解析动词时态.doc

解析动词时态动词时态是英语学习中极为重要的知识，为了正确自如的使用英语，应该掌握以下几个方面的时态知识。1时态的替代现象(1)在时间、条件和让步状语从句中常常用一般现在时或现在完成时替代一般将来时；用一般过去时或过去完成时替代过去将来时。E.g. The harder you study, the better results you will get.I wont go swimming if it rains.Dont get off the bus until it has stopped.He said he would call on me if he had time.(2)表示去向的动词或起止性动词（come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, take off, get off, travel, return, begin, stop, open ,close, end ,stay等）可用一般现在时表示按时刻表将要发生的动作；现在进行时表示预定的近期所发生的动作；过去进行时表示过去计划、安排好的将来动作。E.g. The train leaves at 7:30p.m.Im leaving for Beijing tomorrow.I was told the plane was taking off soon.(3)here, there, now, then等开头的倒装句要用一般现在时替代现在进行时。E.g. Look! Here comes the teacher.=The teacher is coming.Listen! There goes the bell.=The bell is ringing.(4)before, after ,as soon as本身先后时间明确，可用一般过去时替代过去完成时。E.g. He（had）left before I arrived.After I （had）finished the homework, I went to bed.(5)若干连续的动作，如果顺序十分清楚，又不强调先后，或用then, and ,but等词连接时，无需用过去完成时态。E.g. He stood up, went out of the classroom and soon disappeared in the street.(6)think, want, suppose, guess, expect, hope, wish, intend, mean, plan等表示愿望、打算得动词，可用一般过去时替代一般现在时，过去完成时替代一般过去时，表示现在或过去未能实现的打算、愿望、意图等。E.g. I want to staty with you, but I have an important meeting to attend.He had hoped to arrive on time, but his car broke down.(7)make sure（certain）, see to it（注意；照料）, mind, care, matter, so long as等后接宾语从句时，从句用一般现在时替代一般将来时。E.g. Please see to it that the door is locked.2时态呼应原则含宾语从句的主从复合句，若主句谓语是现在时或将来时，从句谓语可以使用任何时态；若主句谓语是过去时，从句谓语要用过去的某种时态（但是客观真理、科学事实、格言警句等仍用一般现在时）。3现在完成时与一般过去时的区别(1)现在完成时强调过去动作对现在的影响，一般过去时表示过去动作的事实。(2) 现在完成时表示过去开始的动作延续到现在，一般过去时表示过去延续了一段时间的动作已经停止。E.g. He was a soldier for 3 years.（现在退伍了）He has been a soldier for 3 years.（现在还在服役）(3)没有包括“现在”在内或不是截至到“现在”的时间状语不能与现在完成时连用。E.g. China was poor in the past.Great changes have taken place in China in the past 20 years.4过去完成时不能孤立使用，它必须以过去某一时间为基点，即“过去的过去”，因此只有在和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它5短暂性动词的肯定式不能和时间段连用e.g. I have received it for a week.I have had it for a week.I havent received it for a week. 6will / shall do , be going to do, be to do, be about to do与be doing / do的区别(1) will / shall do表示事先未经考虑，而是临时起意的打算、计划，没有主观性，是纯粹的将来的动作。这种用法常见于会话中乙听了甲的话之后作出的反应。E.g. Where is the telephone book?Ill go and get it for you.Youve left the light on.Oh, so I have.Ill go and turn it off.(2) be going to do表示现在打算最近或将来要做某事，这种打算往往经过事先考虑，甚至已经作了某种准备；也可表示某种可能性，即有迹象表明要发生的事。E.g. He is going to spend his holiday in London.It is going to rain.(3) be to do表示按预定计划、安排即将发生的动作，这个动作发生的时间一般不会很远；还可表示吩咐、要求、命令、禁止他人做某事，或某事注定要发生。E.g. The new bridge is to open to traffic in three days.You are to stay home until your mother comes back.(4) be about to do表示即刻就要着手进行的动作，后面不能接时间状语。E.g. Autumn harvest is about to start.(5)be doing / do强调在近期按规定、计划或安排要发生的事。E.g. Do you get off at the next stop? The plane takes off at 11:00 a.m.Are you staying here till next week?7七种特定时态(1)常见的不确定的时间状语，如lately, recently, just, already, yet ,up to now, till now, so far, these days, ever since, since then, for（during,over,in）the past（last,recent）常与现在完成时连用。E.g. He has been in the lab over the past two weeks.(2)表示“第几次做某事”或在“It is the best（worst, only, most interesting）n.that”结构中，that从句用现在完成时。若is改用was，则用过去完成时。E.g. This/ It is my first time that I have visited China.This/ It is the most interesting film I have ever seen.This/ It is the only book that he has writen.