Vocabulary 词根.doc

English Vocabulary(Etymology)1, Old English: (1500)Noun: sky, air, soil, water, fire, hand, eye, nose, mouth, apple, fruit, floor, room, house. Adjective: white, red, black, green, cold, hot, happy, angry. Verb: look, see, take, bring, fetch, run, jump, fly, die, live Preposition: in, on, about, for, from.2, Latin English: prefix: com, pre, ex word root: mun, dic, spect.suffix: ity, tion, ment. (prefix+ word root+ suffix) 85% English words3, Greek English: narcissism, Achilles heel, aphrodisiac, promethean, iridescent, aurora, bacchanalian, centaur, chimerical, cupidity, jovial, zephyr, odyssey4, French English: dj vu, esprit de corps, au fait, fait accompli, resume, coup, coup de grace, voila5, Other English: dim sum, chow mein, mahjong, tsunami, boomerang, koala, kiwi, putsch, Reich.Prefix: (adv, often use)1,ab= away, off 2, ad,ac,as,ar,= to 3,com/col/con=self, together 4, de= down, from 5, di, dis= not, apart 6,ex= out 7,inter= between 8, ob=against 9, para= beside 10, per= through, completely, falsely 11, pre/pro=forward, ahead, for 12, re=back, again 13, sub= under, in place of 14, trans= across, through 15, se= apartSuffix: (for nature, often use)able: responsible, calculable, fashionable, capable, audible.aholic: chocaholic, workaholic, alcoholic, shopaholic.ancy, ency: confidence, assistance, arrogance. ( action, state, often uncounted)cide: suicide, homicide, regicide, patricide.cracy: democracy, bureaucracy, plutocracy, aristocracy.er, or: traitor, computer, competitor, tractor.graphy: geography, choreography, photography. (subject) fy: satisfy, mollify, purify, solidify. tion: question, hesitation, confession.ful: beautiful, wonderful, sorrowful, forgetful.ment: government, department, judgment, development.ology: archaeology, ornithology, geology, ecology, sociology, psychology, genealogy.ous: conscious, conspicuous, poisonous, contagious, infectious.mania: dipsomania, kleptomania, pyromania, megalomania, nymphmaniaphobia: acrophobia(acrobat, Acropolis), hydrophobia, claustrophobia, agoraphobia, xenophobia, photophobia(photosynthesis, phototheraphy)Word Roots ( Verb, often use) Preliminary, Elementary 1, man=handmanual: manual labor, manual training, management manufacture, manuscript , emancipate: (e=ex=out) the army arrived and emancipated the prisoners of war. manipulate: as a politician, he knows how to manipulate public opinion. manacles: maneuver:despicable maneuvers of some politicians manicure2, ped=footpedicure, pedestrian, biped, centipede, octopus, tripod, pedometer, 3, spec: look respect: pay respect to sb, respectable, respectful spectacles: see everything through rose-colored spectacles. spectatorperspective: Its difficult to get a good perspective on problems while theyre occurring.specious: Al Gore was roundly criticized for his specious claim that he invented the Internet.expect: I am expecting. inspect: inspect troops, medical inspection, close inspectionintrospect-introspective, retrospect, In retrospect, I think I was wrong. prospect: good prospect, prospective bride/student suspect:(su=sub) political suspectspeculate: speculate in oil shares, speculate on/about speculatorcircumspect: (circum=around)visit, improvise: Keith Jarrett, the famous pianist, improvises entire public performances. vision, visionary: a visionary author, revise: revised and enlarged edition supervise:(super=above, over) provision: make provision for ones old agevisage, vista, visualize, visual arts, visual aids. video(view=look)review, interview, viewpoint)5, audi= hear audition: my acting audition is at 3:20, and my singing audition is at 5:15.audible, audience, audio, auditor, auditorium6, ora= sayoration: a group of placard-carrying protestors repeatedly interrupted her oration.adore: ( ad=to, ore=ora) oral: oral English, oral sex, orator, oracle神谕,哲人oracular remarks, 7, tract= drawtractor, electric/steam traction, tractable/intractable(contract(metals contract as they become cool, I have contracted a bad cold. contractor, extract( extract a tooth/a bullet from the wound/a cork from the bottle, extract some money/info from him oil extracted from olive, vanilla extractprotracted war/argument 6 subtracted from 9 gives 3 detract( her excess of makeup detracts from her natural beauty) detractive remarks abstracted, abstract, attraction. 