必修4 Unit 1 Women of achievement.doc

二、重、难点讲解1. observe vt 观察，察觉到，遵守，庆祝 She actually observed chimps as a group hunting a monkey and then eating it. e.g. He observed keenly, but says little。他观察敏锐，但很少说话。She observed his actions with interest. 她很感兴趣地观察他的行动。 The police observed the man entering /enter the bank.警方监视着那个男子走进银行的情况。 No matter which country you travel to, you should observe the law of the land.无论你去哪个国家，你都应遵守该国法律。 Do you observe Christmas Day in China?中国人过圣诞节吗？注意：表示“注意，观察”时，observe 的用法。 接省去to的动词不定式作宾补，表主动，表动作经常性，或已经过去。接doing, 表主动，表动作正在进行。接过去分词，表被动，表动作已经过去。e.g. His neighbour observed a stranger go/going into his house. 他的邻居看到一个陌生人进入他家。 She observed a monkey eaten by the chimps.她观察到一只猴子被黑猩猩吃掉。相关词汇：observer n. 观察者， 遵守者，评论者 observation n. 观察，评论辨析：notice, observe, watch, catch sight of notice 是及物动词，表示“注意到”、“无意中发现”。e.g. He noticed a fly on the plate. 他看见盘子里有一个苍蝇。I noticed her enter the office. 我看见她走进办公室。observe 也是及物动词， 意为watch carefully, 表示“观察”、“注意地看”、“仔细地看”等。尤指科技观察。e.g. He has observed the stars all his life. 他一辈子观察星星。 We observed a change in her. 我们注意到她有了变化。watch 是及物动词，表示看到事物的变化、移动和发展。留心观察，以便模仿。e.g. We watched the boy swim.catch sight of 动词词组, 表示突然看到e.g. I was wandering through the streets when I caught sight of a tailors shop. 我在街上徘徊，这时突然看到一家裁缝店。2. argue vt & vi 其含义为辩论，以说服某人 She has argued for them to be left in the wild and not entertainment or advertisements. e.g. He often argues with me about the matter. 他经常和我辩论此事。 He argued that what he said was right. 他认为他说的话是对的。相关短语 argue about a trifle 为小事而争吵 argue sb. into doing sth. 说服某人做某事 argue for justice 为正义争辩 argue sb. into a different opinion 辩得某人改变意见3. spend vt. to pay money or to use time, etc. 花钱，花时间。 Jane spent many years observing and recording their daily activities. e.g. How would you spend your summer holiday? 你暑假怎么打发？ He has spent all his money. 他把钱都花光了。常用固定结构： 1）spend sth on sth. to give or pay out (money, time ) for goods, services, etc. 花钱/时间在上 2）spend sth. in doing sth to use (money, time, etc.) for a purpose 花钱/时间做某事e.g. He spent all his saving on a new car. 他把所有积蓄花在一辆新车上。 He spent about a third of his salary on/in drinking. 他把薪水的大约三分之一花在喝酒上。 He spent his whole life looking after the poor. 他把毕生的时间花在照顾穷人上。4. only adj. 唯一的；adv. 仅仅，conj. 才；可是； Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project. 她母亲头几个月来帮过她的忙，这才使她得以开始自己的计划。 以“Only + 状语”开头的句子，要使用倒装句。即将助动词或系动词置于主语之前。e.g. Only in this way can we learn English better. 只有这样，我们才能学好英语。Only 表示“只”、“才”时在句中的位置：1）修饰主语时，通常置于主语之前。only you understand me. 只有你理解我。2）修饰主语以外的其它成分时，置于be 动词、助动词之后，其他动词之前。She only eats vegetables. 她只吃蔬菜。I have only seen her once. 我只见过她一次。3）要确定所修饰的事物时，则置于所修饰的词/短语之前。I met her only yesterday. 我只在昨天见到过她。固定搭配：only just 刚刚才；恰好； Theyve only just got up. 他们刚刚起床。only not 简直是，几乎跟一样； He is only not a boy. 