大学英语四六级考试写作讲座(一)、(二)、(三).doc

大学英语四六级考试写作讲座（一）、（二）、（三）1. 四六级考试写作简介：基本要求：大学英语教学大纲中对于大学英语四六级写作的要求是：考试时间为30分钟，分值均为总分的15；四级考试要求在规定时间内写出120150词（不包括所给出的句子）的短文，文章切题，文理通顺，意思连贯，无重大语法错误。大学英语六级写作的要求只在字数上比四级略有增加，即要求150180词，其他方面与四级要求相同。大学英语四六级作文题采用总体评分的方法，阅卷人员就文章总体印象给出奖励分，而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。总的说来是就其内容及语言运用能力两个方面对文章进行综合评判，内容方面要考虑作文是否切题，是否根据不同的提示充分展开，能否借助英语清楚、确切而完整的表达思想；语言方面要考虑词汇、句法及修辞等方面应用英语的能力，以及用词造句是否准确而又符合英语表达习惯，是否有由语言错误造成的理解上的障碍。同时，大纲明确规定“应避免趋中倾向，该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括零分。一名阅卷人员的全部作文试卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。”评分标准：满分为15分，共分五个等级：2分、5分、8分、11分、14分。若认为某篇文章接近某分数段，则以此分数段为基准，可根据优劣加减一分，不得加减半分。注意，若规定三段的作文只写一段者给04分，只写两段者给09分。具体如下：0分白卷；作文与题目毫不相干；只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想。2分条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，而且多为严重错误。5分基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。8分基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。11分切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，但有少量语言错误。14分切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好。基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。此外，到目前为止还未曾有因字数过多而扣分的例子，因为四六级写作时间有限，考生不能写太长的作文。但字数不足应酌情扣分（如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句、均不得计入所写字数），具体字数与扣分标准如下：累计字数四级11011910010990998089707969六级14014913013912012911011910010999扣分123579四六级写作的题材和体裁：1. 题材：工作学习方面（2001.6 A Letter to a Schoolmate）、人生观方面(1997.6 My View on Job-Hopping)、交通方面(1993.1 Motorcycles and City Traffic)、科技方面(1994.1 We Need to Broaden Our Knowledge)、社会方面(2000.1 How I Finance My College Education?)、文化及风俗方面(1999.1 Dont Hesitate to say No)、谚语方面(1997.1 Haste Makes Waste)体裁：提纲作文 79；提示作文（英文题目及中文提示）5；图表、图画作文10；四六级写作技巧：作文跑题是写作的大忌，我们建议大家在动笔前花三五分钟认真审题并列一个提纲，将思路理清。请参考“六问审题法”：1）什么文体？ 2）写作对象是谁？ 3）写作中心是什么？4）写作重点是什么？ 5）采用什么写作角度？ 6）有无其他要求？作文题目是：Harmfulness of Fake Commodities 提示：（1）目前社会上有不少假冒商品（fake commodities）。为什么会有这种现象？（2）举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人和社会等的危害。分析如下：1）文体说明文；2）写作对象假冒商品；3）写作中心假冒商品存在的原因及其危害；4）写作重点剖析假冒商品的属性；5）写作角度以第三人称（假冒商品）；6） 其他要求时间30分钟，字数120以上。大学英语四六级考试写作部分要求考生在30分钟内写出分别不少于120和150字的短文，大多数考生能在规定时间内完成，但很多作文质量偏差，最突出的问题之一就是作文结构散乱，缺乏条理。因此了解四六级写作的基本模式很重要。四六级写作大都是“三段式”作文大约10句话就能满足字数要求。其结构基本如下：1.立论式:u 开篇：第一段(两句)句子一：写出文章所要围绕的大致话题句子二：确立文章主题u 论述：第二段(七句)句子三：引出作者持有此观点的理由句子四：理由1句子五：支持理由1的细节1句子六：支持理由1的细节2句子七：理由2句子八：支持理由2的细节1句子九：支持理由2的细节2u 总结：第三段（一句）句子十：总结句与文章主题相呼应(1) My View on 题型:公说公有理，婆说婆有理，许多话题永远争论不休。四六级写作考得最多的就是这种题型。例如：1.失败是常有的事，2. 人们对失败有各种不同的态度，3. 我对失败的态度。套路1：Different people have different views on It is held that But it is also held that Those who hold the first opinion In contrast, those who hold the second view As to me, I agree with the latter opinion. Admittedly, but this is not to say that 套路2：Peoples views/ ideas/ opinions on vary from person to person. Some people think that They hold this opinion because However, others hold that As to me, I am in favor of the first/ second idea. The following are the reasons for my choice/ personal inclination.First, while it is true that it doesnt mean that Besides, Admittedly, but this is not to say that Therefore/ In a word/ All in all, 套路3：When asked about a theme, different people will offer different opinions is no exception. Some people take it for granted/ think /believe that However, others hold that As far as I am concerned, Im in favor of the second view. The reasons are as follows. First, there is an element truth that Therefore, the first view doesnt hold water/ cannot bear much analysis /cannot stand up to close examination.In conclusion (2) How to 题型:四六级考试考过“怎样才能实现绿化”、“我是如何克服英语学习中所遇到的困难的”、“我怎么为我理想的职业做准备”等等，这样的立论式作文可以遵循以下的套路：Many ways can contribute to solving this serious problem, but the following ones may be most effective. First of all, Besides, /Another way to solve the problem of is Finally, These are not the best and the only three measures we can take. But it should be noted that we should take strong actions to (3) Why 题型:四六级写作考原因的也比较多，例如，“为什么自行车在中国这样普及”、“我参加CET6考试的理由”等等。