3古典贸易理论.ppt

ClassicalTradeModels FromEarlyThoughtstoComparativeAdvantageModel CHAPTER3 TradeTheories EarlyTradeTheoriesTheClassicalTheoryofTradeAbsoluteAdvantageandtheSmithModelComparativeAdvantageandtheRicardianModelNeoclassicalTradeTheoryFactorEndowmentandtheHeckscher OhlinModelSpecificFactorModelModernTradeTheoriesImperfectCompetitionandEconomiesofScaleProductLifeCycleTheoryOverlappingDemandTheoryNewDevelopmentinInternationalTradeTheory ClassicalTradeModels Framework Mercantilism 重商主义 AbsoluteAdvantageTheoryComparativeAdvantageTheory Mercantilism DefinitionBackgroundTwoPeriodsandRepresentativesMainideas PoliciesCriticismstoMercantilism Definition Between1600and1800mostofthestatesofwesternEuropewereheavilyinfluencedbyapolicyusuallyknownasmercantilism Mercantilismisacollectionofpoliciesdesignedtokeepthestateprosperousbyeconomicregulation Background IncreaseinCommercialActivityduetodiscoveryofnewtraderoutesEmphasisonthequestforgoldandsilverNewsocialclasses world widemerchantsRiseofNation States Spain Holland England France TwoPeriodsandRepresentatives Time Representative 15c 16c50s 16c50s 17c Early Latter Montchrestien ThomasMun W Stafford MainIdeasOfMercantilism Nation sWealth Country sholdingsofpreciousmetalsExportisagain gainpreciousmetals importisaloss losepreciousmetals Tradeisa Zero sumGame onecountry sgainisthelossofanothercountry PoliciesOfMercantilism Buildupthepowerofanation state strongarmy strongnavy andmerchantmarineMaintainapositivetradebalance export import a Bothimportofwaresandmoney andcustom freeexport b Reducingtheimportofluxurygoods c Encouragementofimportswiththepurposeofre export CriticismstoMercantilism DavidHume 大卫 休谟 AdamSmithThepolicysuggestedbytheMercantilismisaKindof beggar the neighbor policy 以邻为壑的政策 It snogoodtoanyone AdvocatetheprincipleofFreetrade DavidHume 1711 1776 OneofthegreatestphilosophersinWesternhistory aswellasanaccomplishedhistorianandeconomist denythetheinflowofgoldspeciecouldbesustainable thePrice Specie FlowMechanism 铸币 价格机制 Price specieFlowMechanism 货币供应量 价格 商品量 Qfixed Pup Thetermsoftradechange Exportdecline Importincrease Price specieFlowMechanism Summary Givensufficienttime anautomatictradebalanceadjustmentwouldtakeplacebetweenatradesurpluscountryandatradedeficitcountry Therewasa naturalbalance oftradebetweennationswhichdeliberatepolicymovescouldnotcontradict AbsoluteAdvantageTheory AdamSmithBackgroundSmith seraisthetimewhengovernmentsgrantedmonopoliesandprotectedtheirownmerchantsagainst unfair competition andthepoweroffreetradewasscarcelyunderstood Smith sModelLimitation 亚当 斯密AdamSmith 1723 1790 古典经济学的主要创始人代表作 国富论 1776 道德情操论 1759 Smith sModel BasicAssumptionsBasisforTradeMeasurementsofabsoluteadvantageAnumericalexamplePatternofProduction TradeGainfromtheTrade BasicAssumptions Oneinput Labor L Twooutputs Wheat Qw andCloth Qc Twocountries USandChinaDifferenttechnologies differentproductivityoflaborFullEmployment PerfectCompetition andConstantreturntoScale BasisforTrade DifferenceinTechnology DifferentProductivity DifferentProductioncost DifferentCommodityprice Internationaltrade生产技术的绝对差别导致劳动生产率的差别 从而导致生产成本以至商品价格的不同 这就是贸易产生的基础 AbsoluteAdvantage AbsoluteAdvantage 如果一件东西在购买时所费的代价比在家里生产时所费的小 就永远不会想要在家内生产 这是每一个精明的家长都知道的格言 裁缝不想制作自己的鞋子 而向鞋匠购买 在每一个私人家庭的行为中是精明的事情 在一个大国的行为中就很少是荒唐的了 如果外国能以比我们自己制造还便宜的商品供应我们 我们最好就用我们有优势的产业生产出来的物品的一部分向他们购买 国富论 第424 425页 Measurementsofabsoluteadvantage 1 Productivity If then Chinahasanabsoluteadvantageinproductcloth Productioncost measuredbyinput aLQ laborrequiredineachunitofoutput c c Measurementsofabsoluteadvantage 2 Commodityprice whereWiswagerate GivenafixedW PispositivelyrelatedtoproductioncostaLQ Anumericalexample Inthiscase