3.Chapter2+Morphological+Structure+and+Word-ation.ppt

Chapter2MorphologicalStructureandWord Formation I ThecomponentpartsofawordAmorphemeistheminimalsignificantelement Itisalsothesmallestunitofgrammaticalanalysis books doors computers plural movement establishment nounform worked shouted added pasttense Wordsarecomposedofmorphemes Someareformedbyonemorpheme e g dog big andothersbytwoormoremorphemes lovely love ly unacceptable un accept able II Contentmorphemes 实义形位 grammaticalmorphemesandallomorphs 形位变体 P307Contentmorphemesknownasfreemorphemesorrootsarethosethatmayconstitutewordsbythemselves e g big take kind teach Grammaticalmorpheme 语法形位Grammaticalmorphemesarethosethatmustappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme Theyarealsocalledboundmorphemes e g dig s take s un kind teach ing Notice sometimeswordsconsistoftwocontentmorphemes housework classroom blackboardIII Methodsofword formation1 AffixationP308 Amorph形素isthephoneticrealization representation ofamorpheme Thesamemorphememayberepresentedinseveraldifferentphonologicalforms e g hunted id fished t buzzed d Thepasttensemorpheme ed isrealizedinthreedifferentmorphs d t id So d t id arethevariantsofthesamemorpheme ed andarecalledallomorphs Anallomorph形位变体isoneoftwoormorecomplementarymorphswhichmanifestamorphemeinitsdifferentphonologicalenvironments Allomorphsarevariantsofamorpheme e g thepluralmarkerinEnglishissometimesrealizedas z s or iz 自由词根 自由形式词根粘着词根形位前缀派生词缀粘附形式后缀词缀屈折词缀 III Methodsofword formation词的构成方式 Word formationistheprocessofcreatingnewwordsfromthematerialavailableinthelanguageaccordingtocertainstructuralandsemanticformulasandpatterns Sixmethodsofword formation 1 Affixation 词缀法 2 Conversion 转类法 3 Compoundingorcomposition 合成法 4 Blending 拼缀法 5 Back formation 逆成法 6 Shorteningorabbreviation 缩略法 Affixationistheprocessbywhichwordsareformedbyaddingaffixestoaroot stem prefixes comebeforetheroot unable dislike affixessuffixes comeaftertheroot careful hopeless 1 NegativePrefixesa meaning not without oppositeto apolitical havingnointerestinorassociationwithpolitics不关心政治的 对政治不感兴趣或与政治无关的asexual 无性的 无性生殖的asexualreproductionatypical 非典型的 不规则的asocial notsociable孤僻的 不善社交的antisocial反社会的e g crime riots druguseandotherasocialbehavior犯罪 暴行 吸毒及其它反社会行为 amoral 与道德无关的 非道德性的 没有是非观念e g Youngchildrenareamoral dis meaning not theconverseof disgrace tobringshameordishonoron使羞辱 使蒙羞e g disgracedtheentirecommunity使整个社区蒙羞 grace tohonororfavor使 增光 使 荣耀Finepaintingsgracedthewallsoftheroom 这些精美的画是四壁生辉 disarm 解除武装 缴械 裁减军备e g Thepolicedisarmedthecriminals disloyal lackingloyalty不忠实的 不忠诚的distasteful unpleasant disagreeable使人不愉快的 令人反感的 讨厌的dissimilar unlike different不一样的 不同的 dispossess todeprive another ofthepossessionofsomething suchasrealproperty夺取 霸占 剥夺 另一个人 的财产 如不动产disprove toprovetobefalse invalid orinerror refute证明 不真实 证明 虚假或不正确 反驳disuse v n 废止 停止使用e g wordsthathavefallenintodisuse废止不用的词dishonest dissatisfaction displeased in il ir im 加在p b m前 meaning not lackof inaudible impossibletohear听不见的e g aninaudibleconversation听不到的谈话injustice insensitive illogical illiterate illegitimate irresistible irresponsibility irrelevant immoral imbalance improbable immature non meaning not nonage 未成年 age 成年 法定年龄 nonprofit 非赢利的 不以赢利为目的的e g anonprofitorganization非盈利组织nonsmoker 不抽烟的人 禁止吸烟列车车厢nonviolenceP15 un averyproductiveaffixunsmiling 不笑的 面无笑容的 严肃的undemocratic 不民主的unambitious 无野心的 无大志的unfeeling 冷酷的 无情的uneatable unfortunate unthinkable untouchable unusable unlockthedoor untietherope unzipthejacket unplugtherecorder uncurlthehair undressthebaby uncorkthebottle unbuttonthecoat unrollthemap undothewrongs unearththespy unwraptheparcel unmask 脱去假面具unhorse tocausetofallfromahorse使从马上落下 de meaning reversingtheaction deprivingof deform tospoilthenaturalformof misshape使失原形 使成畸形Agedeformsthespine deice