孔玮全能语法课笔记.doc

女神孔玮全能语法班总结全能语法班（一）建立英文思维中英思维差异1中：含蓄好戏在后头 英：直接开门见山中英思维差异2中：主体性思维 英：客体性思维When reports came into London Zoo that a wild puma had beenspotted forty-five miles south of London, they were not taken seriously. 译文：当伦敦动物园接到报告说，在伦敦以南45英里处发现一只美洲狮时，这些报告并没有受到重视。It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.译文：人们公认这样一个事实，一个有钱的单身男子一定想要娶个妻子。 中英思维差异3中：形象表达法 英：抽象表达法家里已有五个孩子，全家人常年在贫困中挣扎。 As the parents had five children, life was a perpetual struggle against poverty. (Lesson 45: The Power of the Press) 简单句的五大句型1. 主谓：You jump; I jump. In youth, we learn. In old age, we understand.2. 主谓宾：I love three things, the sun, the moon and you. The sun for the day, the moon for the night, and you ,forever.3. 主谓双宾- Please do me a favor.- Love gives us a fairy tale. 直接宾语指的是与谓语动词发生直接联系的名词 通常是物间接宾语指的是动作所指向的方向 通常是人 give sb sth(sb.是间宾 sth.是直宾)=give sth to sb cook sb sth(sb.是间宾 sth.是直宾)=cook sth for sb4. 主+谓+ 宾+宾补 - I found the book easy.-Love makes man grow up or sink down.5. 主+系+表 系动词：linking verb（连接主语和后面的成分）-You are my sunshine（二）英文思维黄金法则 1. 谓语单一原则 一个简单句只能有一个谓语。 如果要表达多个动作概念，有三种方式： a. 连词 b. 非谓语动词 C. 从句2. 句子分类：简单句，并列句，复杂句Life is fragile, and evil is real, but courage triumphs. Bush We are all in the gutter, but some of us are looking at the stars . Oscar Wilde 复合句复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成。主句是全句的主体，通常可以独立存在；从句则是一个句子成分，不能独立存在。从句不能单独成句，但它也有主语部分和谓语部分。所不同在于，从句须由一个关联词引导。 3. 如何在主从复合句中找到主句？ 第一步：划出所有引导词。第二步：引导词之后的第一个动词为从句谓语动词。第三步：所有从句谓语动词找到之后，最后剩下的即为主语谓 语动词。4. 引导词省略的情况： 宾语从句的引导词that 经常省略定语从句的先行词如果在从句里做宾语时，引导词常省略。（三）名词性从句 把完整的句子当名词使用在句中充当主语、宾语、表语或同位语 时，就被称为主语从句，宾语从句，表语从句或同位语从句。1. 名词性从句的引导词that: 无词义，在从句中不做任何成分，只起连接作用。whether if : 是否 有词义，不做成分，连接作用。 who/whom: 谁；what: ； which: 哪一个 whose: 谁的 when: 什么时候 where: 什么地方 why: 为什么 有词义，充当从句中的成分2. 主语从句What is worth doing is worth doing well. 凡事只要值得做，就值得做好。主语从句的变体：It is +形容词+that 从句 It is clear that 显然 It is natural that 很自然 It is fortunate that 幸运的是 It is likely that 很可能 It is a pity that可惜的是 It is no wonder that难怪 It is a shame that遗憾的是 It is a common knowledge that 是常识主语从句的写作应用： 利弊作文结尾句 Whether is blessing or cursing is a difficult question to answer, yet the comfort or convenience that it brings will not be eliminated.宾语从句：当你身处困境的时候，就会知道谁是你真正的朋友。When you are in trouble, you will find who your real friend is. 注意1：宾语从句要用陈述句语序。（主谓）注意2: 形式宾语的阅读难点 主谓it宾补宾语从句 He made it clear that he opposed this project. 表语从句：The question is whether the God really exists.That was because he was ashamed of himself.注意：whether 可引导表语从句，但if不可以。because 可以引导表语从句。同位语从句：一般修饰抽象名词，例如:truth, idea, news, information, hope注意：逆向思维帮助化解阅读难度。形式通常为：抽象n+that陈述句特殊引导词：whether, where, who, whenThe idea that he told me was true.The idea that the number 13 will bring bad luck is true. 同从和定从的区别：1. 同位语从句是名词后的完整句， 定语从句是名词后不完整的句子。2. 同位语从句和其修饰的名词内容相等， 定语从句内容不相等。同位语从句的写作应用：1. The change in A largely results from the fact that BA: 可替换为society，ideology（意识形态）B：完整的陈述句。 result from 还可替换为：due to, derive from, because of 2. It reveals the unquestionable fact that 它揭示了一个毋庸置疑的事实，那就是（四）语法综合应用及定语从句一、语法综合应用前三节课的语法重点：1. 简单句的五大句型。2. 简单句的重要结构：A of B 3. 名词性从句 （尤其是宾语从句）4. 两个名词是句子的天然隔断。 