TPO28阅读长难句 (2).docx

Passage 11. Most of the worlds potable water-freshwater suitable for drinking-is accounted for by groundwater， which is stored in the pores and fractures in rocks.分析：which引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰groundwater，account for是固定的短语，意为“对做出解释；说明的原因；导致；(比例)占”，这里解释为“(比例)占”。译文：世界上绝大部分的饮用水比如可以饮用的淡水都是地下水，它们储藏在岩石孔隙和裂缝中。2. There is more than 50 times as much freshwater stored underground than in all the freshwater rivers and lakes at the surface.分析：这句话的结构是“A is倍数+比较级+than B”，意为“A比B多几倍”。译文：储藏于地下的淡水比地表中的淡水河流和湖泊的总水量还多50倍。3. At greater depths within Earth， the pressure of the overlying rock causes pores and cracks to close， reducing the space that pore water can occupy， and almost complete closure occurs at a depth of about 10 kilometers.分析：reducing the space现在分词作状语，表结果；that引导的是定语从句，修饰the space；and引导的是两个并列句。译文：随着深度的增加，上覆岩层的压力使岩石孔隙和裂缝闭合了，减少了孔隙水的储存空间；另外， 10公里深的地下孔隙也几乎完全闭合了。4. A groundwater reservoir from which water can be extracted is called an aquifer.分析：which引导的是定语从句，修饰reservoir，reservoir在从句中充当宾语；extract from是固定的短语，意为“从.抽取”。译文：可以抽取出地下水的地下水库叫做蓄水层。5. The more poorly sorted or the more tightly compacted sediment is， the lower its porosity and permeability.分析：这句话的结构是“the+比较级+陈述句，the+比较级+陈述句”，意为“越.越.”译文：沉积物分选得越差或压实得越紧，则其孔隙度和渗透率就越低。6. Sedimentary rocks-the most common rock type near the surface-are also the most common reservoirs for water because they contain the most space that can be filled with water.分析：这句话是由because引导的原因状语从句，主句是Sedimentary rocks-the most common.其中，第一个破折号的内容是对sedimentary rocks的解释说明，第二个破折号的内容才是这句话的主干信息；because从句中that引导的是定语从句，修饰space，space在定语从句中充当主语。译文：沉积岩地表最常见的岩石也是最常见的水储集层，因为它们拥有最多的可储水的孔隙空间。7. In some cases， the water table reaches Earths surface， where it is expressed as rivers， lakes and marshes.分析：句中的where引导的是状语从句，修饰Earths surface，it指代the water table。译文：某些情况下，地下水位将到达地表，在那里它以河流、湖泊或沼泽地的形式存在。8. Water in the vadose zone drains down to the water table， leaving behind a thin coating of water on mineral grains.分析：leaving behind a thin coating of water on mineral grains现在分词作状语，表结果。译文：包气带中的水沉降到地下水位，只有在矿物颗粒表面留下了一层水膜。9. Because the surface of the water table is not flat but instead rises and falls with topography， groundwater is affected by gravity in the same fashion as surface water.分析：这句话是由because引导的原因状语从句，主句是groundwater is affected by gravity in the same fashion as surface water，被动语态。译文：因为地下水位表面并非水平，而是沿着地势起伏，所以地下水和地表水受到重力影响的模式是相同的。10. If the water table intersects the land surface， groundwater will flow out onto the surface at springs， whether to be collected there or to subsequently flow farther along a drainage.分析：这句话是由if引导的条件状语从句，主句是groundwater will flow out onto the surface at springs.；whether to be collected there.是对groundwater的解释说明。译文：如果地下水位与地表相交，地下水将以喷泉的形式流出地面，流出地面的地下水或就地聚集、或沿排水通道流向更远的地方。Passage 21.As recently as 6,000 B.C. the southern frontier of the desert was far to the north of where it is now, while semiarid grassland and shallow freshwater lakes covered much of what are now arid plains.