科技英语的表达.doc

科技英语写作表达的几个问题平山健三 英语化学论文写作方法市原 英语论文的写作方法周春晖 科技英语写作英文现刊1 简明2 富于变幻3 辨析近义词4 语法修辞及其他（1） 由which, that, where引出的从句（2） 不要在一个名词前用一串词进行修饰（3） 词序（4） 利用时态表示事件发生的先后关系（5） 介词1) 与描写实验过程有关的介词2) 由相同介词引起的相互平行的对等结构1 简明科学论文不同于文学作品，要求必须简明、清晰、准确 例 As can be seen from Fig.1, growth is rapid. Growth is rapid (Fig.1). Fig.1 shows that growth is rapid.As shown in Fig.1 Fig.1 shows The molar enthalpy of decomposition was determined to be 62.38 kJ/mol by means of thee third peak area in DSC curve. The molar enthalpy of decomposition was determined to be 62.38 kJ/mol from (or by)the third peak area in DSC curve. 下述句式可以更加简洁的形式表达 常以介词或副词代替 a number of =several, some at a temperature of at at some future time later at the present time (moment) now a very limited number of few by means of by or with due to the fact that because or since during the time that while for a period of for for the reason that because or since from the standpoint of according to greater (or higher) number of more if conditions are such that if compared with A, B was bigger B was bigger than A considerable amount of much considerable number (or proportion) many or most in a careless manner carelessly in a considerable number of cases often in a similar manner similarly in all cases always, all in any case anyhow in consequence of this fact therefore in excess of more than in few cases sometimes, rarely, seldom in many cases chemists are many chemists are in order to to in regard to in relation to in respect to in the case of in the context of 以上可使用适当的介词，例如in, for, about, with in some cases sometimes in terms of in in the case of sodium with sodium in the event that if in the near future soon in the temperature range of between and in view of the fact that since or because large number(s) of many large proportion of many of great importance important of such hardness that so hard that on the basis of from, by, because on the order of about over the past few years recently, in recent years owing to the fact that since, because a small number of a few subsequent to after a sufficient number of enough with reference to about prior to before将以It为先行词的that从句改写成简洁的形式 It is apparent that Apparently , hence, thus It appears that Apparently It is interesting to note that Interestingly It was in 1977 that In 1977 It is clear that Clearly It is our conclusion that We conclude that It is possible that It may be said that Perhaps , Possibly, Probably It is often the case that Often It is possible that the cause is The cause may be 可去掉It,改用动词，而不用名词 It is the aim of the present investigation to provide This investigation is aimed to providing ACS 建议以如下几种方式，使文章写得更加简明：（1） 删去诸如下述短语As already statedIt has been found thatIt has long been known thatIt is interesting to note thatIt is worth mentioning at this pointIt may be said thatIt was demonstrated that（2） 删去多余的词It is a procedure that is often used. This procedure is often used.There are seven steps that must be completed. Seven steps must be Completed.This is a problem that is This problem isThese results are preliminary in nature. These results are preliminary. （3） 不用短语，用单一词表达a number of many, severala small number of a feware in agreement agreeare found to be areare known to be areat present nowat the present time nowbased on the fact that becauseby means of bydespite the fact that althoughdue to the fact that becauseduring that time whilefewer in number fewerfor the reason that becausehas been shown to be isif it is assumed that ifin color, e.g., red in color just state the color, e.g., redin consequence of this fact therefore, consequentlyin length longin order to toin shape, e.g., round in shape just state the shape, e.g.,roundin size, e.g., small in size just state the size, e.g., smallin spite of the fact that althoughin the case of in , forin the near future soonin view of the fact that becauseis known to be isit appears that apparentlyit is clear that clearlyit is likely that likelyit is possible that possiblyit would appear that apparentlyof great importance importanton the order of aboutowing to the fact that becauseprior to beforereported in the literature reportedsubsequent to after 两种类型的复杂句及其简化 有被动式从句与主动式从句之分被动式从句 He uses an instrument which is called a spectroscope. He uses an instrument called a spectroscope.（简化为后置的过去分词） 带有 介词+which 句子的简化(1) at which whereAirport is a place at which special attention is paid to the weather. Airport is a place where special attention is paid to the weather.(2) by means of which wherebyA fuse box is a device by means of which excessive loads are avoided. A fuse box is a device whereby excessive loads are avoided.A general term covering a group of related techniques whereby the dependence of the parameters of any physical property of a substance on temperature is measured.(3) of which whoseVenus is a planet of which the surface temperature is thought to be at least 200 . Venus is a planet whose the surface temperature is thought to be at least 200 .