规则动词与不规则动词.doc

规则动词与不规则动词英语中大部分都是规则动词。规则动词都以加-ed词尾的方式构成过去式和过去分词；又以加-ing词尾的方式构成现在分词。现在式Listen TreatWishDiscuss过去式ListenedTreatedWishedDiscussed过去分词ListenedTreatedWishedDiscussed现在分词ListeningTreatingwishingdiscussing但在加-ed及-ing词尾时要注意：1 若以字母e结尾:：去式及过去分词只需加-d；而现在分词则要除去e加上-ing（双e结尾的除外）。Lovelovedloving acknowledgeacknowledgedacknowledginglivelivedliving pleasepleasedpleasing2“辅音+y”结尾：过去式及过去分词应先变y为i，再加-ed；现在分词只加-ing。studystudiedstudying trytriedtrying fryfriedfrying3“元音字母+一个辅音字母”结尾，该音节又重读者，末尾辅音字母要双写-e，再加上-ed或-ing。planplannedplanning begbeggedbegging preferpreferredpreferringpermitpermittedpermitting在其他情况下都直接加-ed或-ing：Playplayedplaying（虽以y结尾，但前面是元音字母a）Packpackedpacking（末尾是两个辅音字母，因此不需双写）repeatrepeatedrepeating（辅音字母前是两个元音字母，因此辅音字母无需双写）openopenedopening（后面音节不重读，因此末尾辅音字母也不需双写）4“一个元音字母+L”结尾的词，英国人双写，美国人不双写：traveltravelledtravelling（英）traveltraveledtraveling（美）cancelcancelledcancelling（英）cancelcanceledcanceling（美）5若“L”前面有两个元音字母，L则一概不双写：revealrevealedrevealing（英、美） appealappealedappealing（英、美）6另有少数特殊的词，尽管末尾音节不重读，末尾辅音字母在英国仍然双写：Worshipworshippedworshipping（英）worshipworshipedworshiping（美）Kidnapkidnappedkidnapping（英）kidnapkidnapedkidnaping（美）programprogrammed（英）programprogramed（美国有时用此拼法）7以“X”结尾的词，X不双写：taxtaxedtaxing mixmixedmixing在英语中，有些词在加-ed/-ing时，其末尾字母需要双写。常见的有下面这些：abetbegcompeldipemitflaghopknitmugabhorblotconferdistilenrolgethugknotnagacquitbragcontroldotenthralgrinhumlagnetadmitbrimcramdragequipgripincurlognipallotchatcropdropexcelgroginstilmannodbanchopdamdrumexpelgunjammaroccurbarclapdeferdubfanhandicapjogmobomitbatcommitdeterembedfithemjotmopoutwitpadplugscanpatpopscarpatrolpropscarppenpropelscrubpinrebelshippitrebutshopplanrecapshredplodrefer shrugshunslapstabstuntransfertripsinslipstarsubmittransmittrotsipslopstemsunthrobvetskidslotstepswaptipwagskimsnapstirtagtopwrapskinsobstoptantrapskipspot straptaptrekslamsquatstripthintrim另外，下面的词在加-ed和-ing时，在英国英语中末尾的字母要双写，而在美国英语中却不一定双写：Cancel dial equal hiccup initial kidnap label level Marvel model panel pedal pencil program quarrel refuel Revel rival shovel shrivel spiral stencil total travel Tunnel unravel worship不规则动词数目虽然有限，但大多数是常用动词，例如：Beatbeatbeatenbecomebecamebecomebeginbeganbegunblowblewblownbreakbrokebrokenbringbroughtbroughtbuildbuiltbuiltburstburstburstbuyboughtboughtcatchcaughtcaughtchoosechosechosencomecamecomecostcostcostdigdugdugdodiddonedrawdrewdrawndrinkdrankdrunkdrivedrovedriveneateateatenfallfellfallenfeelfeltfeltfindfoundfoundflyflewflownforgetforgotforgotenforgiveforgaveforgivenfreezefrozefrizengetgotgotgivegavegivengowentgonegrowgrewgrownhavehadhadhearheardheardhidehidhiddenhithithitholdheldheldhurthurthurtkeepkeptkeptknowknewknownlaylaidlaidleadledledleaveleftleftlendlentlentletletletlielaylainloselostlostmakemademademeanmeantmeantmeetmetmetpaypaidpaidputputputreadreadreadrideroderiddenringrangrungriseroserisenrunranrunsaysaidsaidseesawseensellsoldsoldsendsentsentsetsetsetshakeshookshakenshineshoneshoneshootshotshotshowshowedshownshutshutshutsingsangsungsinksanksunksitsatsatsleepsleptsleptspeakspokespokenspendspentspentspinspanspunspreadspreadspreadspringsprangsprungstandstoodstoodstealstolestolenstickstuckstuckstrikestruckstruckswimswamswumtaketooktakenteachtaughttaughtteartoretorntelltoldtoldthinkthoughtthoughtthrowthrewthrownwakewokewakenwearworeworn weepweptweptwinwonwonwritewrotewrittenunderstandunderstoodunderstood这里面有些词有两种拼法，例如：英国拼法美国拼法burnburntburntburnburnedburneddreamdreamtdreamtdreamdreameddreamedleanleantleantleanleanedleanedleapleaptleaptleapleapedleapedlearnlearntlearntlearnlearnedlearnedsmellsmeltsmeltsmellsmelledsmelledspellspeltspeltspellspelledspelledspillspiltspiltspillspilledspilledspoilspoiltspoiltspoilspoiledspoiled现在分词的构成法现在分词一般由动词原形加-ing构成，如：gogoing standstanding askasking answeranswering studystudying bebeing 但在下列情况下，拼写应作相应变化：1 以不发音的-e结尾是动词，须去掉e再加-ing。如：comecoming writewriting taketaking becomebecoming 但当将-e去掉会引起发音变化时，最后的-e就应保留。如： agreeagreeing singesingeing 另外，-e前为元音是，-e也应保留。如：canoecanoeing2 动词是闭音节的单音节词，或是以重读闭音节结尾的多音节词，末尾只有一个辅音字母是，这个辅音字母须双写，再加-ing。如：sitsitting beginbeginning runrunning admitadmitting stopstopping forgetforgetting3 少数几个以-ie结尾的单音节动词，须变ie为y，再加-ing。如：diedying tietying lielying-s词尾的加法在一般现在时中，如果主语是第三人称单数，则动词一般需加-s词尾，如：She works in a computer company. 她在电脑公司工作。He gives me a lot of help. 他给我许多帮助。一般情况下都直接加-s：comes lives plays listens因此在使用一般现在时时要经常注意在第三人称单数动词后加-s词尾。在加-s词尾时要注意下面两点：1 在以ch，sh，s，x或o结尾的词后面要加-es：teachteaches catchcatches wishwishes washwashes missmisses guessguesses mixmixes fixfixes gogoes dodoes2 以“辅音+y”结尾的词，先变y为i再加-es:trytries studystudies replyreplies flyflies在加-s词尾时，读音有许多值得注意的地方：1） 在/p/，/t/，/k/，/f/等清辅音后面，-s读作/s/：Helps hopes lets gets asks thinks laughs coughs2） 在/s/，/z/，/，/t/，/ d3/等音后-s或-es读作/iz/：Guesses stresses rises pleases washes brushes teaches catches urges wages3） 在其他情况下都读作/z/：comes goes sees brings reads lies shows begins forgives动词的紧缩形式主要的紧缩形式如下：I amIm You areyoure He ishes She isshes It isitsWe arewere They aretheyre There istheres There aretherereHere isheres That isthats I haveIve You haveyouveHe hashes She hasshes We haveweve They havetheyveWho haswhos I hadId I shall/willIll You willyoullHe willhell She willshell We shall/willwell They willtheyllI wouldId Who wouldwhod 另外，否定结构也常有紧缩的形式：I am notIm not we are notwe arent he is nothe isnt he was nothe wasntThey were notthey werent we have notwe havent she has notshe hasntThey had notthey hadnt we will notwe wont I shall notI shant