8, spir=breatheaspire: a century ago, few girls aspired to be doctors.expire: your student visa has expired. inspire, inspiring,perspire:( per=completely) conspire(conspire with sb against sb) , respire(artificial respiration, SARS) spirit, spiritual, transpire: (trans=through) It transpired that her own son-in-law had taken the watch.9, ject=jac= throwabject(ab=away) The prisoner of war was kept in abject circumstances.eject: After committing 5 fouls, a basketball player is ejected from the game.deject(dejected) inject sth into interject reject projector ejaculate 10, Struct= build destruction , construction, obstruction( cause no obstruction to traffic) , instruction, structure, infrastructure11, duc= lead abduct, conductive, conducive( the excessive cold in the classroom is not conducive to learning) induce(induce sb to do sth) deduct, reduce, introduce, seduce, adduce(several factors have been adduced to explain the fall in the birth rate.viaduct, aqueduct(aque=water), oviduct, traduce: stars are used to seeing their name traduced in the tabloids.12, hum=hom=man(earth)abominable, homicide, Homo Sapiens, exhume, inhume, human, humanist, humanity, , humility humid, humiliate, humorous, posthumous13, reg=leg=lect=rule, law, allegiance, legal, legitimate, legislation, regal, region, regime, privilege, regicide, regent, reign(in the reign of King/ reigning beauty), regulation, sovereign 14, pel= pushcompel, repel, expel, dispel(my father told me that a glass of cold water could dispel nightmares) propel impel(he has millions, but fear impels him to make more money) 15, press=presscompress(you can compress a flower between the pages of a book) , express, repress( Ive tried to repress my memories of being raped, but without success), oppress, suppress, depressive, impress, pressure16, bell=beautiful, warembellish: she embellished the cake with a lot of pretty candles.Belle Bellona bellicose, belligerent, rebellion, rebellious, 17, viv= livesurvive, vivacious, Vivian, revive, convivial, vivid, vivisection 18, vok= call evoke: his case is unlikely to evoke public sympathy, provoke sb into doing sthrevoke(irrevocable) convoke invoke: people who say blessings at mealtime invoke the name of God with thanks. 19, tele=far, distanttelegraph, telecommunication, telescope, television, telephone, telepathy, (pathy=heart, apathy, apathetic, antipathy: the Chinese immigrants were victims of racial antipathy. Empathy: I feel a lot of empathy for her plight as a poor single mother. Sympathy, 20, graph= draw, writegraphic, autograph, autobiography, polygraph, stenography, calligraphy21, flu=flowaffluent, fluctuate: during the crisis, oil prices fluctuated between $20 and $30 a barrel, fluent, effluent, fluid, fluvial, confluence, 22, claim=shoutclaim, acclaim, disclaim: I disclaim any responsibility in this womans death proclaim（proclamation）, declaim(declamation) exclaim(exclamation mark)reclaim a man from vice, reclamation clamorous24,ced, cess=goAccess: you can only access the building by one entrance on weekends.Accede: the police acceded to the kidnappers demands. Necessary(essential, indispensible) Incessant precedent: some say the governments decision to continue logging sets a dangerous precedent. Predecessor recede: the flood is expected to recede within 36 hours. Intercede: we asked the consulate to intercede when our son was arrested in Panama. Successive, successor exceed, proceed, process, procession., secede from 25, mer=tradeCommerce, commercial, merchandise, mercenary, merchant, 26, cur=runDiscursive: he gave a discursive speech, difficult to follow. Concur: I concur with my parents that illegal drugs carry many risks.Precursor, the customs agent gave only a cursory glance at our luggage.Courier, excursion, cursive, currencyWord Roots Basic 1, tain, ten=holdAbstain: I made a resolve to abstain from alcohol the voting was 15 in favor, 3 against, 2 abstentions. Detain, detention maintain(hand) entertainment, entertain, during the lean years, egg sales alone sustained our farm. Retain, retention, I used to have a retentive memory, but its weakened with age.A tenacious grip, she is a tenacious woman, she never gives up. Tenable, untenable Tenant 