tomakeorkeepfreeofice melticefrom除冰 防止 上结冰 融化 上的冰e g deicetheplane swingsbeforetakeoff起飞前除去机翼上的冰 demoralize di toweakenthecourage confidence etc 使沮丧 使无信心 使意志消沉Losingseveralmatchesinsuccessionhadcompletelydemoralizedtheteam decentralize 分散 行政权 demystify tomakelessmysterious tomakesomethingeasiertounderstand使非神秘化 减少神秘性WhatIneedisabookthatwilldemystifytheworkingsofacarengineforme debug 寻出并拆除 内的窃听器e g debugaconferenceroom拆除会议室内的窃听器descale 除去水垢 scale 锅垢 水垢 deforest di v 砍伐森林 去掉树木Deforestationisdestroyinglargeareasoftropicalrainforest 2 PejorativePrefixesmal meaning badly bad addedtoverbs participles adjectives andabstractnouns maltreat malformed畸形的 malnourished malpractice professionalmisconduct渎职 不当的诊治malabsorption m l b s p n 吸收不良malfunction n 故障v 发生故障运转不正常 mis wrongly astray addedtoverbs participles andabstractnounsmisinterpret misleading misunderstandingmisbehave vi tobehavebadly举止不端vt tobehave oneself inaninappropriateway行为不端 举止不当Thechildrenmisbehavedthemselvesatdinner 孩子们在晚餐上举止不当Theboywasalwaysgettingintroubleformisbehavingatschool mismanage 把 办错 管理不善 处理不当mistrust n v 不信任 猜疑e g mistrustsb sabilitytodoathing怀疑某人办事能力mistime 使 言行等 不合时宜 搞错 的时间e g Thegeneralmistimedtheattack whichshouldhavebeenmadeanhourearlier e g mistimedremarks不合时宜的话 pseudo false imitation productivewithnounsandadjectivespseudonym假名 笔名 pseudo friend pseudoscience pseudo metal pseudo democratic pseudo fact 3 PrefixesofDegreeorSizearch ofhighestrank chief supreme archangel archbishop archduke大公 arch capitalist archenemy大敌 首敌arch rival主要竞争对手 extra very productivewithadj extra large extra strong extra bright extra fine extra special异常优秀的hyper extreme hypercautious谨小慎微的 hypercritical苛求的 吹毛求疵的hypersensitive过度敏感的hyperactive活动过度的 极度活跃的 macro large formingtechnicaltermsmacroeconomics宏观经济学 macrostructure宏观结构 macrocosm theentireworld theuniverse整个世界 宏观世界 宇宙 micro verysmall formingmostlyscientificortechnicaltermsmicrosurgery显微外科手术 microwave microfilm microcomputer microbiology microelectronics microeconomics 微观经济学microenvironment theenvironmentofaverysmall specificarea微环境 小环境 mini little minibus minicab微型出租车 mini camera小型照相机 mini skirtminibikini超短两截式女minibreak短暂停顿 休息 out surpassing withverbs nounsandadjectivestoformnewtransitiveverbsoutlive outrun outlast outrideoutjump比 跳得高 或远 outsell卖得比 多outplay todefeatinagameoutdo todoorbebetterthan优于 胜过Sheoutdidhiminrunningandswimming outweigh tobemoreimportantthanThemedicalbenefitsofX raysfaroutweightheriskofhavingthem outwit todefeatbybehavingmorecleverly以机智取胜 智取outnumber 数目超过 比 多outfox todefeatbybeingcleverer以计谋取胜 比 更狡猾outbrave tofightbravelyagainst usu withsuccess以勇敢战胜 over excessive toomuch addedtoadjectives verbsandnounsover react反应过度强烈 overcharge对 要价过高 overestimate overprotect over anxious Youmustlearnnottooverreacttocriticism Overeatingissurelythemaincauseofobesity Insurancecompaniesarealreadyoverburdenedwithsimilarclaims索赔 sub secondary lessimportant productiveinthissensewithnounstoformnewnounssubsystem次要系统 子系统 subheading副标题 subcontractor转包商 subcommittee委员会的附属委员会 小组委员会 subculture亚文化群 一种文化内具有独特性的一群人 subplot aplotsubordinatetothemainplotofaliteraryworkorfilm次要情节sub notquite beneath inadjectivesandnounssubfreezing低于冰点的 subnormal低于正常的 substandard标准以下的 不合规格的e g Asubstandardserviceorproductisunacceptablebecauseitisbelowarequiredstandard super morethan beyond veryspecial superhero supernatural superconductor supersimplification superspeed superhuman supersophiscated superbomb超级炸弹 氢弹 ultra extreme productivewithadjectivesultra fashionable ultra intelligent ultraleft极左的 ultra pious ultramilitant极端好战的 under insufficient beneath underpay topayinsufficientlyorlessthanisdeserved少付工资 支付工资不足或少于应得的undervalue低估 评价过低 underdeveloped underused未充分利用的 underfinanced资金短缺的 财力不足的 4 PrefixesofOrientationandAttitudeanti against opposed