(3)by, by the time表示“在之前，不迟于”常与完成时连用。E.g. By the time you reach the station, the train will have left.By next Tuesday, I will have got ready for the exams.(4)since表示“自从以来”，主句用现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。E.g. I have lived here since I came here.(5)用于hardly/ scarcely（had）when, no sooner（had）than句型中，主句用过去完成时，从句用一般过去时。E.g. I had hardly finished my work when he came to see me.No sooner had I arrived home than the telephone rang.(6)“祈使句and / then / or陈述句”结构中，陈述句谓语用一般将来时。E.g. Use your head and you will find a way.(7)when（这时突然）用作并列连词，前句常用过去进行时或be about to do, 后句常用一般过去时。E.g. I was walking along the river when I heard someone crying for help.He was about to go to bed when the telephone rang.情态动词的考查热点剖析热点1：情态动词表示猜测 语气句式强中弱肯定陈述句mustought to, shouldmay, might, could否定陈述句canought to, shouldmay, might, could疑问句can, could在上述动词中，跟动词原形是对现在或将来的事情表示猜测；跟进行式（be doing）是对现在正在进行的动作表示猜测；跟完成式（have done）是对过去已经发生的事情表示猜测。例如：Can it be Mr Smith?No, it cant be. Mr Smith has gone to New York.There is no light onthey cant be at home.We may not have proved great adventures, but we have done the greatest march ever made in the past ten years.热点2：情态动词表示虚拟某些情态动词有时和动词的完成时构成谓语，对过去的事情提出委婉的批评，表示“本来，而实际上”这类意思。E.g. You could have done the work better.You might have told me the news earlier.You should have been here five minutes ago.We ought（not）to have given you more help.As you worked late yesterday, you neednt have come this morning.热点3：情态动词should的用法1表示义务、责任、建议等，意思为“应该”。E.g. The government should do more to help the unemployed.2表示推论、推测，意思为“可能，该”。E.g. When can I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.They should be ready by 12：00.3用于条件状语从句中，表示可能性很小但又不是没有可能，相当于“万一”。E.g. If you should change your mind（Should you change your mind）, please let me know.If I should be free tomorrow（Should I be free tomorrow）, I would come.4用在虚拟语气中，意思为“应该”。请注意以下句子：I suggested that he（should）go at once.（类似的动词有：advise, ask, demand, desire, require, request, insist, command, order, propose, recommend）It is suggested that he（should）go at once.（类似的句式有：It is desired / decided / ordered / requested / proposed / that）My suggestion is that he（should）go at once.（类似的名词有：advice, idea, plan, order, demand, request, proposal）Its important that we（should）keep the classroom clean.（类似的形容词有：necessary, natural, interesting, surprising）5表示惊异、怀疑、不满、惋惜，意思为“竟然、居然”。常用于以下句式：Its a pity/ a shame/ no wonder/ strange/ surprising/ astonishing that热点4：情态动词must的用法1表示必须要做的事，意思是“必须”。Must I？Yes, you must.或者No, you neednt/dont have to.E.g. We must show concern for every student.You mustnt play with that knife.（mustnt表示“禁止”）2表示一种揣测（只用在肯定句中），意思是“一定是，准是”。E.g. There is no light onshe must be asleep now.3表示与说话人愿望相反及不耐烦,意思是“偏偏、一定要”。E.g. Why must it rain on Sunday?John, look at the time. Must you play the piano at such a late hour?Could I have a word with you, mum?Oh dear, if you must.热点5：情态动词can的用法1表示能力。E.g. Can you play the piano? We hope that as many people as possible can join us foe the picnic tomorrow.注意：could与was / were able to的区分。2表示客观可能性。E.g. The wheel of history can not be turned back.3表示请求或许可，代替may或might。E.g. Can I smoke here？（其否定回答为：No, you mustnt.）4表示惊异、怀疑、不相信（主要用在否定句、疑问句或感叹句中），意思是“怎么会、难道会、究竟”。E.g. How can you be so careless！热点6：情态动词shall的用法1用于第一、三人称的疑问句中，表示征求对方的意见或指示。E.g. Shall I open the window for you？Shall he come to see you？要不要他来看你？（注意区分：Will he come to see you？他愿不愿意来看你？）