ChinahasanabsoluteadvantageinproducingclothandtheUShasanabsoluteadvantageingrowingwheat PatternofProduction Trade EachcountryshouldspecializeinandexporttheProductinwhichithasanabsoluteadvantage PatternofProduction inthiscase ChinashouldbespecializedinproductionofclothandUSshouldproducewheat PatternofTrade Chinashouldexportclothandimportwheat USshouldimportclothandexportwheat GainFromtheTrade P Produce C Consumer Laborboth100LaborbeusedequallyontheproductionofC W Gains Bothconsumermore China25morewheat US10morecloth ExchangeRatemustbetween0 8 2 ExchangeRate 中国用1单位布换取的小麦不能小于0 5单位 否则不如自己生产小麦 美国用1单位小麦换取的布不能小于0 8单位 否则不如自己生产布 因此 布 小麦的交换比率应介于0 5和1 25之间 LimitationoftheSmith sModel Inthiscase theUShastheabsoluteadvantageinbothgoods itisverycommonforadevelopedcountrytohaveabsoluteadvantagesinmostsectors AccordingtotheSmiththeory therewillbenotrade Really ComparativeAdvantageTheory DavidRicardoComparativeAdvantageRicardo sModelComparativeAdvantagewithManyGoodsorManyCountriesMisconceptionsaboutComparativeAdvantageEvaluation DavidRicardo 1772 1823 出身于伦敦商人家庭 青年时代从事股票投资 25岁已有财产200万英镑 后被选为英国下议员 未受过高等教育 但是长期从事经济理论研究 是古典政治经济学的集大成者 代表著作 政治经济学及赋税原理 ThePrinciplesofPoliticalEconomyandTaxation Ricardo sModel BasicAssumptionsBasisofTradeMeasurementsofComparativeAdvantagePatternofProductionandTradeEffectsofTrade BasicAssumptions Oneinput Labor L Twooutputs Wheat Qw andCloth Qc Twocountries USandChinaCostsareconstantandtherearenoeconomiesofscale Factorsofproductionareperfectlymobile Goodsareidentical Perfectknowledge Notransportcosts Notariffsorothertradebarriers BasisofTrade DifferencesinTechnologies inrelativeterm RelativeproductivityRelativeproductioncostRelativecommoditypriceInternationalTrade MeasurementsofComparativeAdvantage 1 RelativelaborproductivityofProduct1 相对劳动生产率 IfthenChinahasacomparativeadvantageinproductionofProduct1 MeasurementsofComparativeAdvantage 2 Relativeinput requirement physicalcost ofProduct1 相对要素投入 whereaL1istheinputrequirementineachunitofoutputofProduct1 生产一单位商品1所需的投入 MeasurementsofComparativeAdvantage 3 OpportunitycostofProduct1 Thecostofanactivityintermsofsacrificednextbestalternativeusesoftheassetsinvolved Canalsobeformulatedas amountofproduct2wemustgiveuptoproduceaunitofproduct1 生产一单位商品1所必须放弃的生产商品2的数量 也即商品1的边际技术替代率 MeasurementsofComparativeAdvantage 4 Relativeprice 相对价格 ofProduct1 以上四种衡量比较优势的方法 其结果是一致的 Example Anumericalexample Onlyasmallchange AbsoluteAdvantage ComparativeAdvantage NoTrade Trade PatternofProductionandTrade EachcountryshouldspecializeinandexporttheProductinwhichithasacomparativeadvantage 各个国家应专业生产并出口那些他们具有比较优势的产品 inthiscase ChinashouldbespecializedinproductionofclothandUSshouldproducewheat EffectsofTrade ThestandardofwelfareGeneralequilibriumanalysis NumericalGraphSummery Generalequilibriumanalysis Numerical P Produce C ConsumerLaborbeusedequallyontheproductionofC W ExchangeRatemustbetween1 1 2 Gains 中国贸易后消费的52单位布和32单位小麦 若完全自己生产 需要52 1 32 2 116L 因此节约了16L 美国的48单位布和68单位小麦 若完全自己生产 需要48 0 91 68 1 111 6L 因此节约了11 6L ExchangeRate 中国用1单位布换取的小麦不能小于0 5单位 否则不如自己生产小麦 美国用1单位小麦换取的布不能小于1 1单位 否则不如自己生产布 因此 布 小麦的交换比率应介于1 1和2之间 GeneralEquilibriumAnalysis Graphs QW Export 25 50 52 32 QC China TradeTriangle Import 50 100 1 5 2 A B C TheStandardofWelfare 注意 在一般均衡的分析中 衡量福利水平的指标是社会无差异曲线的水平而非产品的绝对消费量 因此 贸易后两种商品的消费量都增加的情况可以说明整个国家的贸易所得 但是说明贸易所得并不一定需要两种商品的消费量都增加 SummaryoftheEffect ToPrice therelativePriceofexport whichhascomparativeadvantage goesup Workdivision EachcountryspecializeintheProductinwhichithasacomparativeadvantageWelfare Eachcountrybetteroff consumermoreorproducefrugally GeneralEquilibriumAnalysis Graphs 以表3 3的数据为基础假设A国共有12000劳动小时B国共有9600劳动小时试画出A B两国的PPF 封闭状态下的相对价格及一般均衡 FIGURE3 1ProductionPossibilityFrontier FIGURE3 2Pre t