10020701课件_信息检索_第1讲.ppt

信息检索与文献阅读 化学0701 0702 2009年9月3日 第一部分化学专业基础英语阅读 20学时 第二部分英文阅读材料 12学时 第三部分信息检索 16学时 第一章作为定量科学和物质科学的化学第二章原子 分子和离子第三章气态第四章热化学第五章有机化合物和基团的命名第六章无机化学 有机化学 物理化学 分析化学和生物化学化学术语 第一部分化学专业基础英语阅读 20学时 第二部分英文阅读材料 12学时 第一章松香酸度的标准测试方法第二章 族半导体制备的新方法 InP纳米晶的超声化学合成第三章分子离子材料的计算机模拟第四章销售合同第五章专利说明书第六章透射Laue法的X射线衍射 第三部分信息检索 16学时 第一章信息检索基础第二章超星图书馆第三章中国期刊网第四章维普第五章工程索引 Ei 第六章美国化学文摘 CA 第七章专利 教材和参考书 1 魏高原 化学专业基础英语知识 I IntroductoryChemistrySpecialityEnglish 北京大学出版社 2004 2 ReadingMaterials 自编讲义 3 陈英 科技信息检索 第二版 科学出版社 2005 4 万锡仁 InformationRetrievalandRelatedReadingMaterials 待出版 5 美 PhilipBall著 魏高原等注释 化学专业基础英语 II 北京大学出版社 2001 课堂教学内容安排 第一节课 教学要求说明 词汇预习 课文阅读理解 第二节课 课文阅读理解 续 答疑 布置课后作业 课堂书面练习 Chapter1ChemistryasaQuantitativeScienceandaScienceofMatter第一章作为定量科学和物质科学的化学 一 教学要求掌握 1 化学测量中基本数字 单位和有效数字的运算规则 2 原子结构 原子与元素以及物质的概念 3 有关专业英语词汇 熟悉 化学变化的本质 了解 原子结构测定的经典实验 二 词汇 Newwordsandexpressions swamp沼泽地rusting生锈curiosity好奇心irritation刺激 疼痛rotten rot 腐烂的amultitudeof许多的 大量的mixture混合物quantitative定量的 accumulate积聚 堆积physicalproperty物理性质significantfigure有效数字instrument仪器analyticalbalance分析天平randomerror随机误差precision精密度 二 词汇 Newwordsandexpressions systematicerror系统误差accuracy精确性ambiguous ambiguity 含糊不清的decimalpoint小数点arithmetic算术 算法round to 把 四舍五入additionandsubtractionmultiplicationanddivisionscientificnotation科学记数法 二 词汇 Newwordsandexpressions metricsystem米制discipline学科atmosphere大气压dimensionalmethod量纲法conversionfactor转换因子figureout推断atomandelement原子和元素 单质 abbreviation缩写 二 词汇 Newwordsandexpressions AluminumAlCarbonCNitrogenNSiliconSiArsenicAsChlorineClOxygenOSulfurSBromineBrChromiumCrPhosphorusPUraniumUCalciumCaHydrogenHPlatinumPtZincZn 二 词汇 Newwordsandexpressions AntimonySbCopperCuGoldAuIronFeLeadPbMercuryHgPotassiumKSilverAgSodiumNaTinSnTungstenW 二 词汇 Newwordsandexpressions nucleus nuclei 原子核proton质子neutron中子footballstadium足球场marble大理石 石子atomicnumber原子序数massnumber质量数puresubstance纯净物 二 词汇 Newwordsandexpressions isotope同位数homogeneous均匀的solution溶液intermingle混合heterogeneous非均匀的microscope显微镜solute溶质transition转变 二 词汇 Newwordsandexpressions Length l meter ormetre mMass m kilogramkgTime t secondsElectriccurrent I ampereATemperature T kelvinKLuminousintensity Iv candela 新 烛光 光度单位 cd发光强度Amountofsubstance n molemol SIDerivedPhysicalQuantitiesandUnitsQuantity symbol NameofUnit symbol DerivedUnitArea A squaremeterm2Volume V cubicmeterm3Density kilogrampercubicmeterkg m3Velocity u meterpersecondm sPressure p pascal Pa kg m s2 Energy E joule J kg m2 s2Frequency v hertz Hz 1 sQuantityofelectricity Q coulomb C A sElectromotiveforce E volt V kg m2 A s3 电动势Force F newton N kg m s2 PrefixesforMultiplesandFractionsofSIUnitsDecimalLocationPrefixPrefixSymbol1012teraT109gigaG106megaM103kilok102hectoh10dekada0 1decid10 2centic10 3millim10 6micro 10 9nanon10 12picoP10 15femtof10 18atto 渺 微微微 毫尘 a 三 课文的阅读理解 学生阅读课文5 10分钟 教师指定学生逐段朗读课文 并翻译成中文 教师及时评讲 Chapter2ChemistryasaQuantitativeScienceandaScienceofMatter作为定量科学和物质科学的化学 2 