现在完成时态(第八次).doc

现在完成时态初中英语现在完成时（一）现在完成时态1、现在完成时的定义：现在完成时是表示在过去发生但与现在情况有联系的动作或状态的时态。2、现在完成时的构成：现在完成时是由“助动词have/has+动词过去分词”构成的。助动词have/has可以与主语缩写为ve/s。e.g. I have Ive We have Weve He has Hes It has Its规则变化的过去分词与动词过去式一样。不规则变化的动词过去分词见表。3、现在完成时的基本句型。陈述句肯定形式。e.g. I have had lunch. 我已经吃过午饭了。 He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了。陈述句否定形式。（在助动词have/has后+not，可缩写为havent/hasnt）e.g. I havent had lunch. 我还未吃午饭。 He hasnt gone to Beijing. 他还没有去北京。一般疑问句形式及其答语。（将助动词have/has提前，答语一般用have, has回答）e.g. Have you had lunch? 你吃过午饭了没？ Yes, I have. No, I havent. Has he gone to Beijing? 他去过北京了没有？ Yes, he has. No, he hasnt.否定回答还可以用：No, not yet. / No, never. / No, not even once等。特殊疑问句形式。（疑问词+一般疑问句） e.g. Where has he gone? 他去了哪里？4、现在完成时的三个基本用法。(1) 现在完成时的第一个基本用法表示过去发生或已完成的某一个动作对现在造成的影响或结果。e.g. Have you had lunch? Yes, I have. Ive just had it. 你吃过午饭没？有，吃过了，我刚刚吃的。（影响及结果：我现在饱了，不需要了）He has gone to Beijing. 他已经去北京了。（影响及结果：他人现在不在这里了）该用法常already(已经), never(从不), ever(曾经), yet(仍然), just(刚刚), before(以前)等副词(作状语)连用。 already, just, ever, never常用于助动词之后，实义动词之前。already, just多用于肯定陈述句。e.g. She has already finished her work. 她早已干完了活。Would you like to go to see the film? No, Ive seen it already.不，我已经看过了。(already偶尔会出现于句末)They have just won a game. 他们刚刚赢了一场比赛。有时already可以用于疑问句，表示期待肯定回答，或表示惊讶、意外。 e.g. Have you finished reading the book already? 你真的已经读完这本书了？(表示惊讶)ever多用于疑问句，问初次经历。e.g. Have you ever spoken to a foreigner? 你跟外国人讲过话吗？（问初次经历）never多用于否定陈述句（注：本身表示否定意义）e.g. He has never done such a thing, has he? 他从来没有做过这样的事，不是吗？（否定） yet一般用于疑问句(已经)或否定句(还)，常位于句末。e.g. Have you got ready yet? 你已经准备好了吗？He hasnt finished his homework yet. 他还没完成作业。 before一般位于句末。e.g. I have never seen the film before. 以前我从未看过那部电影。现在完成时的第一种用法常与以上的副词连用，因此这些词有时可以作为现在完成时的标志词。(1) 现在完成时的第二个基本用法表示过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。该用法常和表示过去某一时刻延续到现在的一段时间的状语连用。与for +一段时间连用，表示多久。 e.g. He has learned English for two years. 他已经学习两年英语了。 I have been here for three days. 我在这里已经3天了。与since +时间（起点）连用，表示自以来。 e.g. His father has worked in that factory since 1991. 他爸爸自1991年以来都在这家工厂工作。 Ive had a cold since last Friday. 自上星期五起我就感冒了。与since +一段时间+ ago连用，表示自以前就。 e.g. Jim has waited there since half an hour ago. 吉姆自半个小时前就已经在那里等候了。 He has stayed here since three weeks ago. 他在这儿已呆了三个星期。与since +从句（从句用一般过去时）连用，表示自某事发生后就一直。 e.g.The Greens have lived in Beijng since they came to China. 格林一家自从来到中国后就一直住在北京。 Ive known her since I came to work here. 自从我来这里工作就认识他了。(3) 现在完成时的第三个基本用法表示到现在为止这一时期中多次动作的总和或所做过的工作的量的积累。e.g. I have been to Beijing twice. 我去过北京两次。Weve learnt five English songs this year. 今年我们学了五首英语歌曲。How many pages of the book have you read? 这本书你读了多少页了？ 5、延续性与非延续性动词在现在完成时态中的使用。(1)有一些动词是瞬间动词，也叫非延续性动词，这些动词一发生就结束了，常见的有：come, go, arrive, reach, leave, begin, start, buy, join, die, borrow, get up, become, open, stop等。这些动词虽然可以用于现在完成时（说明某个动作的结果还存在），但由于它们不能延续，因此不能跟表示一段的时间状语连用。（也即现在完成时的第二个基本用法中不能使用非延续性动词）。e.g. Jim has come back. (正) 吉姆已经回来了。 Jim has come back for a month. (误) come back的动作不能延续一个月，因此错误。(2) 瞬间动词不可以用于有段时间的现在完成时态中，因此，若要解决这一问题，就应把它改为相应的延续性动词或短语，主要有以下几种：(3) 用相应的延续性动词如： buy have borrow keep come/go/become be put on wear catch a cold have a cold 转换成be+名词如： join be a member of go to school be a student 转换成be+形容词或副词如： die be dead leave be away begin be on finish be over fall asleep be asleep open be open get up be up close closed 转换成be+介词短语 如： come to/go to/arrive in (at)/get to/reach be in/at join the army be in the army(军队)e.g. I have borrowed the book. 我已经借了那本书。 