他几乎跟成人一样。only that 要不是； I would go with you, only that I am too busy.要不是我太忙，我是愿意同你们一起去的。only too 非常；实在；We shall be only too pleased to hear from you further. 我们非常欢迎你再来信。 That is only too true. 那是千真万确。三、主谓一致英语句子要求句子的谓语与主语在人称和数上要一致。主谓一致遵守三条原则：语法一致，意义一致，就近一致。1. 语法一致语法一致是指主语和谓语在形势上的一致，即主语是单数形式，谓语动词也用单数形式；主语是复数形式，谓语动词也用复数形式。语法一致是主谓一致的主要原则。注意以下几点。1）可数名词单数、不可数名词、不定代词、动词不定式、动词 v-ing 形式、从句等作主语时，谓语通常用单数。主语为复数或表语为复数时，谓语用复数形式。e.g. Much milk is offered to him. (不可数名词作主语) Watching a family of chimps wake up is our first activity of the day.（V-ing形式作主语） To nod ones head means agreement. （动词不定式作主语） What they said is true. （从句作主语） Something is wrong with my bike.（不定代词作主语） What they need are books. (表语为复数) 2）and 连接主语时，注意以下几点： and 或both and 连接的并列主语， 谓语动词用复数。但是并列主语如果指的是同一件事或同一概念时，谓语动词用单数。 e.g. Both Jim and I are honest. Both bread and butter were served for breakfast in this school. The teacher and writer is going to give us a talk. His teacher and friend is a beautiful girl. When and where to build the new factory is not decided. 凡由and 连接两个带the (a或物主代词)的单数可数名词时，谓语用复数；如果只有前一个名词带the (a 或物主代词)， 则谓语用单数。e.g. The professor and the writer have published a few new books on radio. 这位教授和这位作者已经出版了几本有关无线电的书。 The poet and writer is gone. 那个诗人兼作家走了。A round and a square table were exhibited in the shop window.橱窗里展览了一张圆桌和一张方桌。 3）主语 + 介词（短语） Awithtogether withalong withbut, like except, includingbesides, as well as + B + v. ( 动词与 A 一致)e.g. Nothing but stamps and envelops is for sale.The teacher with a number of students plants trees every year.4）下列情况谓语动词用单数e.g. Every boy and every girl knows that each day and each hour brings its duty.The number of the books in this library is 20,000.e.g. The rich are not always happy. 富人并不总是快乐的。 The beautiful is higher than the good. 美的事物高于好的事物。2. 意义一致 1）有生命的集体名词作主语时, 如果主语作为一个整体,谓语用单数; 如果主语看作其中的成员(个体)时, 谓语动词用单数形式。 常用的集体名词: family, group, class, team, audience, government, club, e.g. Our group are all going to visit the chimps in the forest. Our group includes six boys and five girls. Class 3 are unable to agree on the plan. His family has just moved to Beijing. Almost every family in the village has a man in the army. 村里几乎每一个家庭都有一个男人在军队里。 练习：我们全家人正在看电视。 2）无生命的集合名词作主语,谓语动词用单数形式。e.g. The furniture he bought was made in France. 3）单复数同形的名词作主语时, 谓语的形式要与前面的名词在意义上保持一致。 这类名词有: deer, sheep, fish, means, works (工厂), plastics 等。e.g. A sheep was grazing in the meadow. 一只羊在草地上吃草。 Some sheep were grazing in the meadow. 几只羊在草地上吃草。 Every means has been tried to improve teaching and learning. 各种方法被尝试以便提高教学。 All possible means have been taken to save the boy. 所有可能的办法都被采纳以挽救男孩的生命。3. 就近一致 or, either or , neither nor, not but , not only but also, whether or 等连词, 连接并列主语时, 谓语与它最靠近的主语一致。e.g. There is a desk and three chairs