1Introduction Everyobjectintheworldaroundyoucanbedescribedintermsofchemistry Manyeventsthatyoucanseeoccurringinnatureinvolvechemicalchanges thechangingcoloroftheleavesinthefall thetransformationofapondintoaswamp沼泽地 therusting生锈ofiron Curiosity好奇心aboutwhatcanbeobservedintheworldhasledtothestudyofchemistry Let sdescribewhatisseeninonespecificchemicalchange Twosubstancesareinvolved Oneisablackpowderysolid Theotherisacolorlessliquidthatcausesirritation刺激 疼痛ifspilledontheskin Ifsomeoftheblacksolidisplacedinacontainerandtheliquidslowlyadded thingshappen Theblacksolidbeginstodissolve Thesolutionthatisformedisnotblack butverypalegreen Atthesametime agasbeginstobubbleoutofthesolution Andtheairisfilledwithaterriblesmell likethatofrotten腐烂的eggs Whatamultitudeofadj 许多的 大量的questionscanbeaskedhere Whatarethesesubstances Whydidtheblacksoliddissolve Whatwasformedinitsplace Howmuchoftheliquiddoesittaketodissolvealloftheblacksolid Howmuchofthegascanbeproduced Howlongdidthechangetake Willeventsspeedupifweheatthemixture Ifso byhowmuchperdegreeoftemperature Noticehowmanyofthequestionsarequantitativeones Observationandmeasurementbothplayvitalrolesinansweringthequestionsofchemistry Achemicalchangeisnotcompletelyunderstooduntilitisunderstoodquantitatively intermsofmeasurementsandnumbers Ourunderstandingofchemistryistestedbymakingmeasurements Ifapredictionismadebasedonwhatwethinkweunderstand andifthepredictionisshowntobecorrectbyobtainingthepredictednumbersinaquantitativetest wehavegreaterconfidenceinourunderstanding Instudyingchemistryyouwillbepresentedwithfactsaccumulatedduringhundredsofyearsofobservationandmeasurement Youwillalsolearnhowtheprinciplesofchemistryareusedtoexplainwhathasbeenobserved Totestyourunderstandingofchemicalprinciples youwillsolveproblems frequentlyproblemsthatutilizetheresultsofmeasurementsofphysicalproperties 2 2NumbersinPhysicalQuantities 物理量中的数字 MeasurementandSignificantFigures 测量和有效数字 1 Theresultofmeasuringaphysicalpropertyisexpressedbyanumericalvaluetogetherwithaunitofmeasurement forexample 180pounds91kilograms 2 Exactnumbersarenumberswithnouncertainty theyarise 产生 bydirectlycountingwholeitemsorbydefinition Numbersthatresultfrommeasurementsareneverexact Thereisalwayssomedegreeofuncertaintyduetoexperimentalerrors limitationsofthemeasuringinstrument variationsinhoweachindividualmakesmeasurements orotherconditionsoftheexperiment 3 Significantfiguresinanumberincludeallofthedigitsthatareknownwithcertainty plusthefirstdigittotherightthathasanuncertainvalue Forexample theuncertaintyinthemassofapowdersample i e 也就是 即 3 1267g asreadfroman analyticalbalance is 0 000lg 4 Errorsinmeasurement 4 测量误差 i Randomerrorswhichresultfromuncontrolledvariablesinanexperimentandaffectprecision thereproducibilityoftheresultsofameasurement ii Systematicerrorswhichcanbeassigned分配 指派todefinitecausesandaffectaccuracy theclosenesstothetrueresultofameasurementoranexperiment 1 