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高一预科学习初中阶段知识回顾词汇部分第一类:名词一.分类:从形式上进行分类,英语名词可以划分成普通名词和专有名词两大类。从意义上划分,英语名词可分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词四类。一般来说,个体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns)。物质名词、抽象名词和专有名词无法用数目来计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。集合名词有的可数,有的不可数。二名词的数(一)可数名词及其复数形式(1)可数名词的复数形式一般由词尾加-s或-es构成,其规则见下表:类 别构 成 法读 音例 词一般情况加-s在清辅音后读/s/maps, books在浊辅音及元音后读/z/cars, photos在/t/后读/ts/cats, students在/d/后读/dz/beds, guards在/dZ/后读/iz/bridges, ages以字母s, x, ch, sh 结尾的词加-es在/s/, /z/, /S/,/tS/后读/iz/classes, brushes以辅音字母+y结尾的词将y改成i,加-es/z/factories, stories以字母o结尾的词一般加-es/z/potatoes, tomatoes少数外来词或缩略词加-s/z/radios, pianos以字母f或fe结尾的词一般加-s/s/roofs, chiefs少数将f, fe, 改为-ves/z/shelves, knives有些加-s或改为-ves均可/s/或/z/scarfs/scarves(2)可数名词复数形式的不规则构成法 英语中有一部分名词由于历史或词源原因其复数形式的构成法是不规则的。这种情况主要有:元音字母变化。例如:foot-feet man-men woman-women tooth-teeth goose-geese mouse-mice 结尾为-en。例如: child-children 单复数同形。单复数同形的名词主要有:people,sheep, fish, Chinese, Japanese, deer等。只有复数形式。例如:trousers, goods, glasses, clothes 等。应特别注意它们的谓语,用复数。有些名词看似复数形式,实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的,应特别加以记忆。如:news(消息),maths(数学),physics(物理) 可用how many,many,a few,few,a lot of,lots of,some,any等来修饰可数名词复数。 常用how much, much, a little, little, a lot of, some, any等来修饰不可数名词。 (二)可数名词和不可数名词 1可数名词 可数名词一般可以分成以下两类: 第一类:如bike,desk, factory等,这类名词占可数名词的多数。以bike为例:There are fifty bikes at this shop这家商店有50辆自行车。 第二类:如clothes等,本身表示复数形式。以clothes为例:She cares for nice clothes她爱好穿着。 2不可数名词不可数名词的用法特征主要有以下几种:(1)不带冠词的单数形式需用动词单数作谓语。例如:Knowledge is power知识就是力量。 (2)由much,little等词修饰。例如:They have saved much money for future use他们存了很多钱以备未来使用。(3)与表示单位的量词如a piece of ,a drop of a pair of a bottle of a bag of等连用。例如:Go and fetch me a piece of chalk给我去拿一支粉笔。要十分注意的是:不可数名词不能与不定冠词或数词直接用在一起。如不能说a good news, an advice, a hard work等。3.既是可数又是不可数名词的意义不同:专有名词专有名词用来指具体的人、地点、日子或物体的专有名称。其特点是:第一个字母大写,通常不与冠词连用,无复数形式。(一)人名(二)地名 (1)大部分单数形式的地名不用定冠词。例如: Asia;America;China; London;Shanghai (2)大部分单数形式的湖、岛、山名前不加定冠词。例如: Silver Lake;Mount Tai(3)山脉、群岛、海洋、河流、运河、海湾、海峡、半岛、沙漠名前一般加定冠词。例如:the Pacific;the English Channel;the Sahara(三)日期名(1)节日名前通常不用冠词。例如: Christmas;National Day(2)星期名前通常不用冠词。例如: Sunday;Tuesday(3)月份名前通常不用冠词。例如: April;December三名词所有格(一)所有格形式的构成(1)单数名词后加s,其读音与名词复数结尾的读音相同。(2)以s结尾的复数名词后加。(3)不以s结尾的复数名词后加s。(4)以s结尾的人名,可以加s,也可加号。(5)表示各自的所有关系,不是共有的,则要分别在名词末尾加s,若表示共有的,则在最后一个名词的末尾加s,(二)s所有格的用法 s所有格常表示有生命的东西,但也可表示无生命的东西。例如:(1)表示时间:todays newspaper 今天的报纸 (2)表示自然现象:the moons rays 月光 (3)表示国家、城市机构:Shanghais industry 上海的工业 (4)表示度量衡及价值:twenty dollars value 20美元的价 四名词转化 某些名词后加y变形容词,表示“充满的”,cloud-cloudy, sun-sunny 某些名词后加ful变形容词,表示“性质的”,use-useful, care-careful 部分表示人的名词后加ly变形容词,具有赞美意味。Friend-friendly, lovely 某些名词后加less表示没有,careless, useless1- Where have you been, Tim? - Ive been to _.A. the Henry house B. the Henry family C. the Henrys home D. Henrys2.In England, if _is in the middle of the day, the evening meal is called supper.A. foodB. lunchC. breakfastD. dinner3You looked for it twice, but you havent found it. Why not try _ .A. three times B. a third time C. the third time D. once4- They are thirsty. Will you please give them _ ? - Certainly.A. some bottles of waters