有介词from, in, for者不能简化 Laboratories are rooms in which experiments are conducted.有助动词的句子，不能简化 Here is a list of experiments which will be/ should be/ have been done this year.（这里是今年要做的/ 必须做的/ 已做过的实验明细表。）主动式从句例 The man who lectures on Thursday is an expert in dynamics. The man lecturing on Thursday is an expert in dynamics.（简化为现在分词，作后置定语。） 再简化 被动式Air which is compressed can be used for several purposes. Air compressed can be used for several purposes. Compressed air can be used for several purposes. 主动式Malaysia is a country which produces rubber.Malaysia is a country producing rubber.Malaysia is a rubber- producing country.2 富于变幻 比如，“称作”一词 Such fractions are called as non-freezing water. Such fractions are referred to as freezing bound water. This water is designated as freezing water. 再比如，报道、阐述、主张、确认 Conflicting data have been presented in literature concerning the compatibility of poly(vinyl chloride)-PVC- and poly(methyl methacrylate)-PMMA. Thus, Schurer et al1 reported PVC/ PMMA to be miscible only in blends having a PVC content greater than 60 w/w, whereas Rozinska et al2 claimed PVC/ PMMA to be immiscible. On the other hand, Parmer et al3 asserted PVC/PMMA to be miscible over the whole range of composition showing a single glass transition, Tg, in the second DSC heating rate traces. Miscibility of PVC/PMMA has also been confirmed by Albert et al4 by non-radiative energy transfer and NMR.3 辨析近义词 例1 absorbed by, adsorbed onadsorbed on（吸附于表面），absorbed by（吸收其中）。如：adsorbed on the surface of silver iodide.（吸附于碘化银的表面。）water was absorbed by the sponge.（水被泡沫材料吸收。）例2 accuracy, precisionaccuracy（准确度），示值（实验值）与被测量真值（约定真值）的一致程度；precision（精密度），某一物理量多次测量值的一致性（或称数据的分散性）。例如：Although high precision was achieved, accuracy was low.（虽然达到高精密度，但准确度低。）例3 actually, in fact在例句“Actually, the reaction rates by employing some other methods were considerably slower, ”中，对于科学论文来讲，这里使用in fact更为合适。与书面语言相比，actually更多用于口语。例4 adjust, calibratecalibrate的名词形式是calibration（校准），在规定条件下为确定测量仪器或测量系统的示值与被测量相对应的已知值之间关系的一组操作。可以用校准的结果评定测量仪器、测量系统的示值误差，或给任意标尺上的标记赋值；有时把校准的结果表示为校正因子或取校正曲线形式的一系列校正因子。可按上述的校正对测量结果做调整（adjust）。例如：The results of the calibration permitted us to adjust the final result.（校准的结果允许我们去调整最终结果。）例5 common, general, ordinary, usual, routinecommon（普通的，共同的）,-Alumina monohydrate is a common component of many bauxites, of which the French bauxites are typical.（-氧化铝单水合物是许多铝土矿的共同成分，general（一般的），One of the best and most general methods for preparing ketones in the aromatic series is the Friedel-Craft reaction.（制备芳酮类化合物一般最好的方法之一是Friedel-Craft反应。）ordinary（普通的，通常的），如：Heavy water differs somewhat from ordinary water in certain physical properties.（重水在某些物理性质方面与普通的水有所不同。）ordinary pressure（常压），ordinary temperature（常温）。Usual（常规的），Under these condition the end-point of titration could be found accurately in the usual way.（在这种条件下，按常规的办法可以精确发现滴定终点。）茲以method为例：a common method 普通的方法a general method 一般的方法a usual method 常规的方法a conventional method 传统的方法此外，routine（贯常的），如routine test（惯常测试），是指按即定的程序开展的大量重复测试。例6 curve, thermogramcurve（曲线），thermogram（热谱）。thermogram的一种解释是，住院病人，例行查房，体温的逐日记录。因此，以英国学者为主的热分析名词委员会主张称热分析的记录为“曲线”，而不称“热谱”。如DTA curve（DTA曲线），DSC curve（DSC曲线）。例7 derivative, differentialderivative（微商），表示某物理量P对温度T或时间t的微商，dP/dT (或dP/dt ), 如derivative thermogravimetry（微商热重法）；differential（差，差式），如differential scanning calorimetry（差式扫描量热法）。例8 different, various, varyingdifferent（不同的），various（各种的），varying（改变的）。例如：The results are clearly different.（结果显然不同。）We tried various（或several different）methods.（我们试过各种方法。）The effect of varying the condition was （改变条件的影响是）例9 mass, weightmass（质量），weight（重量）。如：mass of the sample（试样质量，或简称试样量），而不称sample weight（试样重量）。重量在本质上与力是相同的，即是质量与因重力而产生的加速度的乘积。例10 often, sometimes, usually它们在表现时间的频次上是不同的，usually, often, sometimes依次为“通常”、“常常”、“有时”，频次降低。如：It was usually observed that （通常观测）It was often observed that （常常观测）It was sometimes observed that （有时观测）例11 standard material, certified reference materialstandard material 标准物质，certified reference material有证参样（或称有证标准物质）。standard material用于检定仪器测量准确度的物质；certified reference material用一种或多种技术上正确的方法，鉴定了其特性值、具有可溯源性并附有鉴定机构所发给的证书或其他文件的标准物质。4 语法修辞及其他（1） 时态、语态与人称1） 时态 用一般过去时，陈述以往做过的事。如：The solution heated to boiling.The spectra were recorded.Jones reviewed the literature and gathered much of this information.We recently found that relativistic effects enhance the bond strength.The structure were determined by neutron diffraction methods. 用现在时叙述事实 Absolute rate constants for a wide variety of reactions are available. Hyperbranched compounds are macromolecular compounds that contain a branching point in each structural repeat unit. 现在时和一般过去时可用于表达文章的结果、讨论和结论 The characteristics of the voltammetric wave indicate that electron transfer and breaking of the carbon-iodine bond are concerted. The excellent thermal stability of poly(nRMI) was confirmed by thermal analysis technique, i.e., they had a high glass transition temperature and decomposition temperature. 