高考英语语法之句子结构.doc

高考英语语法之句子结构专题第一部分一、 高考基本情况分析（1）高考题型分析1、听力 30分2、语法与词汇 共15题 15分3、完形填空 共20题 20分4、阅读理解 共20题 40分5、书面表达 A 阅读表达 4题 15分 B 作文 单词数 120-150 30分（2）高考词汇要求 需达到4000词汇，才能很好的应对考试，词汇数量越多越好二、学生基础情况分析 大多数学生词汇储备不足，平时听、说、读、写较少，缺乏综合练习，主要语法知识掌握薄弱。需寻找自身专项题型弱点希望学生要对自己有信心。三、语法基本概念讲解1、什么是语法？-语言规则，词汇+语法=句子2、语法的八大主要内容A 词性辨别 名、动、形、副、代、介、冠、数、助动B 句子结构 主、谓、表、宾、补、定、状-注意词性与句子成分之间的关系C 时态-主、被动时态，时态形式D 动词短语E 分词短语F 简单句与复合句-文章中大多数是复合句G 虚拟语气H 倒装与强调四、主语成分分析1、单词名词、代词 可以做主语2、动名词短语做主语eg：Seeing is one thing, doing is another. Finding a good place to live continues to be one of mans most urgent problems.Having two good eyes is important for judging distances.It is terribly tiring working late like this. Its nice spending the holiday at the beach.3、动词不定式做主语eg：To live means to create.To do that sort of thing is absurd.Before the invention of aeroplanes,to fly in the sky like a brid was only a dream.It was his job to repair bicycles.注：动名词与动词不定式做主语区别不大，不用深挖4、主语从句A That引导的主语从句eg：That he is a doctor is true.That he will come is certain.It was true that women had not had the same opportunities as men in many fields.It is often said that we are living in an age of information explosion.B Whether引导的主语从句-不可用If替代eg：Wether or not these books are satisfactory is uncertain.C 连接代词、副词eg：How a book will sell depends much on the reviewer.Who will take charge of the task has not been decided.Whose bag was stolen isnt known.D 关系代词、关系副词eg：Whats done cannot be undone.Whatever I have is yours.Whoever comes will be welcome.Whichever of you comes in first will receive a prize.第二部分一、谓语（1）动词1、只有动词可以做谓语2、动词分类A、及物动词B、不及物动词C、系动词D、情态助动词E、基本助动词3、动词的变化A、主语为单数第三人称，动词末尾加-s -es y-ies B、现在分词 -ing 去e加ing 双写加ingC、过去式、过去分词（2）注意主谓一致1、语法上一致-根据主语确定谓语的数，主要指主语为第三人称时，谓语要加seg：The boy plays football wellWhat we need most is books.The factory with all equipment has been burnt.You as well as I are wrong.The manager, along with his secretaries, is going to a dinner party tonight.Joe and Bob are smart.The poet and the novelist were both present at the meeting.A teacher and novelist is going to make a speech in the hall.Every man, woma, and child needs love.Each boy and girl was given a book.Each book and each paper is held in place.Chinese and British beer are served at the pub.Cooling draft beer is serverd at the pub.Clever and dull students are treated alikes.There is a black and white picture on the wall.Both his brother and sister are married.Both whales and dolphins are mammals.Reading is a great pleasure is life.To live means to create.That we need more time is obvious.Two-fifths of the money is mine.Lots of my friends are here.2、概念上一致的原则eg：My family are all early risers.His family has moved into the new house.3、邻近词一致的原则eg：Neither he nor they are wholly right.Neither Tom nor the Browns enjoy their journey to Beijing owing to the bad weather.Either your key or my key is missing.Not only they but also their teacher has participated in the party.He or I am in the wrong.二、宾语（1）宾语成分分析A 名词eg：He doesnt like cold weather.B 代词eg：The news surprised us.C 反身代词eg：A baby cannot dress itself.D 动名词eg：I like reading.I suggest you should practise speaking English whenever you can.I enjoy reading the newspaper while Im having breakfast.We can leave as soon as it quits snowing.E 不定式eg：He promised to help me.Fred didnt have any money, so he decided to look for a job.I expect to enter graduate school in the fall.F 疑问词+不定式eg：I wonder how to do it.I dont know when to start.He show me how to paint.I dont know what to say about your views.His father was a teacher who helped deaf-mutes learn how to speak.G 宾语从句eg：I hope that youll enjoy yourself.The manager said that he didnt like my work.He told me that the firm could not afford to pay such large salaries.Mary asked if/whether you had ever been abroad.He asked his doctor to tell him if /whether his operation had been successful.How can we tell whether/if animals are intelligent?Do you care whether/if you win or not?I dont know whose hat it is.Tell me which of the two cameras is the better one.Ted wondered why he was wanted by the police.The man laughed when he realized what had happened.