要说明原因，可用如下两种套路：套路1： There are many reasons/ causes for , but in general, they come down to three major ones. For one thing, For another, Perhaps the prime reason / cause is that In one word, 套路2：There are many factors that may account for / contribute to/ responsible for the reason why , but the following are the most typicall ones.First, Besides / Furthermore/ Moreover/ In addition/ Whats more, Most important of all/ Above all, All in all/ In conclusion, 附：例文1My View on Donating BloodPeoples views on donating blood vary from person to person. Some people think that it is glorious to donate blood. They hold this view because those who are in urgent need of blood can be saved. But others hold that it is foolish for people to donate blood. In their opinion, blood is very precious and losing 200ml or more may do harm to their health.As to me, I agree with the first opinion. The reasons of my choice are as follows. First, while it is true that loss of too much blood is dangerous to ones health, it doesnt mean that donating a little blood is also harmful. On the contrary, doctors say that donating a little blood can promote metabolism. Second, there are many people who need our help. If my little blood can pull back somebody on the way to death, will there be anything that can make me even happier?Therefore, donating blood is glorious.例文2How to Solve the Problem of Heavy TrafficWith the booming of the motor industry, there are an increasing number of vehicles on the roads. As a result, traffic jams often occur.Many ways can contribute to solving this serious problem, but the following ones may be most effective. First of all, roads should be broadened to lower the degree of congestion and to speed up the flow of heavy traffic. Another way to solve the problem of heavy traffic is to open up more bus routes to reduce bicycles and automobiles. Finally, more underground passages should be developed so that people can commute by metro.These are not the best and the only three ways we can take. But it should be noted that if the government takes some actions to alleviate the traffic problem, all of us can enjoy more free traffic.例文3Why Are There So Many Rural Laborers in Shanghai?Nowadays, rural laborers flood in Shanghai. Men usually make a living by decorating houses for city-dwellers. Women usually work in the restaurant, washing bowls and plates. Some of them also work in state-run factories, undertaking the work city-dwellers are unwilling to do. There are many reasons for this social phenomenon, but in general, they come down to three major ones.For one thing, perhaps they are short of money and want to earn some money in Shanghai to cope with their difficulties. For another, they find it easier to make a living in Shanghai than in the countryside. Perhaps the prime reason is that they admire the urban life and want to live in Shanghai permanently.From the above, the rural population is getting bigger and bigger in Shanghai and it has caused serious social problems. Therefore, the government should take effective measures to restrict the rural population in Shanghai.