Lesson 5 The one against the Many.ppt

Lesson5TheOneAgainsttheMany ArthurM Schlesinger Jr 1 TheAuthor 2 1965 3 WatchingflightofAstronautShepardontelevision 05May1961 4 TheAuthor 5 Abouttheauthor ArthurM Schlesinger Jr 1917 2007 oneofAmerica smosteminentandcontroversialhistorians HewasaformerHarvardprofessorandspecialassistanttoPresidentKennedy Thehistorianwhosemorethan20booksshapeddiscussionsfortwogenerationsaboutAmerica spast andwhohimselfwasaprovocative 煽动性的 unabashedly 不加掩饰的 公然的 liberalpartisan mostnotablyinservingintheKennedyWhiteHouse Hisbooks includesTheAgeofRoosevelt volumesI IIandIII 6 Abouttheauthor AThousandDays JohnF KennedyintheWhiteHouse TheImperialPresidency TheCyclesofAmericanHistory andTheDisunitingofAmerica HereceivedthePulitzerPrizeforHistoryin1946andforBiographyin1996 alsotheNationalBookAwardin1966andagainin1979 7 Abouttheauthor Inhislastbook WarandtheAmericanPresidency publishedin2004 SchlesingerchallengedthefoundationsoftheforeignpolicyofGeorgeBush callingtheinvasionofIraqanditsaftermath 后果 aghastly 极坏的 恐怖的 mess Hesaidthepresident scurbsoncivillibertieswouldhavethesameresultassimilaractionsthroughoutAmericanhistory Wehateourselvesinthemorning hewrote 8 Abouttheauthor SchlesingerretiredfromtheNewYorkCityUniversityin1994andwasimmediatelymadeitsemeritus 名义退休的 professorinhumanities Ashegrewolderhegrewgloomier foreseeingyetfurtherfragmentation 分裂 ofAmericansociety Hediedafteraheartattackin2007 aged90 9 Abouttheauthor ArthurMeierSchlesinger Jr wasanAmericanHistorianandsocialcriticwhoseworkexploredtheAmericanliberalismandpoliticalleadersincludingFranklinD Roosevelt JohnF KennedyandRobertF Kennedy APulitzerPrizewinner Schlesingerservedasspecialassistantand courthistorian toPresidentKennedyfrom1961to1963 HewroteadetailedaccountoftheKennedyAdministration fromthetransitionperiodtothepresident sstatefuneral titledAThousandDays 10 Abouttheauthor In1968 SchlesingeractivelysupportedthepresidentialcampaignofSenatorRobertF Kennedy whichendedwithKennedy sassassinationinLosAngeles SchlesingerwrotethebiographyRobertKennedyandHisTimesseveralyearslater Hepopularizedtheterm Imperialpresidency duringtheNixonadministrationbywritingthebook TheImperialPresidency Healsowasanavid 热心的 supporterofHarryTruman the33presidentoftheUSA 11 Latercareer Schlesingerreturnedtoteachingin1966asProfessoroftheHumanitiesatTheGraduateCenterofTheCityUniversityofNewYork Heretiredin1994 butremainedanactivememberoftheGraduateCentercommunityasanemeritus 名誉退休的 professoruntilhisdeath HecontinuedtobeaKennedyloyalistfortherestofhislife campaigningforRobertKennedy stragicpresidentialcampaignin1968andforSenatorEdwardM Kennedyin1980 12 Latercareer UpontherequestofRobertKennedy swidow EthelKennedy hewrotethebiographyRobertKennedyAndHisTimes Throughoutthe1960sand1970s hegreatlycriticizedRichardNixonasbothacandidateandpresident HisoutspokendisdainofNixonandprominentstatusasaliberalDemocratledtohisplacementonthemasterlistofNixon spoliticalopponents Ironically Nixonwouldbecomehisnext doorneighborintheyearsfollowingtheWatergatescandal 13 Latercareer Heretiredfromteachingin1994butremainedinvolvedinpoliticsfortherestofhislifethroughhisbooksandpublicspeakingtours Schlesingerwasacriticofthe2003IraqWar callingitamisadventure Heputmuchblameonthemediafornotcoveringareasonedcaseagainstthewar 14 AbouttheTitle Whenyoufirstseethistitle youmightwonderwhatitisabout Whatistheoneandwhatisthemany Isitaboutawarbetweentwopartieswhovarygreatlyinnumber Thatistosay thetitleisveryattractive Itdrawsreaders attentionandinterestatthefirstglance Thatisoneofthemanyskillsyoushouldlearn Whenyouwriteanarticle