Thenumberofsignificantfiguresisfoundbycountingfromlefttoright beginningwiththefirstnonzerodigitandendingwiththedigitthathastheuncertainvalue e g 举例来说 454 3 0 296 3 7 31 3 0 00846 3 10 7 3 1520 3 1520 4 N B Lat 注意 notabene Zerosattheendofanumbergivenwithoutadecimalpointpresentaproblembecausetheyareambiguous Ingeneral werecommend推荐thatsuchterminalzeros should beassumedtobenotsignificant Theambiguityisremovedifadecimalpoint小数点isgiven thenallthezerosprecedingthedecimalpointaresignificant 后跟宾语从句中的谓语常用 should 动词原形 结构的动词 坚持 insist 命令 order command 建议 suggest propose advise recommend 2 Ex Example例如 例子 Howmanysignificantfiguresareinthenumbers a 57 b 82 9 c 340 d 700 e 10 000 f 0 000002 g 0 0402 and h 0 04020 3 ArithmeticUsingSignificantFigures 利用有效数字的计算 1 Additionandsubtraction Roundtheanswertotheplace beforeorafterthedecimalpoint withthegreatestuncertainty e g 2 Multiplicationanddivision Roundtheanswertothesamenumberofsignificantfiguresasinthenumberwiththefewestsignificantfigures e g 例如 exempligratia 23 2 0 1257 2 91624 2 92 3 Ex Performthefollowingcalculationandexpresstheanswertothepropernumberofsignificantfigures 4 ScientificNotation 记数法 ExponentialNotation 科学记数法 1 Instandardscientificnotationthesignificantfiguresofanumberareretained保持 保留inafactorbetween1and10andthelocationofthedecimalpointisindicatedbyapowerof10 e g 0 0063 6 3 10 3900 000 000 9 108 2 ArithmeticUsingScientificNotation 使用科学记数法计算 2 3UnitsofMeasurement 测量单位 1 SystemsofMeasurement 测量单位制 1 TheweightofanEnglishman 14stone 英石 14pounds 89kilograms anAmerican 180pounds 82kilograms 2 Metricsystem 米制devisedbytheFrenchNationalAcademyofSciencesin1793 米制 1793年由法国国家科学院提出 3 SIsystemn 国际单位制 forSystemeInternational adoptedbytheInternationalBureauofWeightsandMeasures国际计量局in1960 itisarevisionandextensionofthemetricsystem Scientistsandengineersthroughouttheworldinalldisciplinesarenowbeingurged迫切要求touseonlytheSIsystemofunits 4 Equivalencebetweenunits Theequivalencesmarkedby areexact 2 UnitsofMeasurementinChemistry 化学的测量单位 Length 1 10 10m 0 1nmVolume 1mL milliliter millilitre 10 3L 1cm3 centimeters MassandWeight BoththeSIandmetricsystemsrelyonthegram andthemultiplesandfractionsofthegram astheunitsformass作为质量的单位 Strictlyspeaking weightshouldbeexpressedinunitsofforce Inpractice however thedistinctionbetweenweightandmassisoftenignored Expressionssuchas weighout30gramsofthismaterial or Howmanygramsdoesthatsampleweigh areoftenused Density g cm3 g mLTemperature Therearethreetemperaturescales theSIscale measuredinKelvinunits theCelsiusorcentigradescale measuredindegreesCelsius andtheFahrenheitscale measuredindegreesFahrenheit 40 5 9 40 40 9 5 40K 273 15Heatandenergy 1cal calorie卡路里 4 184JForceandpressure 1N 1kgm s 21Pa 1N m2 1kg m s2 Theunitsforpressureincludeatmospheres atm bars bar poundspersquareinch psi n 磅 平方英寸 torr Torrtorr托 真空度单位 andmillimetersofmercury mmHg 2 4TheDimensionalMethodandProblemSolving 量纲法和问题的求解 1 TheDimensionalMethod 量纲法 1 