B. some bottles of water C. some bottle of water D. some bottle of waters5Mike hurt one of his _ in the accident yesterday.A. tooth B. feet C. hand D. ear6There is some _ on the plate. A. cakes B. meat C. potato D. pears7In England, the last name is the _.A. family name B. middle C. given name D. full name8The are going to fly _ to Beijing.A. Germen B. Germany C. Germanys D. Germans9The_ has two _ .A. boys; watches B. boy; watch C. boy; watches D. boys; watch10The little baby has two _ already.A. tooth B. tooths C. teeth D. teeths第二类:冠词冠词是一种辅助性的词,不可在句中独立担任一个成分。放在名词前,帮助说明名词的含义,使用极为频繁。冠词有不定冠词(a, an)和定冠词(the)两种。冠词本身是虚词,没有意义,同时也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义一、 不定冠词(a/an)不定冠词用a还是an由后面一个词的首音(不是辅音字母)决定。以元音开头的词前用an,以辅音(包括半元音,不是元音字母)开头的词前用a。例如:辅音字母开头:a tree, a university, a house, a European country, a one-eyed man元音或半元音开头:an apple, an umbrella, an hour, an elephant, an opera值得注意的是:1如果不定冠词后面第一个词以元音字母u开头就用a。例如university, useless, useful, unit, uniform。2如果不定冠词后面第一个词以不发音的h开头,而h后面第一个音的音素是元音因素,就用an。例如hour, honest。3如果不定冠词和名词前有其他词,不定冠词的形式仍取决于它后面第一个词的语音形式。例如an actress, a beautiful actress。不定冠词的用法如下:1用在单数可数名词前,表示一类人或事物,如:A dictionary is a useful book. 2说明某人或某东西属于哪一类,如:This is a book. 3泛指某人或某物,但未具体说明何人、何物,如: A boy is waiting for me.4表示数量,有“一”的意思,如:Behind the house there is a garden. 5用于某些固定词组中,如:a few, a little, a lot of,二、 定冠词 the定冠词的用法如下:1指彼此都知道的人或事物,如: Open the door, please. 2特指某(些)人或某(些)事物,如: The girl in red is my sister. 3指前面提到过的人或事物,如:Here is a picture of a modern car factory.4用在序数词和形容词最高级前,在方位词前。如 The Nile is the longest river in the world.5用在某些名词化的形容词,过去分词前,表示一类人或事物,如:the rich, the sick, t6用在某些专用名词前, 如: the Great Wall the Peoples Republic of China7在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称的前面,如:the North China Plain 8在一些用语中,如:in the morning(/afternoon/evening), in the day,三不用冠词的情况(零冠词)1在不含普通名词或只有一个普通名词专有名词前,如: China, Beihai Park 2名词前面已有用作定语的 this,that my,your, ome,any 等代词前,如:The letter is from my father.3在复数名词表示一类人或事物时,如: Horses are useful animals.4在节日名称,(称呼语和表示官衔的名词前)星期、月份、季节前。如: Today is Sunday.5在某些固定搭配和习惯用语中,如: go to school , be in hospital, be in prison6一天三餐,球类运动棋类,的名称前,如: I like to play basketball.四.复习时需要注意的要点(1) 在school, college, university, hospital, prison, church, class, table, bed等表示机构名称、组织名称和家具的名词前,用定冠词和用不定冠词意义有差异。用定冠词强调处所,而不用定冠词意义有所引申。比较:at table 就餐at the table 坐在桌边go to school 去上学go to the school 去这个学校in hospital 住院in the hospital 在这家医院go to prison (违法而)进监狱go to the prison 到监狱go to church 做礼拜go to the church 到教堂在某些词前用不同冠词(定冠词、不定冠词和零冠词),意义大不相同,例如:a little/few 有一点little/few 几乎没有a number of 许多the number of 的数目in front of 在前面in the front of 在前部take place 发生take the place of 代替out of the question 根本不可能out of question 没有问题the most beautiful 最漂亮most beautiful 非常漂亮for a moment 片刻for the moment 暂时冠词1. In the united states, Fathers Day falls on_ third Sunday in_ June.A. the, 不填 B. the, a C. 不填,the D. a, 不填2.)If you go by train, you can have quite_ comfortable journey, but make sure you take_ fast one.A. a, a B. the , a C. the , the D. 不填,a3 We can have_ bluer sky if we create_ less polluted worldAa;a Ba;the Cthe;a Dthe;the4.- Youve dropped _ s in the word necessary.