四级作文补充.doc

各种类型作文的写作方法现象解释型：基本方法为：描述现象分析原因对现象做出预测或如何促进（限制）这种现象的进一步发展。对比选择型：基本方法为：阐述一种观点或态度，并表明这种观点或态度正确的理由；阐述第二种（相对或相反的）观点或态度，并说明这种观点或态度正确的理由；表明个人支持或反对以上观点或态度，并说明原因。问题解决型：基本方法为：提出问题分析问题解决问题。观点论证型：基本方法为：分析主题得出结论举例论证得出结论（证明观点的正确性）。应用文基本方法为：分析所给情景选择写作方法。写作的常用句式一、写作常用的开头表达方式使用引语（use a quotation）使用一段名人名言，或人们常用的谚语、习语，以确定文章的写作范围和方向。引用具体或粗略的数据 （use figures or statistics）当然对于图表题型，该种方法是必须的选择，具体做法是给出一些具体或粗略的数据，然后作出概括性分析，点明主题或引出需要论述的问题。如：As is demonstrated in the table, more and more college graduates are out of a job in our country, which is a serious problem to our economic development and social security. It is estimated that in 2004, there are 500,000 unemployed graduates, more than 30% higher than in 2002. 分析：文章引用2004年找不到工作的毕业生达到50万这一数据来说明大学生找工作难这一现象的严重性，很有说服力。提出问题（ask a question）提出有争议或探讨性的具体问题，然后加以简要回答或展开引导性简短讨论。如：What do you want from your work Money Promotions Interesting challenges Continual learning Work-based friendships The opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provide more than material things. 分析：文章开头提出“你想从工作中得到什么”这一问题，然后自问自答，指出工作除了物质利益，还可以给我们带来很多其它收获这一结论。给出具体实例或报道（offer relevant examples or reports）给出具体生活实例或新闻报道，如：As regards the stress for college students, there has been a heated discussion among the public in the society. It was reported that a student killed four of his classmates just because of a trivial matter. It can be easily seen that pressure has become a serious issue we cannot neglect.分析：文章通过引用新闻报道的一个实例，说明了大学生心理问题的严重性。定义法（give definition）针对讨论的主题或问题加以定义，然后进行深入探讨。如：As we all know, practice makes perfect. This is an accumulated experience we inherit from our forefathers, and now it is still widely applied to our daily life. It means that the more we practice, the more likely we are going to do things perfectly.分析：文章用It means that这一句型，说明了practice makes perfect的含义。主题句法（use of topic sentence）文章一开始就以主题句点明全文主题，然后围绕主题内容进行发展。如：Nowadays one of the serious problems China is faced with is the increasing illiteracy among the adolescents. According to a recent survey by Dr. Li, dean of Educational Department of Beijing Normal University, about 18% of the children between 8 and 15 years old have dropped out of school across the country.分析：文章开头即提出中国的文盲现象日益严重这一问题，然后再用实例数据加以佐证。开头段的常用核心句型： As opposed to generally accepted views, I believe that The arguer may be right about , but he seems to neglect to mention the fact that . Although it is commonly agreed that , it is unlikely to be true that . There is an element of truth in this statement, but it ignores a deeper and more basic fact that . In all the discussion and debate over , one important fact is generally overlooked. On the surface （At first thought）, it （this） may seem a sound （an attractive） suggestion （solution / idea）, but careful weighing on the mind （on closer analysis / on second thought）, we find that Although many people believe that , I wonder whether the argument bears much analysis The danger （problem / fact / truth / point） is that. I agree with the above statement because I believe that . There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of . Those who object to argue that . But people who favor , on the other hand, argue that. Currently （In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now）, there is （has been） a（n） general （widespread / growing / widely held） feeling towards （concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of / illusion of / belief in）. As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that . Now it is commonly （widely / generally / increasingly） believed （thought / held / accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged） that . But I wonder （doubt） whether 二、文章主题内容的常用句型(1)原因结果分析1. 基本原因- 分析某事物时, 用此句型说明其基本的或者多方面的原因。e.g: 1. Why ？ For one thing For another 2.The answer to this problem involves many factors. For one thingFor another Still another 3. A number of factors ， both physical and psychological affect /both individual and social contribute to 2. 