Character, Corrosion and the Civil Servant The human consequences of globalization and the New Public Management.doc

analysis of english academic papercharacter, corrosion and the civil servant: the human consequences of globalization and the new public managementdanny l. balfour and joseph w. grubbsgrand valley state universityadministrative theory & praxis vol. 22, no. 3, 2000: 57084number: 061926 name: 邢晟晟major: public administrationemail: telephone:he paper is mainly to discuss the impact of the organizational changes occurring within the new capitalism on individual workers, especially in public sector under the rubric of new public management. the paper is excellent in structure. it is also very concise and formal. although using many specialized vocabularies, it is easy for people to understand. 1、outline of the paper according to my understanding, this paper is mainly containing three principal parts in total.at the first part, the author uses conceptual frameworks developed by richard sennett, thomas friedman and others to examine the conditions under which public administrators work at the beginning of the twenty-first century. the author discusses the key consequence of the new world order and how organizations are changing in the new global system and some of the effects of these changes on the individual worker.after analyzing the environment and conditions, the author puts the focus on the conductions of organizations and individuals in the new capitalism. in this part, three key interrelated mechanisms for creating and sustaining more flexible organizations including discontinuous reinvention of institutions, flexible specialization, and concentration without centralization posed by sennett are introduced.the last and the most important part in which the author pours more attention first discusses the ten principles and five key concepts of new public management. then the author analyzes and the experience of individual public servants under the new public management. he emphasizes that the outcomes of new public management are not always favorable for public employees. what he believes is that the result is a newpattern of domination of the public employee. at the end of the paper, the author summarizes the implications from the contents above, further more, some further research are given at last.2、developing method for each paragraphsince the paper is quite long, i choose the third part of it for analyzing in details.paragraph 1 is developed by comparison and contrast. on the contents above, the author discusses the changes of private sector, and then at this paragraph starts the public organizations by arguing that public organizations have sought new efficiencies, flexibility, and enhanced performance as private sector.paragraph 2 is developed by definition. at first, the author lists a widely read book in which discussing how the entrepreneurial spirit is transforming the public sector. then the core ideas of governmental reinventing are defined according to vice president al gore. after that, the author expounds the ten principals of entrepreneurial governance in details.paragraph 3 is also developed by definition. the first sentence points out some problems concerning the ten principals listed in the former. nevertheless, the author considers that the aim of npm is explicit. then five key concepts which underlie npm are given as follows.paragraph 4 is developed by asking a series of questions. therefore, it helps to develop the following parts, and almost all the paragraphs bellowed are centering on these questions.paragraphs from 5 to 11 are all developed by details. on the discussions above, the author has started with a general statement, and then in these paragraphs he adds some descriptions and explanations in details from four aspects, especially answers the questions which are posed in the fourth paragraph. among them, paragraph 6 is developed by examples. it lists an example of aspas national conference in philadelphia several years ago. and is explains the trend of a weakening of the administrative core. paragraph 9 is a thorough explanation and analysis of paragraph 8.also paragraph 11 is a thorough explanation and analysis of paragraph 10. paragraph 12 is a conclusion of all the substance discussed above. in this paragraph, the author first points out the weakness of new public management, and then he makes some predictions in future situations which the civil servants will face.3、writing styles、the paper uses much passive voice、the author uses a lot of nominalization、the author tends to use more phrases than clauses、the avoidance of contractions、the use of appositives in order to make people understand well、the author uses much present participles and past participles 、the use of more tentative forms of expression.