大学英语四六级考试写作讲座（二）四六级考试写作技巧：正式写作 英语作文中的“起、承、转、合”：在汉语文章中又起承转合的过程，其实英语文章也有类似结构。不论是命题作文，还是图表信息转换，还是规定情境作文，用起承转合展开写作是一个容易成功的办法。“起”就是开端，文章中常指开头段，有中心句；“承”就是承接，承接上文并加以申述，常指展开部分的讨论；“转”就是转折，从另一方面立论，遇到需转折时常用表示“可是”、“然而”的连接词；“合”就是结尾，给出结论，结束全文，文章中指结尾段。有时文章中可能会没有“转”，但“合”总是有的。Dont Hesitate to Say “No”(起)Saying “No” to others is often quite necessary and natural.(承)When we are asked to help but are unable to, we may say “No” with explanations of reasons for our refusal. (转)But some people are reluctant to say “No” when they should because they do not want either to make others disappointed or unhappy or to let others know of their limited ability. However, they do not realize that not to say “No” when they should will not only cause delay in others business but also cause others to think sooner or later that they are distrustful persons. (合)Therefore, dont hesitate to say “No”.这是个有起承转合结构的段落，以主题句“起”，紧接着是“承”，从表示转折意义的连接词“but” 那句开始“转”，最后以“therefore”示意为 “合”。英语文章中的起承转合可用连接词来加强联系。在自己的短文中恰当的使用，会使文章读起来逻辑连贯，意义清晰。“起”：at first / at present / first of all / firstly / generally speaking / a proverb says / on the whole / it is clear that / currently / lately / many people often ask this question / in general “承”：for example / for instance / for this purpose / at the same time / in addition / indeed / no doubt / in fact / obviously / meanwhile / of course / also / moreover / besides / we must recognize that / similarly / “转”：but / to our surprise / unfortunately / fortunately however / on the other hand / but it is a pity that / nevertheless / in other words / on the contrary / in the same way / anyway / after all / other may find this to be true, but I “合”：as a result / as I have said / at last / finally / in brief / in short / on the whole / therefore / to sum up / accordingly / above all / consequently / eventually / all in all / in a word / in conclusion / as has been noted 如何开篇：1 引言部分要引出主题，确立论点。2正文部分是分析问题。每一个正文段落一般包括主题句和展开句。主题句一般放在句首，写成简单句，句子尽量清楚、简洁；展开句须围绕主题句展开阐述，可用列举法列出相关事实和理由，或用举例法进一步说明。写展开句时要注意使用衔接词和短语，必要时可在最后一句总结全段的主要内容。（1） 主题句主题句的好坏直接关系到段落是否成功。因此主题句必须写得完整、清晰、具体。首先，主题句必须能够完整的表达主题思想，并且必须是一个主谓结构完整的句子，不能只是只言片语。有的同学容易将提示机械地翻译成短语，将其放在段落之首。例：Choosing Career1 社会上可选择的职业很多2 选择职业应持的态度3 我理想的职业这是一篇提纲式的命题作文，第一段的提示性的语句可直接翻译成句子We can choose among many professions in our society. 第二段和第三段只是提示性的短语，切不可在段首只写上 attitude towards choosing career 和 my ideal career, 而应将其发展成完整的语句 It is important to be sensible about the choice. 和 The career I like best is 其次，主题句要清楚，不能让读者感到模棱两可。例：To play a sport, one needs to know something about it. (unclear)To play a sport requires good health. (clear)To play a sport requires fair rules. (clear)To play a sport, one needs to develop his good temper. (clear)最后，主题句要具体，不可过窄或过宽。它所包含的内容太宽，会使主题显得含糊不清，以致很难在一个段落之中把主题说清楚。如果包含的内容过窄，又使得段落无法展开。例：Television plays an important role in our life. (broad)Television presents The Spring Festival Get-together Party in front of us. (narrow)Television brings us a vivid world. (medium)Television can play an educational role in our daily life. (medium)换言之，主题句应是可扩展句，它既要具有概括性，又要有具体的、标明主题导向的关键词语。例：People like using computers very much.此句只是单纯的陈述，缺乏概括性，可修改为：People make use of computers in a lot of ways. 其中 in a lot of ways 是该主题句的关键词语。再如：Computers are very useful.该句缺乏具体的导向，因此可修改为：Computers are useful in many respects. 或 Computers have a lot of uses.其中useful in many respects 和a lot of uses 是关键词语。