2+Word+ation.ppt

Lecture2 WordFormation I 1WhatisMorpheme Themorphemeisthesmallestmeaningfulunitofalanguage Itcannotbedividedintoothersmallermeaningfulunits E gbarks bark ssun Wordsmayconsistofonemorphemeormorethanonemorphemes NumbersExamplesofmorphemes1boy desire2boy ish desir e able3boy ish ness4gentle man li ness5un gentle man li ness over5 anti dis establish ment ari an ism反对教会与国家分开学说 Morphologyisthebranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwords andoftherulesbywhichwordsareformed e gpurify pur e ifytherule Averbcanbeformedbyadding ify toanadjective Moreexamples amplify simplify falsify intensify 2 TypesofmorphemesFreemorphemeAfreemorphemeisonethatmayconstituteawordbyitself E gbed tree sing dance BoundmorphemeAboundmorphemeisonethatcannotappearalone Itmayappearwithatleastoneothermorpheme E g s in dogs al in national RootsArootisthebaseformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity Thatmeansitisthatpartofthewordleftwhenalltheaffixesareremoved E ginternationaldisheartened Rootscanbefree Theycanstandbythemselves e g black in black blackbird blackboard blacksmith Rootscanbebound usedtogetherwithotherpartsofaword e g tele in telephone television telegraph telescope Affixes usedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorphemes theroot Derivationalaffixes affixesaddedtoothermorphemestocreatenewwordsPrefix para mini un suffix ise tion InflectionalAffixes 屈折词缀 Affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationships E g s es books fees potatoes s es likes goes s Children sDay man srole er harder bigger est hardest biggest ing dancing working ProductivityandWordFormation Inflectionsandderivationalaffixesareproductive e gsubsidize subsidizes subsidizationOvertimethefullvalueofmorphememaybelost e grecount tellagainrecover coveragainrecoil coilagain Otherrestrictionsonthejoiningofrootsandaffixes ant in canonlybejoinedtoaLatinateroote g antassistant helpantsinconsiderate inhelpfulun shouldbefollowedbypositiverootse gunhappy unsadunkind uncruel 3Word formationTheexpansionofvocabularyinmodernEnglishdependschieflyonword formation Thereisavarietyofmeansbeingatworknow Themostproductiveare affixation 词缀法 compounding 合成法 conversion 转类法 Affixation theformationofwordsbyaddingaffixestothestems Thisprocessisalsoknownasderivation fornewwordscreatedinthiswayarederivedfromtheoldforms Prefixation byaddingprefixestothestem Suffixation byaddingsuffixestothestem Majorprefixes negative a dis in il im ir non un Negativeprefixes a an lackingof lackingin combinedwithn oradj usedchieflyinlearnedandscientificwordseg amoral asexual asymmetry anarchy aseptic NegativePrefixes dis combiningwithAdj Adv N andV eg dishonest disjoint disloyal disunity disuse n disambiguate in im beforelabials il ir incomplete inconsistent incorrect insane inattention imbalanced immortalilliterate illogical irrational irrelavant non non black nonscience nonbusiness nonfree withoutfreedom nongreennonperishable nontrivial non U adj BrE notoftheupperclass Newmeaningofnon nonbook abookwhichhaslittleliteracyorfactualinformationnoncandidate apersonwhohasnotannouncedorisunwillingtoannouncehiscandidacyofanofficenonhero antihero aherowhosecharacterisoppositetotraditionalonenonperson apersonregardedasnon existent unperson Difference non un non binary non gradable contrastun theoppositeendofascaleExample non scientific fieldsotherthanscienceunscientific