Whats the name?Khulaifi.Shall I spell that for you?2用于第二、三人称的陈述句中，表示允诺、警告、命令、强制、决心等。E.g. If you work well, you shall have higher wages.（表示允诺）You shall be fired if you are always coming late.（表示警告）Nothing shall stop us from carrying out the plan.（表示决心）热点7：情态动词will/ would的用法1Will you？表示请求或建议。E.g. Will you open the door foe me, please？2在陈述句或条件句中，表示意愿，可用于各种人称。E.g. If you will wait a moment, Ill see if Mr Jones is free.3表示必然性或习惯性。E.g. Fish will die without water.The window wont open.He will read newspapers whenever he takes a bus.He would visit his grandparents every other week.There be句型的几种特殊用法1There be结构中，be前还可以带其他动词的被动式There is said to be据说有There is thought to be据认为有There is believed to be据相信有E.g. There is said to be oil under the North Sea.There is believed to be some chances to succeed.There is expected to be a boxing game on Sunday morning.2There be结构的非谓语形式有两个，一个是不定式的复合结构there to be；另一个是动名词的复合结构和独立主格结构there being(1)在介词for之后，常跟there to be,在其他介词后，则常跟there being。E.g. He was not satisfied with there being so little captial（资金） to use.(2)there to be和there being都可以做某些动词的宾语，其区别在于：一般用不定式做宾语的动词多与there to be搭配；一般用Ving做宾语的动词则用there being。E.g. Would you like there to be a meeting to discuss the problem?Can you imagine there being much difficulty in living in desert?(3)there to be和there being都可做主语，但there to be之前要与for搭配，这种情况多见于it做形式主语的结构中。E.g. Its too early for there to be anyone around here.It is impossible for there to be any more.There being so good a teacher to guide you in every way is really a good advantage.(4)在句首做状语表示原因、条件时，用there being。若动作发生在谓语动词之前，则使用其完成式there having been。E.g. There being so much to do, he had to stay up.There having been no buses, we had to walk home.There being nothing else to do, we went home.3There be中间可以加入一些词，如be certain to, be sure, appear to, seem to, used to, have to等等e.g. There used to be a cinema here before the war. There doesnt seem to have been any difficulty over the money question. There appeared to be a war between his heart and his head. There had to be a safe way. There is sure to be a restaurant nearby. There is thought to be an important change in their interview.状语从句考查热点1时间状语从句通常由从属连词while, as, as soon as, till, after, no soonerthan, the moment, hardlywhen, whenever, since, until, before, the instant, every time, once等引导，在时间状语从句中，通常用一般现在时替代一般将来时；用一般过去时替代过去将来时。E.g. As soon as he arrives, he will start work. Every time he came, he wound bring me some books to read. The moment I saw her, I recognized her.2地点状语从句通常由从属连词where或wherever引导，从句可以放在主句后面，也可以放在主句前面。E.g. Wherever you go, you will always find the same thing.There used to be some low houses where the high building stands.3原因状语从句通常由从属连词since（既然）, now that（既然）, as, because, seeing that, considering that等引导。E.g. Since you wont take advice, there is no point in asking for it.Now that you are all here, lets have a discussion over the questions.As the weather was fine, I opened all the windows.4条件状语从句通常由从属连词so long as, aslong as, on condition that, in case, for fear that, if , unless, providing that, provided that等引导，从句可以放在主句后面，也可以放在主句前面。E.g. Provided that we draw useful lessons from them, we may turn them to good account.（只要我们从中吸取教训，我们可以把它变成好事）We should serve the people so long as we live.He will not leave unless it is fine tomorrow.5让步状语从句通常由从属连词as, though, whatever, whenever, whoever, no matter how/ when/ what/ who, although, whether, even if, even though, however, while, if等引导。