（2）直接宾语与间接宾语A 直接宾语eg：He doesnt like cold weather.He promised to help me.I wonder how to do it.I hope that youll enjoy yourself.B 间接宾语-为谁做，谁为间接宾语eg：He offered Peter the job.I must give the room a good airing.He doesnt owe me anything.She asked me whether I had ever been there before.I warned you that he would be late.They told us where to shop cheaply.He sold his old car to one of his neighbours.I have bought some chocolate for you.Give the dictionary to me, please.-注意这个句子第三部分一、宾语补语在有些及物动词后面，不仅需要加上宾语，有时还需要加上一个宾语补语。宾语补语与宾语之间保持着逻辑上的主-谓关系，也就是说，宾语补语是宾语所做的动作，或者是与宾语保持着一种没有系动词的主-表结构。下面进行补语成分分析。（1）不定式做补语eg：They persuaded me to go with them.I should guess her to be about fifty.We felt the house shake.-不带to的不定式She asked me to stay there.Mr.White persuaded Tom not to smoke anymore.I, who cannot see, find hundreds of things to interest me through mere touch.I consider him to have acted disgracefully.We found the rumor to be true.He understood the message to mean that she was not coming.He considers himself very important.-不带toHe is considered one of the leading statesmen of our country.I saw a car crash into a tree.（2）分词做补语-现在分词表示主动，正在进行的动作；过去分词表示被动，已经完成的动作。eg：I can smell something burning.He couldnt make himself heard.I stood on the bridge and watched the boats passing by.I hope I havent kept you waitting too long.We saw her walking alone.I want these things changed.She found a car abandoned by the roadside.I had the fence painted white.He has had his hands burned.（3）形容词做补语eg：I found the book tedious.We found the house empty.-可改为被动式The house was found empty.He keeps the yard nice and clean.Youre made your shoes muddy.We consider the work important.（4）名词做补语eg：The team have voted me their captain.（5）副词做补语eg：They found her in.Pull the cork out.Lets see the old year out and the new year in.We hope to get the meeting over quickly.Dont let me down.（6）as引导的短语做补语eg：I cant see myself as a singer.（7）介词短语做补语eg：He considered himself above others.小节：通过以上的例子可以看出，其实语法就是语言的固定用法，而且与动词是密切相关的。动词后面+原型，+不定式，+动名词，+介词短语，+分词二、表语（1）单词做表语A 名词eg：The girl will make a nurse.B 代词eg：That must be somebody important.C 数词eg：Who is the first?D 形容词eg：The leaves are turning brown.The leaves of the trees turn yellow in the fall.Mary looks angry.He seems honest.E 副词eg：The storm was over.Jack was down with a fever.Hes abroad.It was bright and the people were all out for Sunday.Chrismas is still three mouths away.F 分词-做表语的分词相当于一个形容词eg：Time is pressing.The journey was very tiring.Japan is located in East Asia.The explanation is confusing.He is married.注：V-ing的作用1、表示正在进行eg：Warmth and rain are encouraging the growth of plants.2、做分词，起形容词作用，做表语eg：The success is encouraging.3、做动名词eg：What the mother should do is encouraging her body in his studies.（2）不定式eg：This matter appears to be complicated.To live in hearts is not to die.To see is to believe.The important thing in life is to have a great aim, and the determination to attain it.What we want is for you to understand the matter clearly.What a fire-door does is to delay the spread of a fire long enough for people to get out.His greatest wish was to see an end to wars.All you have to do is finish the job quickly.-无to不定式，解释主语具体内容All I can do is just smile at him and not say anything.The only thing you need do is fill out this application form.（3）动名词eg：Seeing is believing.His main hobby is collecting stamps.My favorite sport is swimming.The only thing that interest her is working.The most popular pastime is playing chess.