Thenumericalvalueofameasurementshouldalwaysbeexpressedtogetherwiththecorrectunit Inaproblem unitsaremultiplied divided andcancelledexactlyasnumberswouldbe Iftheproblemiscorrectlysetupandworked itshouldproduceananswerinthecorrectunits 2 ConversionFactors 转换因子 1 Theconversionofaphysicalquantityfromoneunittoanotherisdonewithconversionfactorsderivedfromthenumericalrelationshipbetweenthetwounits Choosingthecorrectconversionfactorallowsthecancellationoftheunwantedunits Conversionfactorsorphysicalconstantsshouldincludeasufficientnumberofsignificantfiguressoasnottoaffecttheuncertaintyoftheanswer Ifaconversionfactorisanexactnumberitcanbetreatedashavingasmanysignificantfiguresasneeded 3 AProblem SolvingMethod 1 Tosolveaproblem firstmakesurethatyouunderstandexactlywhatisknownandwhatisunknown Thentrytofigureout 推断 howtheknownsandunknownsintheproblemareconnected Payspecialattentiontounitsandconversions Insettinguptheproblemandsolvingit checktoseeiftheansweremergesinthecorrectunits Makesuretoobeytherulesforthecorrectnumberofsignificantfiguresintheanswer Finally seeiftheanswerseemsreasonable 四 答疑 一般情况下 争对学生提出的问题进行个别答疑 1 TranslatethetechnicaltermsinthetextintoChinesebyreferringtorelevantdictionaries 2 Page17 18 01 a b e k 03 a c 073 TranslatethistextintoChinese 五 课后作业 Exercises 01Performthefollowingcalculationsandexpresstheanswersinthepropernumberofsignificantfigures a 423 1 0 256 100 b 52 987 9 3545 6 12 e 14 000 6 1 k 6 0 9 57 0 61 1 113 03Performthefollowingcalculationsandexpresstheanswerinstandardscientificnotation 6 057 103 9 35 c 4 51 10 3 8 78 104 07Themassofanemptycontaineris66 734g Themassofthecontainerfilledwithwateris91 786g Calculatethevolumeofthecontainerusingadensityof1 0000g cm3forwater Apieceofmetalwasaddedtotheemptycontainerandthecombinedmasswas87 807g b Calculatethemassofthemetal Thecontainerwiththemetalwasfilledwithwaterandthemassoftheentiresystemwas105 408g c Whatmassofwaterwasadded d Whatvolumeofwaterwasadded e Whatisthevolumeofthemetal f Calculatethedensityofthemetal 01Performthefollowingcalculationsandexpresstheanswersinthepropernumberofsignificantfigures a 423 1 0 256 100 500 b 52 987 9 3545 6 12 68 46 c 14 3920 4 4 10 0 d 5183 2 2 11402 6 11000 有两位有效数字 e 14 000 6 1 2 3 f 6 11 19 2 g 14 3 60 858 900 60有一位有效数字 h 1020 1 2 850 2位 i 3 2 454 8 6214 168 51 170 k 6 0 9 57 0 61 1 113 18 0 l 2 93 14 7 1203 0 0296 9 38 5 2 127 4558 127 03Performthefollowingcalculationsandexpresstheanswerinstandardscientificnotation a 6 057 103 9 35 6 066 103 b 2 35 10 14 7 1 10 15 1 64 10 14 c 4 51 10 3 8 78 104 5 14 10 8 d 1812 1492 1979 1 366 103 7 33 10 3 4 29 101 5 88 10 3 4 29 101 1 00 f 5km 14 6 73 7 101km 1位 预习内容 复习内容 1 复习和整理本课文的专业词汇 2 本课文的全文翻译 Chapter2Atoms Molecules andIons 六 课堂练习 swamprustingcuriosityirritationrottenamultitudeofmixturequantitative 1 翻译下列词汇 accumulatephysicalpropertysignificantfigureinstrumentanalyticalbalancerandomerrorprecision systematicerroraccuracyambiguous ambiguity