I have kept the book for two days. 我已经借那本书两天了。 Jim has joined the band. 吉姆已经加入那乐队了。 Jim has been a member of the band for a month. 吉姆已经加入那个乐队一个月了。 His grandfather has died. 他祖父已经死了。 His grandfather has been dead for 2 years. 他祖父已经死了两年了。 My father has arrived in China. 我父亲已经到达中国了。 My father has been in China for a week. 我父亲已经在中国一个星期了。(3)在否定句中，非延续性动词也可以与时间段连用。 e.g. I havent borrowed books from the library since last year. 自去年以来我就没有在图书馆借过书。Jim hasnt come back for a year. 吉姆已有一年没回来了。6、现在完成时的几种常见的句型转换。 现在完成时可以转化成一般过去时，还可以转化成“It is/has been +时间段+since从句(用一般过去时)”等句型。 e.g. Jim has been back for a month. 吉姆已经回来一个月了。 = Jim came back a month ago. 吉姆一个月前就回来了 = It is/has been a month since Jim came back. 自吉姆回来已经有一个月了。 = A month has passed since Jim came back. I have kept the book for two days. = I borrowed the book two days ago. = It is / has been two days since I borrowed the book. = Two days has passed since I borrowed the book.7、现在完成时和一般过去时的区别：现在完成时强调的是过去的动作对现在的影响，它和现在有密切的联系。现在完成时经常会出现下列的标志词。如：already, yet, just, ever, never, several times, before, so far, for +时间段, since +时间点或从句等。一般过去时强调的是动作发生的时间、地点，不涉及对现在的影响，所以凡含有表示过去的时间状语的句子，都必须用一般过去时，不能用现在完成时。课堂过手练习一、 单项选择。 1、Both his parents look sad .Maybe they _whats happened to him . . knew . have known . must know .will know 2、He has _ been to Shanghai , has he ? . already .never .ever . still 3、Have you met Mr Li _？ . just . ago .before . a moment ago 4、The famous writer _ one new book in the past two year. is writing .was writing .wrote .has written 5、Our country _ a lot so far . Yes . I hope it will be even _ . . has changed ; well . changed ; good . has changed ; better . changed ; better 6、Zhao Lan _already _in this school for two years . was ; studying . will ; study . has ; studied . are ; studying 7、We _ Xiao Li since she was a little girl . . know . had known . have known . knew 8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I_ it twice . . will see . have seen . saw .see 9、These farmers have been to the United States . Really ? When _ there ? . will they go . did they go . do they go . have they gone 10、_ you _ your homework yet ? Yes . I _ it a moment ago . . Did ; do ; finished . Have ; done ; finished . Have ; done ; have finished . will ; do ; finish 11、 His father _ the Party since 1978 . . joined . has joined . was in . has been in 12、Do you know him well ? Sure .We _ friends since ten years ago . . were . have been . have become . have made 13、How long have you _ here ? About two months . . been . gone . come . arrived 14、Hurry up! The play _ for ten minutes . . has begun . had begun . has been on. began15、 It _ ten years since he left the army . . is . has . will . was 16、 Miss Green isnt in the office . she_ to the library . .has gone . went .will go . has been 17、My parents _ Shandong for ten years . . have been in . have been to . have gone to . have been 18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ? A. so they B. dont they C. have they D. havent they 19、 has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he to China? A. How soon, comes B. How often, got C. How long, came D. How far, arrived 20、 His uncle for more than 9 years. A. has come here B. has started to work C. has lived there D. has left the university 1、现在完成时主要强调过去发生的动作对现在造成的影响，或过去发生的动作还未结束，一直持续到现在或将来，重点在于对现在的影响。这种考查难度较大，往往无时间状语，需要从上下文分析、推理才行。故上两侧根据上下文分析、推理，正确答案是。 2、现在完成时常与already（已经），just（刚刚，正好），ever（曾经），never（从来，也不；从不），before（以前），yet（仍然）等连用。