productivewithnounsandadjectivesanti abortion antinuclear反对使用或生产核武器的 antiwar anticolonial preventing destroying anti aging防衰老的antifreeze 汽车水箱 防冻液antibacterial抗菌的 抗菌药 counter against inoppositionto counteroffer anoffermadeinreturnbyonewhorejectsanunsatis factoryoffer反出价 还价counterespionage反间谍 活动 counteraccusation反控 counterstrike counterclockwise反时针方的counterattackn v 反攻 反击 ChinawarnedoftoughcountermeasuresafteraJapanesecourtonSundayextendedthedetentionofaChinesetrawlercaptain illegallyheldinJapanaftercollisionsinwatersoffChina sDiaoyuIslandsonSept7 pro for infavorof proabortion赞成人工流产合法化的pro American亲美的 5 LocativePrefixesextra outside withadjectivesextra curricular课外的 extramarital私通的 婚外的extrasolar 天 存在于或来自于 太阳系以外的extraterritorial 治外法权的 在疆界以外的 不受管辖的 extragovernmental政府管辖之外的fore thefrontpartof placedatthefront forehead forearm foreleg forefoot inter between among interpersonal interstate州际的 intermarriage联姻 异族结婚interplay相互影响 interdependence interline toinsertbetweenprintedorwrittenlines在字行间写入 插入 Theteacherinterlinedcorrectionsonthestudent sthemes 在学生作文的字里行间 教师加进了修改的文字 intra within productivewithnounsandadjectivestoformadjectivesintra party政党内的 intrageneration intranasal鼻内的intranational国内的 民族内的intravenous 医 静脉内的 静脉注射的e g intravenousdrip静脉滴注 intravenousinjection静脉注射 venous静脉血管的 静脉的 trans across fromoneplacetoanother transcontinental横贯大陆的 transpacific太平洋彼岸的 横渡太平洋的transworld环球旅游的 遍及全球的 世界范围的 6 PrefixesofTimeandOrderex former productivewithnounsex husband ex professor exconvict有前科者post laterthan after productivewithnounsandadjectivespostgraduate post independence postdate toputadateon acheck forexample thatislaterthantheactualdate填迟日期 fore before foreknowledge knowledgeorawarenessofsomethingbeforeitsexistenceoroccurrence预知 先见之明foreword前言 序言 forethought事先的考虑 预谋 深谋远虑 forefather祖先 祖宗 pre before inadvance predetermine todetermine decideinadvance预先决定 预先断定Thesefactorspredeterminetoalargeextenttheoutcome这些因素在很大程度上预先决定了其结果 pretrial pretrialimprisonment审前监禁 pretrialhearings审判前听证会 preview preschool学龄前的 入学前的 preschoolerprerequisite先决 必要 条件 前提 to Goodself esteemisaprerequisitetoahappylife premature早熟的 不成熟的 re again back reconsider redecoration remarriage reread refresh 使 精神振作 使 精力恢复 7 NumberPrefixesmono one single monotone awayofspeakingorsinginginwhichthevoiceneitherrisesnorfalls单调tospeakinamonotone用单调声音说monotonous monoplane monologue monocycle monorail monosyllabic uni one unilateral单方面 单边的unicellular单细胞uniform统一的 相同的unicolored单色的unify使统一bi two bicycle bilingual biplane bisexualbilateral 两边的 双方的e g abilateralagreement双边协定 bimonthly两月一次的 双月的e g abimonthlymagazine双月刊biweekly 双周的 半月刊 biangular双角的 angular having forming orconsistingofanangleorangles 有角的 形成角的或由角组成的 tri three threetimes triangle tricycle trisyllabic triunity trinity 三位一体 tripartite composedofordividedintothreeparts三部分的 由三部分组成的或可分为三部分的relatingtoorexecutedbythreeparties三方的 与三方有关的或有关的或由三方执行的e g atripartiteagreement三方协议 quadri four quadrisyllabic quadrangular quadricycle quadrilateral penta five pentathlon五项全能pentagon五角形 五边形pentagram五角星形pentasyllable五音节pentameter五韵步诗hexa six 在元音前作hex hexagon六角形hexode六极管hexameter六韵步诗hexagram六角星形 sex 六 亦作sexi sexangle hexagon 数 六角形 六边形sexdigitism六指 趾 状态sexcentenary六百年的 六百周年纪念 centenary n 一百年adj 一百年的 semi hemi half semi automatic semi naked semifinal semi colony半殖民地semi transparent半透明的 semiconductor 物 半导体hemispherehemialgia 医 偏头疼 8 ConversionPrefixestraditionallya addedtoverbstoproducepredicativeadjectivesasleep atremble alive aglow发红的 发亮的 兴奋的awash levelwithandwashedoverbywaves与海潮齐平的 淹没的 地 e g Theriveroverfloweduntilthestreetswereawash be withnounstoformtransitiveverbsbewail因 而悲叹 哀悼 痛哭bewailone sbadluck悲叹自己的命苦 begrudge 嫉妒 羡慕e g Shebegrudgedhisyouth 她羡慕他的青春 grudge n 怀恨 怨恨 妒忌Ialwaysfeelshehasagrudgeagainstme 我总觉得她对我怀恨在心 withnounsplus edtoyieldadjectivesbeloved被深爱的 bejeweled