大学英语四六级考试写作采用最多的文体是说明文与议论文，下面是写这两种文章时的常用开篇句型：（1） When it comes to , some people think that . Others think that the opposite is true. There is probably some truth in both arguments but （2） When asked about , the majority of people say that , but others regard as （3） There is a general discussion about . Those who criticize argue that . They believe that . But people who advocate , on the other hand, argue that （4） Now, it is commonly believed that . They claim that . But I wonder whether （5） With the general recognition , more and more people believe that .（6） In recent few years, there is a sharp increase in the number （7） Recently there is a general attitude that （8） One of the great writers once said that , now most of us agree with it.（9） People used to think that . In the past . But things are quite different.（10） According to a recent record, it can be learned that （2） 展开句写好主题句和关键词之后，下一步就是选择能支持关键词的有关素材，围绕主题句来展开段落。展开句时主题句的延伸，起着辅助主题句、推展段落中心的作用。在写作时，既要注意把思想表达清楚，叙述翔实，又要注意简明扼要、重点突出。每一个展开句都应该是对主题句中体现主要思想的关键词的明确的说明。要想写好展开句，一个常用的方法就是在句子展开之前加以设问，然后解答。例：Topic sentence: English is an international language设问（why）: Why can we say English is an international language?解答（because）:because English is spoken by pilots and airport control operators on all the airways of the world.because over 70 percent of the worlds mail is written in English.because more than 60 percent of the worlds radio programs are in English.下面是扩展文章主体时常用的句型：（1） The answer to this problem involves many complex factors. For one thing, . Still another .（2） My reason may be expressed as follows.（3） The opinion may be supported by data .（4） There is no better illustration of the point than the example of （5） Although it is commonly held that , it is unlikely to be true that （6） Good as this is, it has its own disadvantages. For one thing, . For another, （7） There is absolutely no reason for us to believe that （8） Some people suggest that . But what these people fail to understand is that .(3) 结尾句结尾部分应与首段相呼应，但要换个句型或方法来表达，避免与首段简单重复。有的考生因时间有限或感到无话可说便不写结尾，这是完全错误的。文章的结尾给人的印象深刻的程度仅次于开头，为了使文章结构完整，必须写结尾，为了给文章增色，还要写好结尾。好的结尾能取得画龙点睛的效果，而不好的结尾却会给人狗尾续貂的感觉。四六级作文常见的结尾句型：1） 总结式 From what has been discussed above, we may safely arrive at the conclusion that . In conclusion, I would like to say that is a question that deserves special attention from the public. Therefore, we can draw the following conclusions 2) 展望式 Obviously, if we cant change the situation, there is every chance that will be put in danger. It is high time that . Here are a few examples of some of the things that might be done immediately. Anyway, whether it does us good or harm, it is certain that it will undoubtedly . If we want to achieve our success, we can learn from the words of Bacon .2. 对比式开篇: 第一段: (两句)句子一：写出文章所要围绕的大致话题;句子二：写出两种不同观点。论述：第二段：（三句）句子三：写出正方观点的理由；句子四：支持正方理由的细节1句子五：支持正方理由的细节2第三段：（三句）句子六：写出反方观点的理由；句子七：支持反方理由的细节1句子八：支持反方理由的细节2总结：第四段：（两句）句子九：明确作者的观点；句子十：总结句语气中一观点相呼应，强化主题。（1） Advantages and Disadvantages of 题型事物总是一分为二的。四六级写作题目中有许多涉及某一事物的正反两方面。例如：“运动的积极因素与消极因素”、“摩托车的优点与缺点”等。凡涉及到利弊的题目时可用以下的套路：Nowadays, play(s) an important part/role in (is /are popular around us). Like everything else, has /have both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.First,. Besides, . Most important of all, But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. To begin with, . To make matters worse/worst of all, Through above analysis, I believe that the advantages/positive aspects outweigh the disadvantages/negative ones. Therefore, (2) A or B 题型人生面临着许多抉择，这在四六级写作题目中也反映了出来。