应用一：应用文投诉信的万能句型1. I am writing to express my concern (dissatisfaction/ disappointment) about the service of your restaurant.2. We would like to draw the attention of the authorities concerned to something they obviously failed to notice3. I sincerely hope that the authorities concerned will consider my suggestion and improve the situation as best as they can. 4. We trust that you will now consider this matter seriously and make an effort to prevent the recurrence of this problem. 应用二：图画作文开头段：1. It is vividly described in the picture that a lamp is listening in the darkness/ a spark is smiling in the darkness. The caption reads, “ love is like a lamp which is brighter in darker places.” 2. The picture vividly depict that a boy is making the final spurt along the race track. We are informed that “ the finishing line is also the starting point.”3. The drawings vividly illustrate the noise and uproar in the big city and the peace and tranquility of the country life. 补充：图画作文必备四组词1. 图 =photo, （照片）=sketch, （素描）=drawing, （画）=cartoon, （漫画）=chart (图表)2. 示 =show, =reflect,=convey,= indicate, reveal,= illustrate, =demonstrate3.象征=represent, =symbolize, =epitomize, （成为缩影）=be naturally associated with 自然联系到4. 意义=implication 暗示=symbolic meaning 象征意义=subtle connotation 微妙的含义二、定语从句1. 概述- 在英语中，我们通常用一个形容词作定语修饰名词或代词。若要表达更 复杂的意思，需借助一个句子来修饰名词。 - 这个被修饰的名词代词因为总在定语从句前面，所以被称为先行词。 - 引导定语从句的词，被称为关系词。2. 定语从句的三个重要概念先行词-被定语从句所修饰或限制的对象。引导词-连接主句和从句，在定语从句中充当一定成分的词。不完整的句子三. 关系词关系代词 - 先行词指人：who, whom - 先行词指物：which - 先行词指人指物均可：that- 先行词指人或物的所有关系：whose - The world is full of people whose notion of a satisfactory future is, in fact, a return to the idealized past. 关系副词 - 时间状语：when- 地点状语：whereThe dictionary is the only place where success comes before work. - 原因状语：when 练习：I will never forget the day _we met for the first time. A. which B. when C. that D. on that I will never forget the time_I spent on campus. A. which B. when C. who D. on thatYou should make it a rule to leave things _ you can find them again. A. when B. where C. then D. there四.理解定语从句的关键-找到先行词1. 先行词通常为词（名词或代词）词组 A wanderer who is determined to reach his destination will never fear the rain.2. 先行词也可以是一个句子（非限制性定语从句）不用逗号隔开-限制性定语从句作用：用来提供必要的信息，以说明定语从句所修饰的先行词的身份或性质，或用来限制先行词所指的范围。若去掉限制性定语从句，则主句部分含义不明确，意义不完整。e.g.I dont like people. I dont like people who never keep their words. 用逗号隔开-非限制性定语从句作用：用来提供附加的而非必要的信息，只是对先行词作进一步的解释、补充或说明。若去掉非限，整个主句意义一样很明确，不会引起误解和歧义。e.g. Criticism can create high levels of stress, which can lead to burnout. e.g. I cant give you the formula for success, but I can give you the formula for failure, which is trying to please everybody.非限写作应用Some people argue that has some merits, which can be listed as follows. First and foremost,., Additionally,.与as 引导非限有关的作文精品句型 As is seen from the chart, As is vividly depicted in the cartoon above, As is apparently illustrated by the pictures above, As can be noticed from the table/ graph/ figure, there is a marked increase/decline/ favorable change in.五. 先行词和引导词的分隔现象1.先行词+其它成分+定语从句e.g. Changes in the social structure may indirectly affect teenager crime rates. For example, changes in the economy that lead to fewer job opportunity for youth. 