- Oh, _ letter s is doubled.A. a; a B. a; theC. an; theD. the; the5. Beijing is _ capital of China and it is _ city with many places of interest.A. a; a B. a; the C. the; a D. the; the6.- Is there _ clock in your room? Yes, there is.A. a B. an C. The7. After school we usually play basketball for half an hour on playground.A. the; the B. 不填;不填 C. 不填; the D. the;不填8. -Why do you like Mary?-Because she is _ honest girl. A. a B. an C. the9. Cindy is amazing singer. She has lots of fans.A. aB. anC. theD. 不填10. Beijing is _ capital of China and it is _ city with many places of interest.A. a; a B. a; the C. the; a D. the; the第三类:代词代词是代替名词、形容词和数词的词。按其意义、特征及其在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、相互代词、疑问代词、不定代词和关系代词等。一. 人称代词1.人称代词的人称、数和格,如下表所示。 二. 物主代词1.表示所有关系的代词叫物主代词。物主代词分形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词,如下表所示。.物主代词与own 连用为了强调,有时可在物主代词后加上own一词。如:Mind your own business. 别管闲事。I saw it with my own eyes. 那是我亲眼看到的。She had made her own tragedy. 她造成了自己的悲剧。【说明】有可用 of ones own 置于名词后作定语。如:We have no children of our own. 我们没有自己的孩子。I wish I had a little lab of my own. 但愿我有自己的一间小实验室。三. 指示代词 指示代词包括:this,that,these,those。 为了避免重复提到的名词,常可用that或those代替,例如: Television sets made in Beijing are just as good as those made in Shanghai this 在电话用语中代表自己,that 则代表对方。例如: Hello! This is Mary. Is that Jack speaking?四. 反身代词 英语中用来表示我自己,你自己,他自己,我们自己,你们自己等意义的代词称为反身代词,也有人称之为自身代名词,其形式如表所示。 五. 不定代词英语的不定代词有 all, each, both, either, neither, one, none, little, few, many, much, other, another, some, any, no, (a) few, (a) little, both, enough, every 等,以及由 some, any, no 和 every 构成的合成代词(即somebody, anyone, nothing 等)。在这些不定代词中,多数都能作主语、宾语、表语或定语,但是代词 none 以及由 some, any, no 和 every 构成的合成代词只能作主语、宾语或表语,不能作定语,而 no 和 every 则只用作定语。不定代词与部分否定不定代词all, both, every 等与 not 连用时构成部分否定;若要表示完全否定,则需换用 none, neither, no one等。比较:All of the students like the novel. 所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。Not all of the students like the novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。All of the students dont like the novel. 并不是所有这些学生都喜欢这本小说。None of the students like the novel. 这些学生当中没有一个喜欢这本小说。不定代词的辨析现将几个常用的不定代词举例说明如下:1.some与any的区别2. few, a few, little, a little在用法上的区别 other, the other, another, others, the others的区别。4. every与each的区别。 5. all和both的用法。疑问代词疑问代词有who,whom,whose,what和which等。疑问代词用于特殊疑问句中,一般都放在句首,并在句子中作为某一句子成分。关系代词关系代词是一种引导从句并起连接主句和从句作用的代词。关系代词有 who, whose, whom, that, which. 它们在句中可用作主语,表语,宾语,定语. 在主句中,它们还代表着从句所修饰的那个名词或代词。例如:I hate people who talk much but do little.Im looking at the photograph which you sent me with your letter.With the money that he had saved, he went on with his studies.Do you know the lady who is interviewing our headmaster?掌握关系代词的基本用法关系词分关系代词和关系副词。关系代词主要的有 that, who, whom, whose, which, as 等,其中who和whom 只用于指人,which和as 只用于指事物,whose和 that既可于指人也可用于指物,它们在定语从句可用作主语、宾语、表语或定语。