（4）介词短语eg：Unemployment is on the increase.The money is inside the envelope.The cat is on top of the roof.（5）从句eg：That is not what I want.The reason seems to be that different periods are related to different kinds of achievement.Perhaps the greatest advantage of glass is that its constituent parts are inexpensive and can be found all over the world.The fact is that computers are of great aid to the development of science and technology.My opinion is he really doesnt understand you.The question is whether it is true or not.What I really want to know is whether you will marry her.The problem is who will take charge of these children.That was why it was barely moving.Things were not as they seemed to be.The question was how the bird got out of the cage.That is what we should do.This is what I meant.第四部分一、定语-成分分析，位置-前置或后置（1）单词做定语-形容词、代词、数词、名词、副词、名词所有格eg：He is a hardworking student.He will stick to his own opinionThe first problem was solvedTraffic accidents often occur during rush hours.Todays paper says that the weather will be fair tomorrow.The white house there was built in 1800.（2）不定式短语eg：Have you anything to declare?The important thing is to get some work to do.Lets find a more comfortable house to live in.In a camera, the lens must be focused on the object to be photographed.Jack is the person for me to turn to in difficult times.Is this the only point for us pay attention to?Plants need room to spread their roots to get water and to spread their leaves to get sunlight.He is the only person to know the truth.That is the best film to be producted that year.Wool was probably the second woven material to be used for clothes.Frequently, the cheapest place to borrow money in the United States is a credit union.There is nothing to worry about.It is time for you to go to school.He asked for permission to leave.He made an attempt to speed up the work.I did not have the patience to wait any longer.The children have the ability to adapt to the circumstances.The scientist has been invited to a party to be held next Monday evening.（3）动名词置于名词前，做前置定语，表示用途或性能-只能前置eg：frying pan writing table freezing point sleeping car waiting room（4）分词修饰名词做定语-现在分词是修饰名词主动做出的动作；过去分词表示修饰名词是动作的承受者-可前置，可后置eg：a solved problem improved methods the borings speaker the bored student running water newly invented machinethe boys playing in the garden the man sitting next to herThe young man sitting in the third row will be a physician.The students working in the factory will be back tomorrow.Did you see that car being repaired?In Europe there are very few woden houses being built today.（5）介词短语eg：He is wearing an overcoat with large pockets.（6）定语从句A 限制性定语从句eg：The bright star which is shining just above the roof is called Sirius(天狼星).She adopted a child whose parents are dead.不能把整个主句当先行词B 非限制性定语从句eg：London, which stands on the River Thames, has a history of nearly two thousand years.She is going to marry Dick, whom she does not love.He came at six, when I am usually in the garden.注：两者区别：第一，非限制性定语从句与主句间必须用逗号分开，引导非限制性定语从句的关系代词不能省略，限制性从句往往可以省略。第二，非限制性定语从句可以把整个主句当先行词，这时只能用which或者as来引导eg：I will wear no clothes which will distinguish me from my fellow-men.I will wear no clothes, which will distinguish me from my fellow-men.I said nothing, which made him still more angry.He was a Frenchman, as I could tell from his accent.注：名词、形容词、代词、名词所有格、动名词前置；分词、副词、不定式、从句、介词短语后置二、状语状语可以修饰形容词、副词以及动词（谓语成分）状语可用来说明动作发生的时间、地点、方式、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步等等（1）副词/副词短语做状语-eg：The weather is fairly warm.The hat is somewhat expensive.Dont speak so fast.You know perfectly well that he was right.He has looked for it up and down.I was fool enough to believe him.I wish youd write clearly enough for us to