练习：The film brought the hours back to me _ I was taken good care of in that far-away village. A. who B. that C. when D. where 2. 作主语的先行词+谓语部分+定语从句e.g. He can conquer the world who can conquer himself. Question : 如何寻找定语从句真正修饰的先行词? 方法一：翻译法 Step 1 : 翻译定语从句 Step 2 : 将翻译后的定语从句+ “的”，再和从句之前的名词 由近及远地进行搭配，根据句义和逻辑找出真正修饰的先行词。 方法二：主谓一致（主语和谓语要在人称和数上保持一致）练习：The words used by the speaker may stir up unfavorable reactions in the listener _ interfere with his comprehension. A. who B. as C. which D. what （五）定语从句难点及状语从句六. 定语从句难点1. 先行词介词which/whom Experts have studies the areas most affected and have drawn up a map for local people, forecasting the year in which their homes will be swallowed up by the hungry sea. (2001/6)2. 表示所属关系或部分整体关系时用介词of 在介词of 前面常出现的词包括：all, each, both, either, neither, many, some, most, half, the majority, 数字及最高级等。练习：e.x. Living in the central Australian desert has its problems, _ obtaining water is not the least. A. of which B. for whatC. as D. whose 写成两句就明白了：Living in the central Australian desert has its problem. Of its problems, obtaining water is not the least.of 放在句首表范围Of all the countries, China will be the best.Of all my students, you will top the best.练习：She showed the visitors a round the museum, construction _had taken more than three years. A. for which B. with which C. of which D. to which English is a language shared by several diverse culture, _ uses it differently.A. all of which B. each of which C. all of them D. each of them 阅读原则： 1. 将介词和先行词搭配。 2. 将介词和从句中的谓语搭配。练习：In the dark street, there wasnt a single person _she could turn for help. A. that B. whoC. from whom D. to whom定语从句写作应用： 对比观点式作文万能第一句 There is no denying the fact that .has been a prevalent topic with which university students are confronted. And there is no consensus of opinion among people concerning the controversial issue.定语从句翻译原则：1. 前置法：若定语从句结构简短，把从句翻译成带“的”的词组，放置于被修饰的词之前。2. 拆分法：若定语从句结构复杂，需拆分成两句翻译，并重复先行词。e.x. Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the systematic, manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. e.x. Anyone whose goal is “something higher” must expect someday to suffer vertigo, what is vertigo? Fear of falling? No, vertigo is something other than fear of falling. It is the voice of the emptiness below us which tempts and lures us. It is the desire to fall against which we defend ourselves. 七长难句阅读及翻译方法1）分析和拆分结构 基本原则 拆分主从句。（复合句） 拆分主干和修饰。（简单句） 利用信号词。 信号词原则： 1. 连词： and, or, but, yet, for 等连接并列句的连词。 连接状语从句的连接词：when, as, since, until, before, after, where, because, since, though, although, so that2. 关系词： who, whom, whose, what, which ,whatever, whichever, when, where, how, why 3. 介词： on, in, with, at, of, to 4. 不定式符号：to 5. 分词：过去分词和现在分词常构成修饰语6. 标点符号3）调整翻译语序 定语的语序 中文的定语一般在修饰词之前，英文简单定语在前，复杂定语（短语或定语从句）通常在后。 前置法：简单定语译为“的”结构拆分法：复杂定语单独译为一句，重复先行词。练习长难句分析结构：-The first time that the question “What is at the bottom of oceans”? had to be answered with any commercial consequence was when the laying of a telegraph cable from Europe to America was proposed.- Creating a “European identity” that respects the different cultures and traditions which go to make up the connecting fabric of the Old Continent is no easy task and demands a strategic choice. 