分析：这句话是由while引导的时间状语从句，主句是the southern frontier of the desert was.;其中of where it is now，where it is now是of的宾语，of后面的宾语本来是it is now，但是这样的话句子中就多了一个动词，英语中一个句子不能有多个动词，所以it is now用where引导，变成宾语从句，it指代前面的the southern frontier;同样地，of what are now arid plains中的what are now arid plains也是of的宾语译文：在公元前6000年前，沙漠的南部边界在现在的南边以北很多的地方，那时半干旱的草原和浅淡水湖泊覆盖了现在是干旱平原的地方。2.The areas that are now desert were, like all arid regions, very susceptible to cycles of higher and lower levels of rainfall, resulting in major, sudden changes in distributions of plants and animals.分析：这句话的主干是the areas were susceptible to cycles of higher and lower levels of rainfall。that引导的是定语从句，修饰the areas;like意为“像.”，表举例;resulting in.是现在分词作状语，表结果。译文：这些区域现在是沙漠地区，像所有的干旱地区一样，对降雨量的变化周期极为敏感，结果导致其动植物的分布变化巨大且迅速。3.The people who hunted the sparse desert animals responded to drought by managing the wild resources they hunted and gathered, especially wild oxen, which had to have regular water supplies to survive.分析：who引导的是定语从句，修饰people;they hunted and gathered这里是定语从句，省略了连接词that，修饰的是wild resources;which引导的是非限制性定语从句，修饰wild oxen。译文：依靠捕捉稀少的沙漠动物的居民们对待干旱的方式是管理他们所捕捉到的和收集到的野生资源，尤其是需要可靠的水资源来维持生命的水牛。4.The beasts were more disciplined, so that it was easier for hunters to predict their habits, and capture animals at will.分析：so that连接着句中的两个部分，意为“以便、所以”，表结果，it是形式主语，真正的主语是for hunters to predict their and capture animals at will。译文：兽群变得更加自律了，所以猎人在预测它们的习性和随意捕捉动物方面变得更容易了。5.Smith believes that the hunters were well aware of the more disciplined ways in which their prey behaved.分析：这句话是由that引导的宾语从句，从句中的which引导的是定语从句，which指代前文的ways;be aware of是固定的短语，意为“知道、意识到”。译文：Smith相信猎人对猎物更加自律的行为是了然于胸的。6.South African farmers who maintain herds of wild eland (large African antelopes with short, twisted horns) report that the offspring soon diminish in size, unless wild bulls are introduced constantly from outside.分析：这句话是由unless引导的条件状语从句，主句是South African farmers who maintain.，主句又是that引导的宾语从句，其中who引导的是定语从句，修饰South African farmers，括号里头的内容是对wild eland的解释说明，所以主句的主干是South African farmers report that.。译文：牧养大羚羊(一种体型较大的非洲羚羊，角短且扭曲)的南非农民说，除非持续引进野生公牛，否则野生大羚羊后代的体型将迅速变小。7.The newly domesticated animals behaved better, were easier to control, and may have enjoyed a higher birth rate, which in turn yielded greater milk supplies.分析：domesticated过去分词作定语，修饰的是animals，which引导的是非限制性定语从句，对前文的进一步解释说明，所以这句话的主干是animals behaved better, were easier to control and may have enjoyed a higher birth rate。译文：最新驯养的动物表现得更好，也更容易控制，并拥有更高的出生率，反过来，这也会提供更多的奶源。8.Whatever the source of the original tamed herds might have been, it seems entirely likely that much the same process of juxtaposition (living side by side) and control occurred in both southwest Asia and northern Africa, and even in Europe, among peoples who had an intimate knowledge of the behavior of wild cattle.分析：whatever=no matter what，引导的是让步状语从句，主句是it seems entirely likely that.是由that引导的宾语从句，it是形式主语，真正的主语是that后面的内容;另外，who引导的是定语从句，修饰peoples。译文：无论驯化的兽群起源于何处，但是似乎东南亚、北非甚至是欧洲那些对野生骆驼行为了然于胸的人们可能都经历了从与他们要驯化的动物毗邻而居到逐渐控制它们的过程。