论文常用时态可概括如下 表示“报道、研究、综述”等，通常用一般现在时 In this paper we report the synthesis of RFC containing barium ferrite according to a specific recipe and its evaluation of dielectric and mechanical properties. The probable mode of evolution is discussed.叙述他人已报道的内容用一般过去时或现在完成时In the past decade public attention more and more focused on the potential applications of renewable resources (for example as building materials, Sobral 1990)(90). 表示研究过程的行为通常用一般过去时或现在完成时 High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) was kindly supplied by FIAT (Italy). The HDPE was blended with the LDPE, in the molten state at high temperature (200), using a Brabender blender, equipped with rotating blades. Films were obtained from all the mentioned materials, by compression moulding on a laboratory scale at T = 180 with a thickness0.2mm. The cure characteristics and mechanical properties of short nylon fiber-styrene butadiene rubber composites with and without an interfacial bonding agent based on 4,4-diphenyl methane diisocyanate have been studied. 表示实验结果及其产生的原因, 通常用一般现在时 Tensile strength decreases with the addition of ferrites. This is due to the poor interfacial adhesion between the ferrite filler and nature rubber.如用一般过去时，则表示这一结论仅适用于该研究过程中的特定情况，不具普遍性We conclude that the principle of the test system allow increased safety and accuracy in hospital drug handling. 表示计划与预期的结果用将来时 When photosynthesis can be carried out artificially on a large scale, we shall be able to set up factories to mass-produce food. In the coming years, scientists will try to collect signals from outer space. 时态的呼应 from: 冯志杰 汉英科技翻译指要 通常，主从句（尤其是宾语从句和主语从句）谓语动词的时态应保持一致。 We presume that a cyclase gene from S. cattleya was cloned according to the function of the gene products. According to the function of the gene products, We may come to the conclusion that a cyclase gene from S. cattleya has been cloned. He had to discontinue his undergraduate studies because his physical condition becomes worse and worse. He had to discontinue his undergraduate studies because his physical condition became worse and worse. Agricultural production rose significantly since 1979 owing to the economical reforms in rural China. Agricultural production has increased significantly since 1979 owing to the economical reforms in rural China. 但，有些情况也可不一致。如，虽主句是过去时，但从句叙述的是客观事实，故用现在时。 Since centrosome is chemically complex cellular structure and autoimmune antiserum is polyclonal, further investigation was made by using one of the antisera against centrosome. I lived where there are mountains and rivers.2) 语态与被动语态相比，主动语态更直接，并口语的味道较少The fact that such processes are under strict stereoelectronic control is demonstrated by our work in this area. Our work in this area demonstrates that such processes are under strict stereoelectronic control.3) 人称使用第一人称会更加清楚地表达你的意图Jones reported xyz, but I (or we ) found I (or we ) present here a detailed study My (or our ) recent work demonstrated To determine the effects of structure on photophysics, I (or we) 不过，要用事实说话，避免主观臆断。因此尽量不用下列句式We believeWe feelWe concludedWe can see (2) 使用肯定句，不用“双重否定句”This reaction is not uncommon This reaction is commonThis reaction is not rareThis reaction occurs about 40% of the time This transition was not unexpected This transition was expected We knew that such transitions were PossibleThis strategy is not infrequently This strategy is frequently usedused This strategy is occasionally used This result is not unlikely to occur This result is likely to occur This result is possible(3) which, that, where引出的从句 whicha) 通过which进行双扩展The change of heat of fusion of polyethylene as a function of the specific volume which the sample has at room temperature, and which is related to the crystallinity through Eq.(5) in Chapter IV is shown in Fig.IV 12.b) 由于插入从句，which远离它所代替的主句中的词In the case of cold crystallization it is suggested that by reason of somewhat rigid backbone chains in these polymers, there will be some local order such as parallel chains or nematic domains, originating during quenching the melt and frozen in the glassy state, which favors subsequent crystallization.(4 ) 不要在一个名词前用一串词进行修饰 不应将一长串的前置词作一个词的修饰词 Thermal decomposition kinetics of the complexes of light rare earth bromides with alanine by DSC method DSC study on kinetics of thermal decomposition for the complexes of light rare earth bromides with alanine (5) 词序In the form of extended helical chain, the junction zones are linked. The junction zones are linked in the form of extended helical chain. Fox equation interprets the relationship between glass temperature (Tg) and copolymer compositions. The relationship between glass temperature (Tg) and copolymer compositions was interpreted in terms of Fox equation.(6) 利用时态表示事件发生的先后关系Examine the contents of the tube in which the liquid have collected.考察（事先已在）试管中收集的液体。 (7) 介词i. 与描写实验过程有关的介