故2应选B。 3、C 4、现在完成时常与recently（近来），so far（到目前为止），in the past/“last + 一段时间”等时间状语连用。因为上述短语表示的是从现在起往前推算的一段时间，句中的动作是从过去某一时间或时刻开始持续到现在的。故4应选D。 5、C 6、现在完成时时常与“for +时间段或since +过去时间点”连用（含从句，从句过去时）。6应选C。 7、C 8、现在完成时还与once（一次），twice（两次），three times（三次），several times（几次）等表示重复次数的词语连用。故8应选B。 9、现在完成时与一般过去时容易混淆，就是因为它们所表示的动作都发生在过去，但二者又有区别：一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的事、存在的状态或经常发生的动作，说话的侧重点在于陈述一件过去的事情，与现在没有关系；现在完成时表示与现在有关系的发生在过去的动作，它不与表示过去的时间状语（如yesterday , last week , a moment ago等）连用。故9的正确答案为B。 10、B 11、现在完成时中，非延续性动词不能与for和since引导的表示一段时间的状语连用，通常是用相应的延续性动词来代替。故11的正确答案依次为：D。 12、B 13、A 14、C 15、A。 16、“have/has gone to + 地点”表示“某人去了某地（还未回来）”，指主语所指的人不在这儿。“have/has been in + 地点”表示“在某地呆了多长时间”，常与表示时间的状语连用。“have/has been to +地点”表示“曾经去过某地（但现在已不在那儿）。”故16的正确答案为A。 17、A 18、D 19、C 20、C 二、句型转换1、The old man _ last year. He for a year. (die) （动词填空） 2、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换) This factory _ for twenty years. 3、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换) Miss Gao _ _ _ _ an hour ago. 4、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句） Her mother _ the Party three years _ . 5、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换) _ two years _ the Green family moved to Fra nce. 6、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句子合并成一个句子) _ 三、 汉译英。 1、 她还没有看过那部新电影。 2、 她去过上海。 3、 他这些天上哪儿去了？ 二、句型转换。 1、has he? 2、How long 3、died, has been dead 4、has been open 5、has been away 6、joined；ago 7、It is, since 8、The bus has been here for ten minutes. 三、汉译英。 1、Jim has finished doing his homework already. He is free now. 2、He received a letter yesterday. 3、My father has been to the Great Wall before. 4、She hasnt seen the new film yet. 5、She has been to Shanghai. 6、Where has he been these days？课后练习以适当形式填空1. I_ already _ (see) the film. I _ (see) it last week.2. - _ he _(finish) his work today ? -Not yet .3. -_you _(be) to Hong Kong ?-Yes, I _ (be) there twice .4. -_ you ever _(eat ) chocolate sundaes ? -No, never.5. My father _ just _ (come) back from work. He is tired now.6. Wheres Li Ming ? He _ (go) to the teachers office.7. Shanghai _ (be) a small town hundreds of years ago.Now it _ (become) a large city.8. I _ (work) here since I _ (move) here in 1999.9. So far I _(make) quite a few friends here.10. -How long _ the Smiths _(stay)here? - For two weeks.11. - I _ (see) the film “Chicken Run”.- Where and when _ you _ (see) it?- Last week.12. Mary _ already _ (have) her supper.13. I _ (not want) to see the film. I _ (see) it with my parents. We _ (see) it last Sunday.14. -_ Uncle Wang _ (mend) the TV yet? -Yes, he_. -When _ he _ it? - Yesterday.15. _ you _ (read) todays newspaper yet?16. They _already_(do) their homework. But they dontknow what_ (do) next.17. -_ you _ (see) the film last night?-No, I _ (see) it for several times.18. She _ (be) ill for three days.19. My father _ ( buy) a book for me yesterday.He_ already _(pay) fifty yuan for it.20. She_ (not read) this book before.21. _ you ever _ (travel) on a train before?22. - _ Wei Hua _ (come) yet?-Yes. She_ (come) already. She _ (come) just now.23. -How long _you _(learn) English?-For more than two years.24. They _ (live) in China since they _ (move) to China.句型转换(每空一词)。1. I have been to Macau before.(改为否定句)I _ _ been to Macau before.2. He hasnt come to school because hes ill (就划线部分提问)_ _ he come to school?3. He has learned English for 5 years. (就划线部分提问)_ _ _ _ learned English ?4. I bought a new bike ju