不同的文化和传统将欧洲大陆连接在一起，创造一个尊重不同文化和传统的欧洲身份并不是一件容易的事，需要人们作出策略性的选择。状语的语序 简短状语放在修饰动词之前，复杂状语（状语从句）在 整个句子的主干之前或之后翻译。 逻辑顺序：前因后果多主动状语从句一.概述 九类状语从句-时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、让步、比较、方式 状语从句就是用连词将几个分句连接起来，以表达分句之间的特定的逻辑关系。1.时间状语从句 （if） When you consciously undergo a major life transition, be patient with yourself. 常见其他连词：unless（除非），once （一旦）, in case （以免) 1. It is always the best policy to speak the truth-unless, of course, you are an exceptionally good liar. 2. All truths are easy to understand once they are discovered; the point is how to discover them . 3. Take more money, in case (that) some accident happens. 注意：如何区分where引导的定语从句和地点状语从句如何区分when 引导的定语从句和时间状语从句判断原则：若是定语从句，则where 前面必须有被修饰的地点名词；若where 前面没有被修饰的名词，则为地点状语从句。 2.条件状语从句常见连词：if Fear is your best friend or your worst enemy. It is like fire. If you can control it, it can cook for you or heat your house.If you cant , it will burn everything around you, even destroy you. （双刃剑的比喻写法）If you are not born to be intelligent, please make sure that you are at least diligent . 若非天赋异禀，但愿足够奋进。If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind? - Ode to the West Wind 3. 让步状语从句Although the world is full of suffering, it is also full of the overcoming of it. -Hellen Keller 虽然世间多苦难，但苦难总是能战胜的。纵有苦难千种，亦存正道万般。让步状语从句的难点1)whatever/ however/ whenever/wherever/ whichever 既可引导名词性从句，也可引导状语从句。2) no matter what/ how/ when/ where/ which =whatever/ however/ whenever/ wherever/ whichever 练习判断：Whoever he is isnt so important. 主语从句 I didnt want to know whatever he thought. 宾语从句 whatever he needs, we will satisfy him at once. 状语从句 No matter what he needs, we will satisfy him at once.状语从句 注意：no matter 系列 只引导状语从句，表示“无论” no matter 系列不能引导名词性从句， 让步状语从句的倒装句：As 引导的让步倒装句adj/adv分词 +as +主语+谓语动词名词（无冠词）e.g. Young/Child as he is, he is knowledgeable.As 引导的让步倒装句的写作应用 （引出另一种观点） Wonderful as is, however, it is not without shortcomings. 正常语序的让步状语从句 Despite/In spite of/ all the merits, they bring their own negative effects. As 引导的让步倒装句在写作中的应用 1. 图画图表作文： Simple as the picture is, the symbolic meaning should be considered with more insight. 2. 话题性作文： Indispensable as XX is, its unfavorable factors are apparent to be found in the following aspects. （六）状语从句难点及应用状语从句的省略1. While visiting the city, they received a warm welcome.2. When asked why he was late, he kept silent.3. Once begun, it must be done well.4. Write to me if necessary. 注意：当状语从句的主语与主句主语一致，且从句中含有系动词，则将从句主语和系动词一起省略。（注意：必须一起）状语从句三大难点： 难点 1. while 1）引导时间状语从句。当时候，后面必须是持续性动词 Strike while the iron is hot. 2）引导让步状语从句。一般位于句首，表示尽管。 -While I disapprove of what you say, I would defend to the death that your right to say it. -Voltaire - While so many people are out smelling the flowers, someone is taking the time to plant some. 3) 句中的while You can wear out iron shoes in fruitless search, while you may hit on what you need without even looking for it. We judge ourselves by what we feel capable of doing, while others judge us by what we have already done. 