代词一,单选1. Tom, Please pass _ the glasses. I want to read the newspapers. A. you B. me C. him D. her2. The English novel is quite easy for you. There are _ new words in it. A. a little B. little C. a few D. few3. -You want _ sandwich? -Yes, I usually eat a lot when Im hungry. A. other B. another C. others D. the other4. The doctors and nurses are doing their best to fight SARS. They think more of others than _. A. they B. them C. themselves D. theirs5. -Which do you prefer, a bottle of orange or a bottle of milk? -_, thanks. Id like a cup of tea. A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None6. -Oh! I came in a hurry and forgot to bring food. -Never mind. You can have _.A. us B. ours C. you D. yours7. -Can I come this evening or tomorrow morning? -_ is OK. Im free today and tomorrow. A. Either B. Neither C. Both D. None8. -How are you going to improve _ this term? -Work harder than last term.A. ourselves B. myself C. himself D. yourself9. -Could you tell me _ she is looking for? -Her cousin, Susan. A. that B. whose C. who D. which10. -Is _ here? -No. Li Lei and Han Mei have asked for leave. A. everybody B. somebody C. anybody D. nobody 第四类:数词(1)基数词:定义:表示数目或者数量多少的词。用法:1112的基数词是独立的单词,one,two,three,four,five,six,seven,eight,nine,ten,eleven,twelve。21319的基数词以-teen结尾。如: fourteen,seventeen等,但13,15,18较特殊, 13thirteen 15fifteen 18eighteen。 32090的整十位均以-ty结尾。如: sixty,ninety,但20,30,40,50,80较特殊, 20twenty 30thirty 40forty 50fifty 80eighty。 4十位数与个位数之间要加连字符号“-”,如:28twenty-eight,96ninety-six。 5百位和十位(若无十位则和个位)之间加and,如:148one hundred and forty-eight 406four hundred and six。 (1) hundred(百),thousand(千),million(百万),billion(十亿)等前面即使有具体的数词,也不能在它们的后面加s。(2) 如:600six hundred,8百万eight million。 71000以上的数字,从后往前数每三位加一个逗号“,”第一个逗号前为千(thousand),第二个逗号前为百万(million),第三个逗号前为billion(十亿)。英语中无“万”这个词,我们可以用“几十个千(thousand)”表示几万,“几百个千(thousand)”表示“几十万”。如:2,510two thousand five hundred and ten;84,296eight-four thousand twohundred and ninety-six;274,350two hundred and seventy-four thousand three hundred and fifty。 8 hundred,thousand,million用复数形式修饰名词时要用“of复数名词”,如:数以百计的年轻人hundreds of young people;数以千计的书thousands of books。注意:hundreds of thousands ofmillions of 复数名词,其前面不能加具体的数词,但可加several或 many。 9 基数词单数名词形容词构成合成形容词。如:一个五岁的男孩a five-year-old boy;一座800米长的桥an 800-metre-long bridge;女子400米接力girls400-metre relay race。 序数词定义:表示顺序和等级的词。用法:1基数词变序数词可利用口诀巧记:“一、二、三,特殊记,八去“t”,九去“e”,“ve”要用“f”替,见“y”变成“i”和“e”,词尾加上“th”,若是遇到几十几,只变个位就可以。”第一、第二、第三分别:first,second,third,eighteighth nineninth,fivefifth,twelvetwelfth,twen- tytwentieth,fortyfortieth,twenty-fivetwenty-fifth。 2其余情况均在基数词后加th。如: sixsixth, nineteennineteenth , hundred hundredth, thousandthousandth等。 用法1表达时刻:小时、点钟、分钟、秒钟要用基数词。 “几点钟”用基数词加oclock。oclock可省略。如:现在是5点钟Its five(oclock)“几点过几分,30分钟”用介词past。如: 7:05five past seven;7:15fifteen(a quar- ter)past seven;7:30half past seven。“差几分几点”用介词“to”。注意:整点加“1”且用 60减去目前的分钟数。如:7:40twenty to eight;7:45fifteen(a quarter)to eight。日常生活中的时间读法常常简化,直接按基数词的顺序读。如:7:05seven o five;7:15 seven fifteen。 2.表达编号:Lesson One the first lesson第一课;Bus No3the No3bus 3路公共汽车;表示住所时不用“No”如:302房间Room 302(读作:room three o two);如果编号的数词比较长,一般用基数词。如:Page 457第457页;电话号码,用基数词,可单个读,重复的数字也可读“double”,如:3855633three eight five five(double five) six three three(double three)。 3 表达日期年代:年份用基数词,先读前一位或两位,再读后两位。如:1999nine- teen ninety-nine;1900nineteen hundred; 2000two thousand;1905nineteen o five;年用基数词,日用序数词(读时前面加定冠词the)。如:1998年6月8日写作:June 8,1998;读作:June the eighth, nineteen ninety-eight或the eighth of June, nineteen ninety-eight。 4表达分数,小数,百分数:分子用基数词,分母用序数词,分子大于“1”,分母则加“s”。