9.The experiments with domestication probably occurred in many places, as people living in ever-drier environments cast around for more predictable food supplies.分析：句中的as是连词，意为“当.的时候”，引导的是时间状语从句，强调两个动作同时发生，或某事一发生，另一事立即发生。Living in ever-drier environments现在分词，作后置定语，修饰people。译文：当居住在不断干燥环境中的人们四处搜寻可预测性更强的食物供给时，驯化的尝试很可能在很多地方发生。10.By this time, the Saharan people were probably using domestic crops, experimenting with such summer rainfall crops as sorghum and millet as they move out of areas where they could grow wheat, barley, and other Mediterranean crops.分析：句中的第一个as是属于such.as，固定短语，意为“例如”;第二个as是连词，意为“当.的时候”;where引导的是状语从句，修饰areas。译文：当撒哈人民从原本可以种植小麦、大麦和其它地中海农作物的区域中迁出时，他们可能得依靠当地的农作物，得尝试依靠夏季降雨成熟的农作物，比如，高粱、小米。Passage 31.When completed, the buck rub is an obvious visual signal to us and presumable to other deer in the area.分析：这句话是由when引导的时间状语从句，主句是the buck rub is.。when从句中省略了逻辑主语the buck rub，complete是the buck rub的逻辑谓语。所谓的逻辑主语和逻辑谓语是，它们存在主谓关系，但又不是真正的主谓结构。当逻辑主语和逻辑谓语存在的是被动关系的时候，逻辑谓语就要用过去分词的形式，这句话就是这种情况。译文：当雄鹿制造完擦痕后，这些擦痕对我们来说是一道明显的标志，对当地其他鹿群来说可能也是如此。2.Hence for a long time biologists believed that male deer used buck rubs not only to clean and polish antlers but also to provide practice for the ensuing male-to-male combat during the rut.分析：这句话是个宾语从句，引导词是that;从句中，有个并列连词not only.but also.“不仅.而且.”。译文：因此，长期以来，生物学家认为雄鹿擦痕不仅可以清洁、擦亮鹿茸，还可以用来练习发情期时雄鹿之间的角斗。3.However, biologists also noted deer sniff and lick an unfamiliar rub, which suggests that this visual mark on a small tree plays an important communication purpose in the social life of deer.分析：这句话的主干是个宾语从句biologists also noted.省略了引导词that;which引导的是非限制性定语从句，对前文的进一步解释说明，which指代前文的内容;which从句中又有个宾语从句，引导词是that。译文：然而，生物学家们也意识到鹿会嗅到和舔到陌生的擦痕。这表明这种小树上的视觉记号在鹿群社会生活中起到重要的交流目的。4.Buck rubs also have a scent produced by glands in the foreheads of deer that is transferred to the tree when the rub is made.分析：produced by glands过去分词，表被动，作后置定语，修饰scent;that引导的是定语从句，修饰scent，该从句中又有由when引导的时间状语从句。译文：雄鹿擦痕也有气味，它是由雄鹿前额上的腺体分泌的，并在制造擦痕时涂抹到树上的。5.The importance of olfactory communication (using odors to communicate) in the way of life of deer was documented by a study of captive adult male deer a few decades ago, which noted that males rubbed their foreheads on branches and twigs, especially as autumn approached.分析：句中的which引导的是非限制性定语从句，修饰study;该从句中又有个宾语从句，引导词是that。括号的内容是对olfactory communication的解释说明。译文：嗅觉交流(利用气味交流)在鹿群生活中的重要性在几十年前一项对圈禁的成年雄鹿的研究中得到了验证。该研究发现，特别是接近秋天的时候，雄鹿将其前额在树枝上蹭来蹭去。6.It was found that when a white-tailed buck makes a rub, it moves both antlers and forehead glands along the small tree in a vertical direction.分析：这句话是个主语从句，句中的it是形式主语，真正的主语是that后面的内容;that后面有个由when引导的时间状语从句，主句是it moves.。译文：研究发现，当白尾鹿制造擦痕时，它将其鹿茸和前额腺体在小树上垂直磨蹭。7.Thus the presence of many well-marked rubs is indicative of older, higher-status males being in the general vicinity rather than simply being a crude measure of relative deer abundance in a given area.分析：rather than并列连词，意为“是.而不是.”它前后的成分在词性上是一致的。being in the general vicinity现在分