E.g. If the country is poor, it is developing very fast.While I admit that the problems are difficult, I dont agree that they cant be solved.Tired as she was, she went on working.Even if you are not found of flowers, you shouldnt miss the flower exhibition.Whether it shines or rains, I will go tomorrow morning.No matter what happened, he wouldnt say a word.However hard she tries, she never succeeds in the work.6目的状语从句通常由从属连词so that, in order that, in case, for fear that, that等引导，从句中通常含有情态动词can, could, will, would, may, might等。E.g. We lent her some money in order that she might go for a holiday.We got up early so that we could catch the first bus.He camr here that he might know what was the matter.7结果状语从句通常由从属连词so that, sothat, suchthat等引导。E.g. I didnt go early, so that I didnt get a good seat.She has made such great progress in English that I cant help admiring her.Xian is so beautiful a city that thousands of visitors come to visit it each year.8方式状语从句通常由从属连词as, as if, as though, just as等引导。E.g. You should do as your father tells you to.He spoke as if he understood what had happened to the girl.She closed her eyes as though she were too tired.9比较状语从句通常由从属连词as, than, thethe等引导，在比较状语从句中通常省略与主句相同的部分。E.g. They work quite as hard as you do.The longer the period, the higher the interest rate.Her performance was better than we expected.It is generally believed that teaching is as much an art as it is a science.“It is/ was时间”句型：1It is/ was时间名词when从句，意思是“当的时候，时间是”，when引导的是一个时间状语从句。E.g. It was already eight oclock when I wake up this morning, so I was late for school.2It is/ was时间副词/介词短语that,这是“强调时间”的强调句结构，意思是“就是在的时候”。E.g. It is yesterday that I met our headmaster at the school gate.3It is一段时间since（一般过去时的）从句，这是用现在时表示完成时的句式结构。E.g. It is three years since I came here.（我来这里三年了）若since从句的谓语动词是延续性动词，则表示某一动作的“结束”。It is three years since I smoked.（我戒烟已有三年了）4It is/ was/ will be一段时间before从句，意思是“很久才”。E.g. It was two years before he came back home.It was evening before we reached the little town of Winchester.it的用法简析1it作代词it可用来指代上文提到的事物、时间、天气、日期、距离、价值、度量、地点、自然现象、环境等。E.g. Where is my book?Its on the table.（指代上文中提到得事物）Who is making so much noise?It must be the children.（指代未知的人或儿童）It is freezing today.（表示天气）What time is it by your watch?It says ten oclock.It wont be long before he comes back.（表示时间）It is five kilometers from the office to my home.（表示距离）注意：it, one和that都可以用来指代上文提到的人或物，但it指同一事物；one指同名异物，并且前面可以有修饰语；that指同一类中的一个。例如：1）Do you still have the bicycle? No, I have sold it.2）Is this knife yours? No, mine is the one on the desk.3）The climate of South China is warm;I like it.4）The climate of South China is much better than that of Japan.2it作形式主语当不定式、动名词或从句作主语时，通常把它们放在谓语之后，而用it作句子的形式主语。E.g. It is not a good habit to stay up late.It is no use asking him for help.It is said that he was brought up by his aunt in the country.It is a pity that you didnt read the book.3it作形式宾语当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式、动名词或宾语从句时，往往把真正的宾语放在宾语补足语之后，而用it作形式宾语，放在宾语补足语之前。E.g. I think it no good arguing with him.I found it very interesting to study English.He made it clear that he was not interesting in this subject.it作形式宾语，还可用于下列句型：(1)hate/ dislike/ like it when(2)sb. would appreciate it if(3)see to/ insist on/ depend on it that4it用于强调结构要强调句子的某一部分（通常是主语、宾语、状语），这种句子结构是“It is / was被强调部分that / who句子的其余部分”。如果被强调部分是人可用who, whom代替that。E.g. It was after he got what h