM(灵活生产)，IMI 的(独立制造)和 FMS(柔性制造系统)正在被采用。尤其稳定的制造业是建立在计算机和 IMI 的技术综合生产系统的基础上，就整体而言，增加了灵活性和应变能力。2.4 生产体系的自动化、集成化和智能化自动化技术，例如信息技术，计算机技术和系统技术，给已经作好物质和技术条件准备的先进制造业带来了的繁荣。从 20 世纪 70 年代开始的第 5 次技术革命，在微型电子技术和计算机技术上带来一个突破。在这两个技术的基础上，先进生产技术和信息技术诞生。这样一来，在材料和燃料上成本低，现代企