itisimportanttogiveitagoodtitle Agoodbeginningmeanshalfsuccess 15 About TheOneAgainsttheMany TheUnitedStatedofAmericawasbornin1783 Withinaspanoflessthan250years theU S hasgrownfromanew borncountryof13formercoloniestotheonlysuperpowerintheworldwithitsinterestsprojectedtonearlyeverycorneroftheworld WhyhastheUSdevelopedsofast 16 Whatarethemostimportantfactorsthathavecontributedtosucharapiddevelopment Theauthorthinksthatthesinglemostimportantexplanationis thenationalrejectionofdogmaticpreconceptionsaboutthenatureofthesocialandeconomicorder 17 ThistexttakingAmericaasanexample analyzestherelationshipbetween theone referringtooneviewpointand themany referringtomanyviewpoints Inotherwords theauthorregardspragmatismasthekeyfactorwhichcontributedtotherapiddevelopmentoftheUS ComparedwiththeexperienceofChina wecanfurtherunderstandthedifferencesbetweendogmatism ideologyandpragmatism 18 Outlineoftheessay PartI Para 1 AmericanexperienceinachievingrapidnationaldevelopmentPartII Para 2 6 thefactorsthatfacilitatedtherapidsocialandeconomicdevelopmentoftheUnitedStatesPartIII Para 7 10 differencebetweenpragmatismandideology 19 PartIV Paras 11 12 anexampleofdistinctionbetweenidealsandideologyPartV Para 13 14 whatiswrongwithideology PartVI Para 15 19 differencesbetweentheideologistandthepragmatistintheirviewsofhistoryandintheirapproachestoissuesofpublicpolicy PartVII Para 20 22 conclusion the many shouldbethechoice 20 DetailedAnalysisoftheText Part1 para 1 Americanexperiencetheopeningparagraph Inthisone sentenceparagraph theauthor righttothepoint raisestheissueofAmericanexperienceinachievingrapidnationaldevelopment 21 Para 1 1 Inanepochdominatedbytheaspirationsofnewstatesfornationaldevelopment period epoch eraandagePeriodisthegeneraltermforanyportionofhistoricaltimeEpochanderaareoftenuseinterchangeable butinstrictdiscrimination epochappliestothebeginningofanewperiodmarkedbyradicalchanges newdevelopment etc andera totheentireperiod 22 Para 1 e g ThefoundingofnewChinamarkedanewepochinChinesehistory The20thcenturywasaneraoftechnologicalrevolution Ageisappliedtoalongperiodidentifiedwithsomedominantpersonalityordistinctivecharacteristic e g theStoneAge theMiddleAges theVictorianAgeFromthisstatement couldyouguesswhenthisessaywaswritten 23 Para 1 Fromthisstatement couldyouguesswhenthisessaywaswritten Ifyouknowworldhistorywellenough youmayknowthattheessaywasprobablywritteninthelate1960sorearly1970swhenmanycountriesinAsiaandAfricawontheirindependenceandwantedtodeveloptheircountries Youcanseethattheauthoriskeentointernationalsituation whichmakeshisessayworthofreading Infact theauthor sviewpointsarestillofgreatvaluetoustodaysinceweareseekingforarapidnationaldevelopment 24 PartII Paras 2 6 ThispartdealswiththefactorsthatfacilitatedtherapidsocialandeconomicdevelopmentoftheUnitedStates Theauthorpointsoutinparagraph6thatthefundamentalfactorhasbeenthenationalrejectionofdogmaticpreconceptionsaboutthenatureofsocialandeconomicorder Para 2S1 Everycountry ofcourse hasitsdistinctivedevelopmentproblems 1 Whatroledoesthissentenceplay Itisatransitionalsentence 25 Para 2 2 whatdoyouthinkofthisstatement Itisacorrectstatement Thedevelopmentproblemsandsolutionsvaryfromcountrytocountry Usuallyonecandrawinsightsfromthoseusefulexperiencesofothercountriesbuttotrytocopyonemodelfordifferentproblemsandsituationsistoinvitedisaster Inourhistory wetriedtocopythemodelofformerSovietUnions Wasitsuccessful Ofcoursenot Thisisthebestexamplecapacity abilitytodothings 26 Para 2 S2 TheAmericanexperiencewasuniqueinanumberofways 美国的经验在许多方面都是独特的 S3 Thecountrywasblessedbynotableadvantages aboveall