如:13 one third,23two thirds;12 a(one)half, 14one fourth或a(one)quarter,34threefourths或three quarters。 5表达倍数:一倍用once,两倍用 twice,两倍以上用基数词times。如:5倍five times。 主要分为以下五种方式:倍数+as many/muchasEg:We have produced three times as many computers as we did last year.我们生产的计算机是去年的三倍之多。倍数+the size(weight,height,depth,width,age,length) ofEg: China is almost twice/double the size of Mexico in area.在国土面积上,中国几乎是墨西哥的两倍大。He has read three times more books than I have.他读的书比我读过的多三倍。比较级+than+by+倍数程度Eg:The line is longer than that one by twice. 这根线比以前那根线长两倍。特殊用法 1数词作主语,谓语动词用单数。如: Two months is quite a long timeFour and two is sixWhats two and three? 2一个半小时(一年半,一个半月可类推)onean hour and a half one and a half hours。 3不定冠词用在序数词前表又一、再一。如:Ive tried three times,let me try a fourth time意为:我已经试过三次,让我再试一次吧。 第五类:形容词和副词一、 形容词的用法:前置形容词(作定语)的顺序为: 冠词+描述性形容词(pretty/ugly/kind等)+表特征形容词(大形新年色)+专属形容词(国籍等)+材料 +名词后置的情况: 修饰复合不定代词时放在代词之后。如:Something serious has happened to him.(他发生了严重的事故)与表示“长、宽、高、重、老、远离”的词连用时形容词后置。如:Hes 1.8 metres tall.(他身高1.8米。)The moon is about 380,000 kilometres away from the earth.(月球离地38万公里)二、 副词的用法:副词的分类:(见下表)时 间 副 词频度副词地点/方位副词程度副词方式副词疑问/连接副词其他副词today, tomorrow,once,here, there,very, too,well,how,too, also,yesterday, now,twice,home, below,enough,hard,where,nor, so,then, early, late,always,anywhere,rather, quite,alone,when,as, on,off,once, soon, just,usually,above, outside,how, so,fast,why,either,tonight, long,often,in, inside, out,much, just,together,whetheryes, no,already, yet, before,sometimes,back, up, down,nearly, onlysuddenly,however, etc.not, neitherago, later, ever sincenever,away, off, far,almost, hardly,-ly结尾关系副词maybe,after, whenever(seldom),near, nearby,as long as等,的副词where,perhaps,first, someday,ever,wherevereven, all,why, howcertainly,sometime, last,everywhere,a little, a bitwhen,副词在句子中的位置以及作用:(副词可以修饰动词、形容词或副词,也可放句首修饰整个句子。)程度副词:修饰动词时,放在动词之前;修饰形容词或副词时,放在形容词或副词之前。但注意,enough总是放在被修饰的形容词或动词的后面;only位置比较灵活,总是放在被修饰的词的前面。如:I nearly forgot all about it if he did not tell me again.(如果他不再次告诉我,我几乎把那事全忘了) / It was so strange that I could hardly believe my ears.(它那么奇怪一直我都不能相信我的耳朵) / She got to the station early enough to catch the first bus.(她早早地赶到车站赶上了首班车)形容词的比较等级:(一) 形容词的比较级和最高级的构成 1单音节词和少数双音节词的比较级和最高级的构成情况构成方式原级比较级最高级一般情况加-er或-estnewlongnewerlongernewestlongest以e 结尾的词加-r或-stfinelatefinerlaterfinestlatest以“辅音+y” 结尾的词变y为i再加-er 或-estearlyhappyearlierhappierearliesthappiest重读闭音节的词末尾只有一个辅音字母先双写辅音字母,再加-er或-esthotthinfathotterthinnerfatterhottestthinnestfattest多音节词和部分双音节词在其前面加more或 most。如:原级比较级 最高级 useful more useful most usefudifficult more difficult most difficultdelicious more delicious most delicious有几个形容词的比较级和最高级属于不规则变化。 原级 比较级最高级 good/well better best bad/ill worse worst many/much moremost little less least far farther farthest old older oldest(四)形容词比较级的特殊用法1和more有关的词组 :1) the morethe more越就越。例如: The harder you work,the greater progress youll make. 越努力,进步越大。2) no more than 与一样。例如:The officials could see no more than the Emperor. 官员们看到的和皇帝一样多。3) more than超过,不只是。例如:There are more than two thousand people in the hall 和less有关的词组 1) less than 不到 不太: It was ready in less than a week. 2) no less than 多达 不少于No less than 2 million people came. 至少来了2百万人。 3) more
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