阅读：While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware of the importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. 难点 2. since 1. 引导时间状语从句：表自从，主句为完成时态 2. 引导原因状语从句：表因为 Since the dawn of human ingenuity, people have devised ever more cunning tools to cope with work that is dangerous, boring, burdensome, or just plain nasty. (02 考研阅读理解) Open source spying does have its risks, of course, since it can be difficult to tell good information from bad. 难点3: as 1）引导时间状语从句:表随着，强调两个动作的同时进行 - As self-acceptance grows, shyness naturally diminishes. - How we see ourselves as we try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. 2) 引导原因状语从句 As there was very little support, the strike was not successful.3) as 引导让步状语从句的倒装句 （前面讲过）状语从句的写作应用： 询问信正文第一段：写信目的第二段：正文 As I am particularly interested in, I would like to obtain/request about some relevant information as regards. 万能句 I would be grateful if you would be so kind as to provide me with certain essential information regarding the following aspect. First, ,and second, 必要时增加这句 Meanwhile, I wonder if it is convenient for you to send me ., and your instant assistance will contribute to my project/plan/paper.投诉信：第一段：写信目的（前面课讲过）第二段： 事件大概经过，which has put me into great inconvenience. 加分句 Given well-deserved reputation of your store, I am sure you will do everything possible to resolve this problem instantly. 第三段 感谢看信 I am indebted to you for your attention to my letter I appreciate your attention to my letter I would like to express my gratitude to you for your attention to 诸多不便打扰了 Let me apologize for any inconveniences I may have caused. 期待回信+再次感谢 I look forward to a favorable reply at your earliest convenience. Your prompt attention to my inquiry would be highly appreciated. My appreciation to you for your generous help is beyond words. Words fail me when I want to express my heartfelt gratitude. 有疑问者请联系 - I hope these information will be helpful, and please feel free. - Dont hesitate to contact for more information (at 82876655) 落款 公务信函 Yours sincerely,/truly,/respectfully, 私人信函 Yours sincerely,/cordially,/faithfully, 署名 Li Ming（七）指代专题及非谓语动词引入 1）指代的基本理解： 辨识：it; they; this; that; which 本质：逻辑完整语言简洁 原则：词义对应，句意通顺 功能：避免重复，增强连贯性练习：The word “they” in “together they threaten”refers to_ The reality that has blocked my path to become the typical successful student is that engineering and the liberal arts simply dont mix as easily as I assumed in high school. Individually they shape a person in very different ways; together they threaten to confuse. A. practically and rationallyB. engineering and the liberal artsC. reality and noble idealsD. flexibility and a value system2）代词指代的方法1. 前指原则2. 近指原则3. 语法原则 ：单复数一致，人称一致4. 指代传递：指代词通常首先指前一句的主语，其次是宾语，当前一句的主语也是代词时，则继续往前找。e.x. 97年考研真题阅读 Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as “steering the economy to a soft landing” or “ a touch on the brakes,” makes it sound like a precise science. so 的方法1. 用作副词的代用词 He often behaved prudently, but he did not always behave so.2. 和do 一起代替分句中的主要动词及后续部分 She hoped that they would clean the house carefully before her arrival, but unfortunately they didnt do so.Never apologize for showing feeling. When you do so, you ap