bythefactpopulationwasscarceinrelationtotheavailableresources 1 bless tofavor2 beblessedwith tobefavoredwith befortunateenoughtopossesse g Iamnotrichbutamblessedwithgoodhealth 3 这个国家有着得天独厚的优势 主要是人口相对稀少而资源十分丰富 27 Para 2 Hadthatbeenso theIndians forwhomtheratiowasevenmorefavorable wouldhavedevelopedthecountrylongbeforethefirstsettlerarrivedfromovertheseas 1 thisstatementisinthesubjunctivemood2 hadthatbeenso ifthathadbeenso Ifthefavorableratiobetweenpopulationandresourceshadbeentheonlyfactor 3 firstsettlers referstothefoundersofJamestownin1607andthe102passengerswhosailedontheMayflowerin1620toplantthefirstcolonyatPlymouth inwhatistodaysoutheasternMassachusetts 28 Para 2 Whatmatteredequallywasthespiritinwhichthesesettlersapproachedtheeconomicandsocialchallengesofferedbytheenvironmentapproach tobegindealingwith toadoptamethodforattainingagoalorpurpose2 Whatwerethechallengesmentionedinthisstatement 29 Para 2 Thechallengesmayincludethediseases hungerandharshenvironmenttheyfacedaftertheirlandingintheNewWorld theirrelationshipwiththenativeIndians Wehavetalkedalotaboutthosechallengesfacedbyfrontiersinlesson2 Whatthefirstsettlershadtodealwithisquitethesamewiththatthosefrontiersdid 30 Para 3 S1 Onefactorwasthedeepfaithineducation 1 faith complete unquestioningacceptanceofsomething2 Whydoestheauthorsaythisbeliefexistedfromtheearliestdays 31 Para 3 ThefirstsettlersweremainlypuritanswhohadatraditionofrespectinglearningbecausetheybelievedthatreadingtheBibleistheonlywaytocommunicatewithGod Therefore aftertheysettleddownandsolvedtheproblemoffeedingtheirfamily thenextthingtheydidwastobuildchurchesandschoolsintheirsettlement Forinstance TheHarvardCollegewasfoundedin1636 theYaleCollegein1701 ApublicschoolsystemwassetupinMassachusettsin1647 32 Para 3 S3 Itaroseoriginallyfromaphilosophicalratherthananeconomiccommitment 1 philosophicalcommitment dedicationtoabstractthought outprinciples Here itreferstodedicationtothebeliefandvaluesofdemocracy 33 Para 3 2 ThethinkingofThomasJeffersonexemplifiesthepositionthatstate supportededucationforallcitizensisabasicrequirementfordemocracy Hewrotein1816 Ifanationexpectstobeignorantandfree inastateofcivilization itexpectswhatneverwasandneverwillbe Educationwasseenasthemeanstoenablethepublictomake rightchoices thoseconsistentwithdemocraticvalues andmaintainstabilitywithintherepublic 34 Para 3 3 TheUnitedStatehasanumberoflawsoneducation TheMorrillLandGrantActof1862TheG I Billof1944NationalDefenseEducationActof1958TheElementaryandSecondaryEducationActof1965TheHigherEducationActof1965 35 Para 3 Now theUnitedStateshasthemostadvancededucationalsystemintheworldwhichofferunparallelededucationalopportunitytoitsyouth Forinstance between1990and1995over8 5millionstudentsenrolledeveryyearincollegesanduniversities Remember thetotalpopulationoftheUnitedStatesisabout2billion Howmanyenrolledinourcountry 36 Para 3 Ls But atthesametime italsohelpedproducetheconditionsessentialtosuccessfulmodernization Inspiteofthefactthateconomiccommitmentwasnotthemajorreasonforrespectforlearning wideliteracybecameanecessaryconditionformodernization Justasthesayinggoes Knowledgeispower MaxWeberpointsoutthatProtestantethicspavedthewayforthedevelopmentofcapitalism Thisstatementalsoservesasasmoothtransitiontothenextparagraph 37 Para 4 S1 Modernindustrialsocietymustbeaboveallaliteratesociety 1 Thissentenceechoeswiththelastsentenceofthepreviousparagraphandformsasmoothtransition Inwritingyourownessays youshouldlearntousetransitionalsentencestoensureasmoothrunningofideas 2 DoyouthinktheconceptapplicabletoChina too Doesitremindyouofournationalpolicyof 科教兴国 invigoratingthecountrythroughscience