如：“始终从事一种工作还是经常更换工作”、“有选择的读书还是博览群书”。碰到这种“两者选一”的题目，可运用下列套路：套路1：When we/you , we/you will be faced with the choice between A and B. before making the right choice, we/you had better make a close comparison and contrast of them.First of all, A . Also, b . Second, A . Likewise, B . Despite their similarities. A and B are also different in the following aspects. First, A . However , B . Besides, A . On the contrary, B Therefore, it depends which we / you should choose. If we/you , we/you should choose A; but if we/you , we / you should turn to B.套路二：When we , it is inevitable to meet the choice between A and B. We would be regarded as inconsiderate if we rushed our decision without comparing or contrasting them.First / First of all / To begin with, both A and B A . However, B . Besides / Moreover / In addition / whats more, A . However/In contrast/On the contrary/On the other hand, Finally, the most striking difference is that A while B . Therefore, it is not difficult to make a right choice now. if we we will choose A; but if we we will turn to B. In a word, the key lies in 例文： On ComputerNowadays, computers are very popular around us. Like everything else, computers have both favorable and unfavorable aspects. Generally, the advantages and be listed as follows.First, computers can calculate. They can make work more efficient for they have a high speed of calculation. Besides, people can communicate with each other by E-mail, which costs people less money and less time. Most important of all, computers create wide communication around the world. People can communicate with each other by joining internet. They can make friends all over the world.But every coin has two sides. The negative aspects are also apparent. T begin with, since computers can do a lot of work for us, such as calculation, we may rely too much on them and become lazier and lazier. To make matters worse, although it is convenient for people to communicate with each other by E-mail, the original warm relationship may become cold, for people will have fewer opportunities to talk to each other face to face. Worst of all, computers will have virus caused by electronic hackers so that a lot of important information will be lost.Through above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects outweigh the negative aspects. Therefore, I believe, computers will have a bright future.Traveling by Train or by PlaneWhen we go on a business trip, we will be faced with the choice between traveling by train and by plane. Before making the right choice, we had better make a close comparison and contrast of them.First of all, a train will take us to our target railway station. Also, a plane will take us to the target airport. Second, in a train we can enjoy the beautiful scenery of the countryside. Likewise, in a plane we can command a good view of fields, buildings, mountains and even clouds below. Despite their similarities, traveling by train and by plane are also different in the following aspects. First, a train ticket is cheap. Most of us can afford it. However, a plane ticket is about twice as expensive as a train ticket. Most of us train gets into some trouble, we may survive by jumping out of it. On the contrary, if we travel by plane, we have to ask God to bless us. Finally, it takes us longer time to travel by train than by plane.Therefore, it depends which transportation tool we should choose. If we just want to save money, we will travel by train; but if we want to save time, we will turn to the