2, ped= child, educationPediatrics, pedophile, pedant, pedantic, pedagogue, encyclopedia, 3, trud, trus=thrustabstruse, obtrude(I am sick of that guy always obtruding his opinion upon me)protrude(protrusive, the sink protrudes 22 inches from the bathroom wall.)intrude( I dont want to intrude if you are busy.)4, lud=lus=playDelude: delude sb into doing sth , prelude, postlude, ludicrous, 5, pall=paleappall: appalling news pallid, pallor6, tom= cut atom, anatomy, dichotomy, appendectomy, hysterotomy vasectomy 7, mor= deathimmortal, mortal, mortify(it mortified me to be dressed down by the boss in front of my colleagues. mortgage( pay off the mortgage, mortgage my house to Citi Bank of $100,000) mortuary monument, post-mortem exam, a post-mortem showed that King Ivan had been poisoned. morgue moribund8, cit= callincite(incite sb to do sth, the class president incited the students to protest the lunch price increase) excite recite to the president a long and tedious speech of welcome piano recital citation, be cited in divorce proceedings(subpoena)9, vert, vers=change, turn Introvert, extrovert, subvert, convert, revert: when his mother leaves on a trip, he reverts to his old, lazy habits, invert, inversion( a persons wealth is often in inverse proportion to his happiness) convertible, versatile, verse, avert(a=ab, I usually avert my eyes if I see someone stumble in the street.) averse(a=ab, the members of the church are averse to dancing) universe controversy diversity(di=dis) perverse: he has a perverse character always making problems for everybody, pervert. 10, circum=aroundcircumspect, circumcision, circumscribe: the power of the monarchy was circumscribed by the new law. , circumstance, the circumference of the earth, 11, mal=badmalady(my brothers a hypochondriac, always complaining of some malady or other.)malignant: malignant tumor malnutrition malfunction, maltreat, malevolent(I dont believe in ghost, malevolent or otherwise.) malediction , malefaction, malaria, malcontent, malicious gossip/lies/rumors12, ben= goodbenediction, benefaction, benefactor, benefit, beneficiary, benevolence, benign, 13, fid= trustdiffident, fidelity, perfidious, confidence, confidant, (infidel) affidavit, 14, rog= askabrogate: Congress abrogated many of the lax bankruptcy laws arrogance: in my book, dishonesty is a greater crime than arrogancearrogate: a dictator, by definition, arrogates absolute power to himselfderogatory: my boss seems to make only derogatory remarks about my workinterrogate: the customs agent interrogated us for a full five minutesprerogative: its the mayors prerogative to choose the 4th of July speakersurrogate mother15,lu,lau=washablution: the Aztecs often performed ritual ablution on victims prior to their sacrificedeluge: the deluge swept away the bridge, isolating the town. A deluge of calls, lettersdilute:di=dis(v, adj) laundry16,solv, solu= loosenabsolve: the court absolved him of all responsibility for the accidentsolution: best solution to a quarrel between two countriesirresolute, resolution: if we work toward a resolution in a spirit of cooperation, I know well succeed.Solvent: once I am solvent, I promise to pay you everything I owe. Insolvent Absolute majority, dissolve: salt dissolves in water, dissolve the tablet in waterTheir marriage was dissolved in 1999 when the ambulance had gone, the crowd dissolved dissolute life 17,alba= whiteAlbatross, albino, album, albumen18,spic= lookperspicuous, conspicuous, despicable, auspicious, perspicacious, suspicious 19,und=waveAbound: this section of town abounds with French restaurants,Inundate: in September of 1999, floods inundated many Chinese villages.Redundant: stop blaming me! Youre being redundantUndulate: field of wheat undulating in the breeze20, ori=rise Orient, oriental, origin, original, originality, originate, abortion, abortive plan.21,veng=punishAvenge: he promised to avenge his fathers death on the JapsRevenge: she was determined to revenge herself on the Japanese army for his fathers death.Vengeance: take vengeance on an enemy22,equ=equal, sameAdequate: my mother always reminds me to take an adequate supply of food to camp.Equitable: the divorcing couple negotiated an equitable property settlement.Equivocate: stop equivocating and get to the