technologyandeducation Itisbasedonthisconcept 38 AnAlarmingComparison AcomparisonofeducationexpenditurebetweenChinaandUSA InChina theaverageeducationexpenditureforperprimaryandmiddleschoolstudentislessthan300and500yuanInAmerica in2005 theeducationexpenditureis 8710perstudent American sGDPisfivetimesmorethanthatofChina AverageGDPis15timesmore Butineducation thereisa200timesgapbetweenthetwocountries 39 AClassroominChina 40 ACountrysideschool 41 安阳市政府大楼 42 广东省佛山市顺德区政府大楼 43 河南郑州市惠济区政府大楼 44 成都市政府大楼 45 ASloganinChina 再苦不能苦孩子 再穷不能穷教育 46 Para 4 J K Galbraithhasrightlyobservedthat adollarorarupeeinvestedintheintellectualimprovementofhumanbeingswillbringagreaterincreaseinnationalincomethanadollarorarupeedevotedtorailways dams machinetool andothertangiblecapitalgoods ThesewordsaccuratelyreporttheAmericannationalexperience 1 intellectualimprovement increaseinone sintellectualability referringtoeducation智力提高2 capitalgoods materialsusedinproduction生产资料 47 Para 4 3 report torecount togiveanaccountof4 Galbraith sobservationiscorrect butittakesdecision makerswithlong termperspectivetoreallygraspthesignificanceofGalbraith sobservationandtodoaccordingly Why Becausemoneyinvestedinconstructionmaybringtangibleresultsinarelativelyshortperiodoftimewhiletheresultofinvestmentinintellectualimprovementmaynotbeevident obviousforalongperiodoftime 48 Para 4 AssoonasChinadecidedtoshiftsitsprioritytonationalconstruction oneofthefirstmeasurestakenwastoreintroducenationalcollegeentranceexaminationin1977 Forthesamereason wehavemadeeducation scienceandtechnologyamajormeansinoursocialandeconomicdevelopment However inmanyplaces educationisstillneglectedbylocalofficials Actually wearenotunfamiliarwithreportsaboutimproperusageofeducationalinvestmentandpostponedpaymentofschoolteachers So itisstillahardtasktomakedecision makersatalllevelstoreallygraspGalbraith sobservation 49 Para 5 S1 AnotherfactorintheprocessofAmericandevelopmenthasbeenthecommitmenttoself governmentandrepresentativeinstitutions 1 Self governmentistheprinciplethatthepeoplearetheultimatesourceofgoverningauthorityandthattheirgeneralwelfareistheonlylegitimatepurposeofgovernment DoyouknowtheaddressbyAbrahamLincolnatGettysburgwiththeworldfamoussaying agovernmentofthepeople bythepeopleandforthepeople Thissayingrepresents 50 Para 5 theessenceofself government ThisiscorrectintheorybutintheUnitedStatesthewelfareofthepeopleisnotnecessarilythechiefconcernofthefederalgovernment Wehavesimilarsloganssuchas nothingistrivialwhenitconcernstheinterestsofthepeople togovernforthepeople and torepresentthegreatestinterestsofthelargestnumberofpeople etc 51 Para 5 ThreeRepresents theCPChasalwaysrepresentedthedevelopmenttrendofadvancedproductiveforces theorientationofadvancedcultureandthefundamentalinterestsoftheoverwhelmingmajorityofthepeopleinChina 52 Para 5 Representativeinstitutions 代议制政府机构 refertoasystemofgovernmentinstitutionsthatgivecitizenstheopportunitytovoteforrepresentativeswhowillworkontheirbehalf IntheUnitedStates everyfouryears thevoterswillvoteformembersoftheelectoralcollegewhowill inturn electthepresident Everytwoyears thevoterswillelectmembersoftheHouseofRepresentatives 53 Para 5 andonethirdofthemembersoftheSenate Itisanybody sguesswhetherthesepeople onceelected willworkfortheinterestsofthemajorityofthepeople Inthepresidentialelectionof2000 abouthalfofthequalifiedvoterstookpartinthevote ofwhich halfvotedforGeorgeW Bush SowhenBushwaselected herepresentedonlyaboutaquarterofAmericanvoters 54 Para 5 S2 Wehavefoundnobetterwaythandemocracytofulfillingman stalentsandreleasehisenergies 1 fulfill todeveloptothefull2 我们发现民主是使人的才智得到充分施展 