、the author uses many formal and specialized vocabularies、the use of various of methods to develop a paragraph 4、all important sentence patternsthe use of much passive voice. examples are as follows:u local levels have been expected to reinvent or reengineer themselvesu public organizations can be reinvented through the application of the following ten principlesu teamwork been achieved in public organizationsu what does it mean for public employees to be disciplined in accordance with the productivity ideal? u since people over 50 have been in place too longu and so on.the use of subordination. examples are as follows:u places a great amount of pressure on employees who remain after the downsizing.u while any list of principles is bound to have internal contradictions and inconsistencies (see simon, 1946), the overall thrust of npm is aimed at providing public managersu despite its claims of empowering a “knowledge-based” workforce, the quest for innovation and efficiency inherent in npm may instead be leading to feelings of indifference among public employeesu while the employees may go away, the amount of work remains the same or even increases,the use of relative pronouns. examples are as followsu the current emphasis on increasing productivity, which is seen as driving the high employmentu members of the new public agencies are expected to establish their own normative rules, which control “their actions more powerfully and completely than the former system”u the process begins with a consensus over the organizations values, which then transforms, through group interactionu employee affiliation and mutually supportive relationships, which often act as buffers between the individual and organizational demands, areu have public employees experienced the kind of drift and disorientation that sennett describesu pollitt (1990, pp. 2-3) identifies five key concepts that underlie npm:the use of participles. examples are as followsu the organizational changes occurring within the new capitalismu its core ideas were the driving force behind the national performance review headed by vice president al gore.u and, addressing the characteristics of “innovators,” he added thatu the radical organizational change called for as part of npm acts to transform their overall work environmentu the recent move to reengineer public bureaucracies into flexible, streamlined organizations has effectively cast public employees adrift, leaving them searching for their organizational identities.u the recent move to reengineer public bureaucracies into flexible, streamlined organizations has effectively cast public employees adrift, leaving them searching for their organizational identities.u fundamental transformations in public-sector agencies initiated as part of reform agendas may destroy important social attributes of public agenciesu team members, facing the increased pressure, will adopt and gradually reinforce the imposition of these values on their fellow workersthe use of appositives. examples are as followsu like their private sector counterparts, public organizations have sought new efficienciesu one of the panelists said that, as a top requirement, the proposal had to show that the innovation had never before been attemptedu those just out of graduate school do not know enough to make meaningful contributionsu rigid, bureaucratic management systems are replaced by a distribution of power characterized by what barker (1993) calls “concretive control” on the part of public employees.u the organizational elite actually will raise the performance standard, or encourage workers to do the same, given the “better way” of doing business.5、all important wordsrubric，reinvent，impetus, counterpart, entrepreneurial, catalytic, hierarchy，thrust，leverage, discontinuous, inconsistency, identify, underlie, sophisticated, disorientation, autonomy, devaluation, witness, discredit, intelligence, detachment, panelist, prestigious, proposal，implicit, commendable, espoused, radical, imposition, deconstruction, facilitate, innovation, stifle, normative, consensus, interaction, initiate, touted, strategy, reinforce, monitor, supervisor, affiliation, mutual, omnipresent, omnipresent, prerogatives6、all the idiomatic expressions majority of idiomatic expressions is marked as this7、reference methodstrong impetus for such reforms came from the widely read book, reinventing government (osborne and gaebler, 1992)milward (1996) addresses certain aspects of this trend in his notion of the hollow statein this paper, we use conceptual frameworks developed by richard sennett(1998), thomas friedman (1999) and others (farazmand, 1999; huntington,1996; fukuyama, 1992) to examine the conditionsas friedman (1999) argues, understanding the contemporary worldsystems requires that one be able toin his recent book, the corrosion of character: the personalconsequences of work in the new capitalism, richard sennett (1998)discusses how organizations are changing in the new global system and the some of the effects of these changes on the individual worker.” no long term means keep moving do not commit yourself, and do not sacrifice” (sennett, 1998, p. 25).6、sennett (1998, pp. 46-63) identifies three key interrelated mechanisms for creating and sustaining more flexible organizations:sennett (1998, pp. 54-55) points out that in much of europe, change may be slowed if it is perceived that it is harming the common workermany diverse tasks (also see barker,1993, on concretive control in self-managing teams)several scholars have discussed the ahistorical, atheoretical nature of public administration generally (schachter, 1997; see also discussion in stivers, 1999)bureaucratic management systems are replaced by a distribution of power characterized by what barker (1993) calls “concretive control” on the part of public employees.8、my acquirement after analyzing the academic paperby studying and reading this paper intensively, i totally know the standard style of an academic paper and learn much in how to write. first, i am familiar with the writing style of an academic paper. and i realize that most academic paper almost the same structure arrangement. so when i get a completely new and unfamiliar paper, i can quickly get the main idea and the outline. it is good for my research in the future because if i want to write excellent academic paper, i need read a lot.second, i totally understand how to write an academic paper