point. Unequivocal=ambiguousIniquity: God banished Satan to hell for his iniquity.Equalitarian. Equilateral, maintain/lose equilibrium 23,flict=strikeAfflict: she has some affliction that causes her to walk with a limp. The poor old man was afflicted with diabetes.Inflict: the tornado inflicted severe damages on the small town.Conflict: a conflict of interest, wordy conflict, the conflict between duty and desire24,apt=fitApt: a particularly apt description babies are apt to put objects into their mouths.Adapt: they say it takes 6 weeks to adapt to a new town after you move.Adept: hes quite adept at archery, nearly always hitting the target dead on.Inept: I apologize for my inept remark; I never meant to offend you.25, sert=putAssert: we assert proudly that the Chinese people have been most generous.Desert: the Sahara Desert deserter, desertion dissertation Exert: in order to be successful he would have to exert himself. He exerted all his authority to make them accept his plan. Insert26, just= rightJustify: how can we justify space exploration when starvation is rampant on Earth?Justice: department of justice unjust, unjustifiable adjust maladjusted27, orn=decorateOrnate: this wallpaper is too ornate for me; I want something simpler.Ornament: shelf crowded with ornaments, he is an ornament to his profession.Adorn28, vor=eatVoracious, devour: the hungry boy devoured his dinner. Omnivorous, carnivorous, herbivorous, insectivorous 29,poli=cityPolitic, cosmopolitan, metropolitan area, metropolis, acropolis, police, policy, polite30, mir=wonder Mirage: is that a mirage up ahead, or am I finally seeing the Rocky Mountains?Miracle, mirror, miraculous, admire, admiring31, scend= climbTranscend: you can transcend your shyness by doing these exercises daily.Condescend: we had to wait almost an hour before he condescended to see us.Ascend, descend 32, ann, enn=yearPerennial: the perennial star Julie Andrews no longer sings, but still acts.Annals, anniversary, annual, biennial, millennium, centennial, 33, rupt= breakInterrupt, disrupt: a violent fight between two female students disrupted the class.Abrupt turns, bankrupt: go bankrupt, corrupt officials, government corruption Incorruptible34, vet=oldInveterate: my parents are inveterate world travelers. Theyre hardly ever at home.Veteran, veterinary, 35, nov=newNovel: novel idea, innovation: her innovation contributed to several new and useful teaching methods. Renovate: the Johnsons are renovating their room. That explains the mess. Novice, nova36, pet=seekCompetition, petition, Impetus: I dont think he has the impetus to complete in the 3-mile race.Perpetual: maintaining a state of perpetual inner peace is a truth seekers goal.Appetite, petulant, 37, termin=endDetermine: his determination to learn EnglishExterminate: nuclear weapons may be used to exterminate mankind.Interminable: the movie was interminable. I was so bored I actually slept!Terminate: we are terminating your employment effective Feb 24th.Terminal cancer, 38, tort=twist Distortion: what he says is a distortion of the truth.Extort: he extorted money from an old widow to pay her husbands debt.Tortuous: my arms are tired from steering along this tortuous mountain road.Contort: face contorted with pain contortionistTornado, torpedo, “dont be ridiculous!” Jeff retorted angrily.39, ven=comeAdvent: the politician promised that his inauguration was the advent of a new era.Adventitious: its hard to know if certain personality traits are adventitious or genetically predetermined. Eventful, invent, inventive, prevent, convenience, Convene: the chairman convened a city council meeting to decide on the controversy.L.A convention center conventional weapons (avenue, BLVD, street,) revenue, Ventilate a room, the matter should be freely ventilated. ventilation Intervene: I try not to intervene in the disputes among my children. Adventure, circumvent: we found a way of circumventing the law. 40, dic=say( we have no say in the decision to sell the house)abdicate(ab=away , despite the scandal, the mayor did not abdicate his office)edict(e=ex, historically, royal edicts had to be obeyed by a monarchs subjectindictment(in=against,) vindicate, jurisdiction, contradiction,( I think I can say , without fear of contradictions, that./