人的能量得以充分发挥的最好方式 S3 Arelatedfactorhasbeentheconvictionoftheimportanceofpersonalfreedomandpersonalinitiative thefeelingthattheindividualisthesourceofcreativity 55 Para 5 1 theindividualisthesourceofcreativity allcreationandcreativeideascomefromeachindividual 创新来自个人2 UnlikeChinese Americanshaveatraditionofemphasizingindividualismandrespectingindividualfreedomandindependence Thatmightbebecausethefirstsettlersandlaterfrontiermenhadtomeetallthechallengesandsolvealltheproblemsindividually 56 Para 5 Ls Anotherhasbeentheunderstandingoftheroleofcooperativeactivity publicaswellasvoluntary 1 Emphasisonpersonalfreedomandpersonalinitiativedoesnotpreclude 排除 妨碍 cooperativeactivitybecausecooperationisalsoimportanttorealizeabiggoal 57 Para 5 2 Cooperativeactivitytakestwoforms oneispublic thatistosay compulsory theotherisvoluntary Publiccooperativeactivitypresumablyisorganizedbythegovernment AswehavelearntinLessonOne eversincePresidentFranklinD Roosevelt thegovernmenthasplayedamorepositiveandimportantroleinthelifeofAmericanpeople VoluntaryactivityisalsocommonandwidespreadintheU S suchascommunityservices TherearealsomanyvoluntaryorganizationsintheU S 58 Para 6 S1 Butfundamentaltoallofthese hasbeenthenationalrejectionofdogmaticpreconceptionsaboutthenatureofthesocialandeconomicorder 1 Asanation Americahasrefusedtoclingtocertainrigidprinciplesconcerningsocialandeconomicdevelopment Americahasbeenadaptableandflexible Americans ingeneral arenotdogmatic Theydonotclingtotheories Theybelieveexperienceandarenotafraidofmistakes Trialsanderrorsarenaturalinexperiments ThisissimilartoChairmanMao s Practiceistheultimatetestoftruth 59 Para 6 2 preconceptions opinionsandbeliefsformedinadvancewithoutactualknowledge事先在头脑中形成的看法或观念3 dogmatic oforbasedonDogma abelieforprinciplethatpeopleareexpectedtoacceptwithoutreasoning InChineseitiscalled教条 4 dogmaticpreconception 教条式的偏见Ls Americahashadthegoodfortunenottobeanideologicalsociety 1 幸运的是美国不是一个意识形态很浓的国家2 ItisluckythatAmericansarenotkeenonfollowingabodyofrigidideasortheoriesintheirsocial economicorpoliticalactivities 60 ItistruetosaythatAmericaisnotanideologicalsocietywhendealingwithdomesticaffairs Inconstructingtheircountry Americanshavebeengenerallypragmatic Butindealingwithinternationalaffairs itisnotthecase Itseemsthattheyarealwaystryingtoimposetheirideologyonotherpeople TheexamplecanbethewaragainstIraq bywhichtheyimposeso calleddemocracyonIraqandtrytorebuildthenationaccordingtotheirideologicalstandard AnotherexampleistheirconstantaccusationofhumanitarianprobleminChina 61 ThewitchHuntandMcCarthyismareexamplesofaberration 偏差 越轨 However thiskindofaberrationdidnotlastlongbecauseitwasincompatiblewithAmericanconceptofpragmatism 62 JosephMcCarthy 63 McCarthyismisthepoliticallymotivatedpracticeofmakingaccusationsofdisloyalty subversion ortreasonwithoutproperregardforevidence ThetermspecificallydescribesactivitiesassociatedwiththeperiodintheUnitedStatesknownastheSecondRedScare lastingroughlyfromthelate1940stothelate1950sandcharacterizedbyheightenedfearsofcommunistinfluenceonAmericaninstitutionsandespionagebySovietbyagents Originallycoinedtocriticizetheanti communistpursuitsofUSsenateJosephMcCarth 64 McCarthyism soontookonabroadermeaning describingtheexcessesofsimilarefforts Thetermisalsonowusedmoregenerallytodescribereckless unsubstantiated 无事实支持的 accusations aswellasdemagogic 煽动的蛊惑人心的 attacksonthecharacterorpatriotismofpoliticaladversaries Duringthepost WorldWarIIeraofMcCarthyism manythousandsofAmericanswereaccusedofbeingCommunistsorcommunistsympathizersandbecamethesubjectofaggressive 65 investigationsandquestioningbeforegovernmentorprivat