notscientific Productiveprefixasnon 600wordswiththeprefixnon inWebster sNewCollegiateDictionary 1977 un adj participles n Unfriendly uninformative unwise unremarked unnoticed unassuming modest unease unrestOthermeaningsofun unbook abookboughtnottobeusedbuttobegivenasapresentunpeople peopleinlackofhumanityandindividualityunperson apoliticalorpublicfigurewhohaslosttheinfluenceorimportance pejorative mal malnutritionmaltreat maldevelopment malfunction mis misconduct misconceptionpseudo pseudo sciencepseudonympseudoclassic Degreeorsizearch archbishopextra extra stronghyper hyperactivemacro macroeconomicsmicro microcomputermini miniskirtout outliveunder underdevelopover overuseultra ultravioletsub subtitlesuper superhighway Germanywasoutwitted outprepared outgeneralled outfought outflown outgassed outtanked outraided outbombed andfinallybroughttoherknees 德国计穷了 装备穷了 策略穷了 战斗穷了 飞机穷了 汽油穷了 坦克穷了 攻击穷了 炸弹穷了 终于屈膝而投降 Attitude anti anti governmentcontra contra flowpro pro AmericanPathy feeling sufferingpathetic悲搶的Pathology病理学Sympathy telepathyAntipathy憎恶Apathy漠不关心 TimeandOrder Prim firstPrimal初始的 主要的Primate首要的Primer初级读本Primeval远古的 Primordial原生的 原始的 基本的Primordialhumanjoys Primrose报春花 最佳部分 令人愉快的1 Theprimroseofone slife人生的最佳年华2 Primrosepath享乐之路 追求享乐使人堕落的道路3 Primeval原始的 远古的 早期的 eval agemedieval Timeandorderex ex presidentfore foretellpost postwarpre presetre reunion Number mono uni monopoly universebi di bimonthly dialoguetri trianglesemi semifinalquar quarterhemi hemispherepent pentagoncent centuryhex hexagonkilo kilowattsept Septembermulti multipleoct octopuspoly polysemydeci decimal Suffixes age afteraverb 行为或行为结果Breakage 毁损 物 WreckageSewerage sewer 为 铺设排污管道 Steerage操纵 领导 ary ory a orium 处所auditorium audi hear 大会堂Aquarium aqua water 水族馆 养鱼缸Laboratoryfactorymanufactory tude 度量或情况Fortitude Fort strong 刚毅 不屈不挠Rectitude recti right 正直 公正Quietude安静 寂静 ling 1 与 有关者 有 性质者hireling雇佣工underling走卒 听命于人者2 幼小者 不重要者duckling幼鸭yearling一岁的幼兽sibling幼苗 兄弟姐妹 3 以某个方向 以某种方式 在某种状态 adj oradv sideling偏斜着 陡峭的darkling在黑暗中 黑暗中的 ster youngsterministergangstergamester赌徒spinster未婚女性 spin 纺线 ard derogatoryLaggardbastarddrunkardsluggardcoward SuffixesNounSuffixesProfessional er or teacher actor eer engineer ant inhabitant participantFeminine ess actress y Tommy Daddy ie auntie Statusanddomain hood childhood manhood ship friendship membership dom kingdom wisdom ery slavery cookery tion action starvation ment movement al arrival survival ness happiness ity rapidity purity VerbSuffixes ify beautify simplify ize modernize legalize en darken widen ate originate validate Adjectivesuffixes ful useful less speechless al cutural ly lovely ary imaginary like childlike ous curious y rainy cloudy ic historic ish foolish ive talkative some troublesome able readable ed pointed naked Compounding Syntacticcompoundsshoemaker washingmachine bookkeeper Lexicalcompoundsicecream sweetheart Compounding formationofnewwordsbyjoiningtwoormorewords Nouncompounds moonwalkdeadlineAdj Compounds law abidinglion heartedVerbcompounds tohoneymoontomass produce Idiom relatedCompounds1 Hishair downtalkwithher 推心置腹的会谈 2 Acompletelycards on the tableapproach 开诚布公的方式 3 Thisisacan t be put downbook 4 Hespokeinalook who s talkingtone 5 Hiseyeswereglitteringwithawe have known all your secret and you had better come out cleanlook Conversion Conversionistheformationofnewwordsbyconvertingwordsofonepartofspeechtoanother