另一原因- 在分析了基本原因之后, 再补充一个次要的或者更重要时用。e.g: 1. Another important factor is 2. is also responsible for the change/problem. 3. Certainly ，the is not the sole reason for 3. 后果影响 - 分析某事物可能造成的后果或者带来的影响。e.g: 1. It will produce a profound/far-reaching effect/impact on 2. It involves some serious consequence for (2) 比较对照句型1. 两者比较- 比较两事物, 要说出其一超过另一个, 或肯定一事物的优点, 也肯定其缺点的时候用。e.g: 1. The advantages gained from A are much greater than the advantages we gain from B.2. Indeed， A carries much weight when compared with B.3. There is no doubt that it has its negative effects as well a spositive effects.2 . 两者相同/相似- 比较两事物共同都有或者共同都没有的特点时用。e.g: 1. A and B have several things in common. They are similar in that2. A bears some striking resemblances to B.三、文章的结尾形式（1） 结论性- 通过对文章前面的讨论 ,引出或重申文章的中心思想及观点。 e.g: 1. From what has been discussed above， we may safely draw the conclusion that 2. In summary/In a word ， it is more valuable (2) 后果性- 揭示所讨论的问题若不解决, 将产生的严重后果.。 e.g: 1. We must call for an immediate method ， because the current phenomenon of ，if allowed to proceed， will surely lead to the heavy cost of 2. Obviously ， if we ignore/are blind to the problem ， there is every chance that will be put in danger .(3) 号召性-呼吁读者行动起来, 采取行动或提请注意.。 e.g: 1. It is time that we urged an immediate end to the unde sirable tendency of 2. It is essential that effective measures should be taken to correct the tendency .(4) 建议性-对所讨论的问题提出建议性的意见, 包括建议和具体的解决问题的方法。 e.g: 1. While it cannot be solved immediately， still there are ways. The most popular is Another method is Still another one is 2. Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward the situation.(5) 方向性的结尾方式-其与建议性的唯一差别就是对问题解决提出总的, 大体的方向或者指明前景。 e.g: 1. Many solutions are being offered here ， all of them make some sense， but none is adequate enough. The problem should be recognized in a wide way . 2. There is no quick method to the issue of ， but might be helpful/beneficial. 3. The great challenge today is There is much difficulty, but (6) 意义性的结尾方式- 文章结尾的时候,从更高的更新的角度指出所讨论的问题的重要性以及其深远的意义。 e.g: 1. Following these suggestions may not guarantee the success， but the pay off might be worth the effort . It will not only benefit but also benefit 2. In any case， whether it is positive or negative， one thing is certain that it will undoubtedly 四、表达个人观点的常用句型1. In my opinion/ view 2. Personally, I prefer 3. I suppose /maintain (that) 4. As for me, I think 5. As far as Im concerned, I plan to 6. As I see it, 7. From where I stand, 8. It seems to me that 9. From my point of view, 10.Its my feeling that 五、常用的关联词强调 still, Indeed, apparently, oddly enough, of course, after all, significantly, interestingly, also, aboveall, surely, certainly, undoubtedly, in any case, anyway, above all, in fact, especially，Obviously,clearly. 比较 like, similarly, likewise, in the same way, in the same manner, equally. 对比 by contrast, on the contrary, while, whereas, on the other hand, unlike, instead, but, conversely, different from, however, nevertheless, otherwise, whereas,unlike,yet, in contrast. 列举 for example, for instance, such as, take for example. Except (for), to illustrate. 时间 later, next, then, finally, at last, eventually, meanwhile, from now on, at the same time, for the time being, in the end, immediately, in the meantime, in the meanwhile, recently, soon, now and then, during, nowadays, since, lately, as soon as, afterwards, temporarily, earlier, now, after a while. 顺序 first, second, third, then, finally, to begin with, first of all, in the first place, last, next, above all, last but not the least, first and most important. 可能 presumably, probably, perhaps. 解释 in other words, in fact, as a matter of fact, that is, namely, in simpler terms. 递进 What is more, in addition, and, besides, also, furthermore, too, moreover, furthermore, as well as, additionally, again. 让步 although, after all, in spite of, despite, even if, even though, though, admittedly, whatever may happen. 