定语从句特殊情况.doc

定语从句中只用that不用as的情况【观察】 1. Is there anything（that） I can do for you in town?2. All the books that have selected are useful ones.3. The first thing（that） we should do is to work out the plan.4. This is one of the most exciting table tennis games that I have ever seen.5. The last place that we visited in the countryside was a farm.6. They talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school.7. Who that has seen the film doesnt like it?8. Ill never forget the Sunday（that） my baby was born.9. This is the way that my father did this work.【归纳】 限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的几种情况：1. 当先行词是everything, anything, nothing （something 除外）, all, none, few, little, some等不定代词时，或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等词修饰时。如：Have you set down everything that Mr Li said?There seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world.注意： 当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：Any man that / who has a sense of duty wont do such a thing.All the guests that / who were invited to her wedding were important people.2. 当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：The first American movie that I watched was the Titanic.3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：This is the best museum that I have visited all my life.4. 当先行词被the very, the only, the first / last等修饰时。如：She is the only person that understands me.After the big fire, the old car is the only thing that he owns.注意： 当先行词指人时，偶尔也可以用关系代词who。如：Wang Hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting.5. 当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如：Who is the man that is standing in front of the crowd?Which is the room that Mr Wang lives in?6. 当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：Look at the man and his donkey that are walking up the street.7. 当先行词是reason, way（方法）等词时，关系代词常用that代替in which, for which, why, 也常可省略。如：She admired the way （that） they solved the questions.【歌诀】 从句前有“不定式”， 先行词前有only, when， some, any, the very在， 或有“高”、“序”去替代， 只用that来安排。【小试】 用适当的关系词完成下列句子。1. The only book I want to read is missing.2. This is the second book I have ever written.3. This is all I want to say at the meeting.4. Have you any novels are worth reading?5. Lets talk about the persons and the things we can remember.6. Everything we have seen in China is moving.7. I have nothing is worth reading.8. Who you have ever seen can beat him in chess?（答案略）2. 只用which，不能用that作先行词的情况（1） 在介词提前到关系代词之前形成“介词关系代词”结构来修饰表事物的先行词时， 关系代词必须用which.例如： The house in which we live is very large. 我们住的房子非常大。 This is the reference book of which the teacher is speaking. 这就是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。注意： 如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首， which就可换为that， 例如： This is the question which/that weve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which weve had so much discussion. 这就是我们已经多次讨论过的问题。（2） 先行词为“those表事物的复数名词”时， 关系代词通常只用which而不用that.例如：Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior. 学生应牢记那些规范自己的行为准则。A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published. 书店应该经营新出版的各种畅销书。同学你好，引导状语从句的连词as可以用作关系代词，引导定语从句，因而被称作准关系代词。1. 准关系代词as引导限制定语从句，用于以下3个结构中，as在从句中作主语、宾语或表语：a. so / suchasSuch people as were mentioned by him were honest. (as作主语)Ive never seen such a clever man as he is. (as作表语)Last term our maths teacher set so difficult an (= such a difficult) examination problem as none of us worked out.b. the sameasModern statemen are often faced with the same problem as defeated the ancient Romans. (as 作宾语)I like the same book as you do. (as 作宾语)c. asasAs many children as came were given some cakes. (as 作主语)He is as diligent a man as ever lived. (as 作主语)补充：a. suchas 与 suchthat的区别suchas 引导定语从句；suchthat引导结果状语从句。They talked in such simple English as children could understand.他们用孩子们能听懂的简单的英语交谈。They talked in such simple English that children could understand it.他们用十分简单的英语交谈，连孩子们都能听懂。I will provide you with such things as you may need.我要供给你一些你可以用得着的东西。He shut the window with such a force that the glass broke.他如此用力地关门，结果玻璃碎了。b. the sameas与the samethat的区别：the sameas指两物相似，the same.描述的是同一物。This is the same bag as I lost yesterday.这个书包和我昨天丢失的（书包）相似。（相似物）This is the same bag that I lost yesterday.这正是我昨天丢失的那个书包。（同一物）2. 准关系代词as引导非限制定语从句。a. as引导非限制性定语从句，只代表主语或主句的一部分所表达的意思(不能指代某个名词或代词)，可以放在主句前，后或中间，在从句中作主语或宾语、例如：As is known to all, he is the best student in our class. (as指代整个句子，作主语，置于句首)He opposed the idea, as could be expected. (as 指代整个句子，作主语，置于句末)As we all know, he studies very hard. (as 指代整个句子，作宾语，置于句首)Taiwan is, as you know, an inseparable part of China. (as指代整个句子，作宾语，置于句中)常用的这类句式有：as is said above 综上所述 - as is known to all 众所周知as is often the case 通常如此 - as is reported in the newspaper 如报纸所报导的b. 主句具有否定意义，as引导的定语从句位于主句之后时，as指代得主句不包括否定意义，并可用but取代。例如：Whales are now fish, as some people think / but some people think they are.I am no orator, as Brutus is.我不善言词,而勃鲁特斯却是个雄辩家.Spiders are notinsects,as many people think, nor even near1y related to them.蜘蛛不是昆虫,尽管许多人认为它是昆虫,它甚至与昆虫几乎没有关系.但as引导的定语从句谓语主句前时，as指代的主句仍包括否定意义。As has been said above, grammar is not a set of dead rules.正如前面所说的，语法不是一套死条纹。3. 在非限制性定语从句中，which和as引导定语从句时的区别：a. which引导的从句不能放在主句前，而as引导的从句则既可以放在主句前，也可以放在主句后。b. 用能做关系代词，as和which都可以指代一个句子，但as有“正如”、“就像”之意，which则没有此含义。He is a foreigner, as I know from his accent. (as指代一个句子，意为“正如”、“就像”)He has to work on Sunday, which he doesnt like. (which指代一个句子，没有“正如”、“就像”)c. 当从句的谓语动词是be或相当于联系动词的seem, become等时，可用as或which作主语。但当从句的谓语是行为动词时，只能用which作主语。4. as 可用作连词，引导状语从句，构成省略形式“as + 过去分词”这一特殊结构，译成汉语时作用如定语。例如：The bridge as shown in the picture is really wonderful. (as shown = as it is shown 可译为“图中的桥”)See the answers as given at the end of this book. (as given = as it is shown 可译为“书后给出的答案”)English as spoken i