转折 however, rather than, instead of, but, yet, on the other hand, unfortunately.whereas 原因 for this reason, due to, thanks to, because, because of, as, since, owing to. 结果 as a result, thus, hence, so, therefore, accordingly, consequently, as consequence. 总结 on the whole, in conclusion, in a word, to sum up, in brief, in summary, to conclude, to summarize,in short. 其他 Mostly, occasionally, currently, naturally, mainly, exactly, evidently, frankly, commonly, for this purpose, to a large extent, for most of us, in many cases, in this case,六、用于图表的常用句型As is shown in the graph如图所示 The graph shows that 图表显示 As can be seen from the table, 从表格中可以看出 From the chart, we know that 从这张表中,我们可知 All these data/statistics/figures clearly prove the fact that所有这些数据明显证明这一事实,即 The increase of . In the city has reached to 20%. .在这个城市的增长已达到20%. In 1985, the number remained the same. 1985年,这个数字保持不变. There was a gradual decline in 1989. 1989年,出现了逐渐下降的情况. 七、书信写作常用句型1申请信1）I am writing to apply for the post of.advertised in.(申请刊登在上的.工作)2）In reply to your advertisement in, I beg to apply for the post ofin your company.3) Immediately I saw your advertisement in the paper for, I left it was just the kind of post for which I have the qualifications and for which I have been looking for some time.(看到贵公司在报上的招聘的广告，我马上感到这正是我这段时间所要寻找的工作，并且我正适合)4) The kind of work in which your company is engaged particularly interests me.5) I feel I have the necessary qualifications and experience needed for the position ofadvertised in the paper.6) I shall bring with me the full details of my testimonials as you request.7) I should be pleased to attend for an interview at your convenience, when I could give you further details concerning myself.8) It seems to me that this experience, together with my education, has given me ideal preparation to assume the role of in a firm such as yours. 2. 邀请信及答复1) It is with the greatest pleasure that I write to cordially invite you to attend the meeting.2) It gives me the greatest pleasure to invite you to visit this exhibition.3) It is very kind of you to ask us to dinner this coming Saturday evening. But, to our deep regret, we cannot accept it.3. 批评、投诉信1) I am writing to complain about.2) I think its high time you realized(我认为是你认识到的时候了).3) I must warn you that unless you do something about the situation I will be forced to take legal avtion.4) To be frank, I am not prepared to put up with the situation any more.4. 感谢信1) I warmly appreciate your hospitality.2) I dont know how to thank you for your kindness to me.3) I am writing to thank you, on behalf of my wife and on my own behalf, for the lovely time we had at your party last night.5. 推荐信1) I am very pleased to write this letter of recommendation to support his application.2) I am very delighted to have been asked to write this letter of recommendation for3) Aside from the aspect of,he gives me the impression that.4) To my knowledge, he is a versatile young man.5) During his work, he had complete a lot of important research projects, and accumulated rich experience and skills in the following fields写作模版1现象解释型模板Topic sentencehas become a common part of peoples life.Andhas always aroused the greatest concern.what impresses us most is .The reasonsare varied. 5. Among the various reasons,plays an important role.6.That is to say,7.What is more,8.For example, 9When talking about，10On the one hand11On the other hand,12In brief, 2对比选择型作文模板1.Different people have different views on2. Some people perfer,.3. Others tend to, .4.As to me, I agree with /to 5. Of course,.6.For example,7.But,8.The following reasons can account for my preference 9.The main reason is .10.A good example to illustrate is 11.Fur another,12.From the foregoing, 3问题解决型作文模板1. With the development/improvement of ,.2. It is necessary that.3. On the one hand, .4. On the other hand, 5. Therefore, how to is worth paying attention.6.Firstly7.Secondly8.For example,9. Thirdly, .10.In other words,11.In fact, ways to are countless.12.Its time that 4. 观点论证型作文模板1. It is true that.2. However,.3.I think.4. can be listed as follow.5. First of all, 6. Secondly 7.For example8.Thirdly,9. A case in point is .10.It goes without saying that11.There is no doubt that 12.In conclusion 5. 求职申请信模板DateDear1. I am applying for the position of advertised in.2. I major in .3. My training in definitely meet your qualifications.4. My complete resume is attached.5. I will graduate on from6. In additionto the required courses of this program, I have.7. I also have some experience in 8. I believe that my training and experience.9. You will find me to be.10. I hope that you will consider me for your position.11.May I have a personal interview at your convenience? 12.I can be reach by telephone betweenand. Sincerely yours, Signature: 常用的名人名言1. Do not, for one repulse , give up the purpose that you resolved to effect .(William Shakespeare , British dramatist)不要只因一次失败，就放弃你原来决心想达到的目的。(英国剧作家 莎士比亚.W.)2. Dont part with your illusions . When they are gone you may still exist , but you have ceased to live. (Mark Twain , American writer)不要放弃你的幻想。当幻想没有了以后，你还可以生存，但是你虽生犹死。(美国作家 马克吐温)3. I want to bring out the secrets of nature and apply them for the happiness of man . I dont know of any better service to offer for the short time we are in the world .(Thomas Edison , American inventor)我想揭示大自然的秘密，用来造福人类。我认为，在我们的短暂一生中，最好的贡献莫过于此了。(美国发明家 爱迪生. T.)4. Ideal is the beacon. Without ideal , there is no secure direction ; without direction , there is no life .( Leo Tolstoy , Russian writer)理想是指路明灯。没有理想，就没有坚定的方向；没有方向，就没有生活。(俄国作家 托尔斯泰 )5. If winter comes , can spring be far behind ?( P. B. Shelley , British poet )冬天来了，春天还会远吗？( 英国诗人, 雪莱. P. B.)6. If you doubt yourself , then indeed you stand on shaky11 ground .(Ibsen , Norwegian dramatist )如果你怀疑自己，那么你的立足点确实不稳固了。 (挪威剧作家 易卜生)7. If you would go up high , then use your own legs ! Do not let yourselves carried aloft; do not seat yourselves on other peoples backs and heads . (F. W . Nietzsche , German Philosopher)如果你想走到高处，就要使用自己的两条腿！不要让别人把你抬到高处；不要坐在别人的背上和头上。(德国哲学家 尼采. F. W.)8. It is at our mothers knee that we acquire our noblest and truest and highest , but there is seldom any money in them.( Mark Twain , American writer )就是在我们母亲的膝上，我们获得了我们的最高尚、最真诚和最远大的理想，但是里面很少有任何金钱。(美国作家 马克吐温)9.Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. Alexander Dumas (Davy de La Pailleterie, French Writer)生活没有目标就像航海没有指南针。 (法国作家 大仲马. A.)10. The ideals which have lighted my way , and time after time have given me new courage to face life cheerfully 19 have been kindness , beauty and truth .(Albert Einstein , American scientist)有些理想曾为我们引过道路，并不断给我新的勇气以欣然面对人生，那些理想就是-真、善、美。 (美国科学家 爱因斯坦 . A .)11.The important thing in life is to have a great aim , and the determination to attain it. (Johan Wolfgang von Goethe , German Poet and dramatist)人生重要的事情就是确定一个伟大的目标，并决心实现它。(德国诗人、戏剧家 歌德 . J . M .)12. The man with a new idea is a crank until the idea succeeds .(Mark Twain , American writer)具有新想法的人在其想法实现之前是个怪人。 (美国作家 马克吐温)13.The only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today .(Franklin Roosevelt , American president)实现明天理想的唯一障碍是今天的疑虑。 (美国总统 罗斯福. F .)14. When an end is lawful and obligatory, the indispensable means to is are also lawful and obligatory .(Abraham Lincoln , American statesman)如果一个目的是正当而必须做的，则达到这个目的的必要手段也是正当而必须采取的。(美国政治家 林肯. A.)15.Genius only means hard-working all ones life .( Mendeleyer , Russian Chemist)天才只意味着终身不懈的努力。(俄国化学家 门捷列耶夫)16. I have nothing to offer but blood , toil tears and sweat . (Winston Churchill, British Politician)我所能奉献的没有其它，只有热血、辛劳、眼泪与汗水。(英国政治家 丘吉尔 . W.)17. Man errs so long as he strives. (Johan Wolfgang Goethe , German poet and dramatist)人只要奋斗就会犯错误。 (德国诗人、剧作家 歌德. J. W.)18.My fellow Americans , ask not what your country can do for you; ask what you can do for your country . My fellow citizens of the world ; ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man . (John Kennedy , American President )美国同胞们，不要问国家能为你们做些什么，而要问你们能为国家做